Handbook of Psychology of
Investigative Interviewing
Handbook of Psychology of
Investigative Interviewing
Current Developments and
Future Directions
Edited by Ray Bull, Tim Valentine and
Tom Williamson
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2009
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of psychology of investigative interviewing : current developments and future
directions / edited by Ray Bull, Tim Valentine and Tom Williamson.
p. cm.
Includes
index.
ISBN 978-0-470-51267-8 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-51268-5 (pbk.) 1. Interviewing
in law enforcement–Psychological aspects. 2. Police questioning–Psychological aspects.
3. Criminal investigation–Psychological aspects. I. Bull, Ray. II. Valentine, Tim, 1959–
III. Williamson, Tom.
HV8073.H258
2009
363.25′4019–dc22
2009013396
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10.5/13 pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd
1 2009
Contents
About the Editors
vii
About the Contributors
ix
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 The Psychology of Suspects’ Decision-Making
during Interrogation
1
Michel St-Yves and Nadine Deslauriers-Varin
Chapter 2 A Typology of Denial Strategies by Suspects in
Criminal Investigations
17
Stephen Moston and Geoffrey M. Stephenson
Chapter 3 A Structured Model for Investigative Interviewing
of Suspects
35
Jannie van der Sleen
Chapter 4 Finding False Confessions
53
Peter J. van Koppen
Chapter 5 The Investigation of Terrorist Offences in the
United Kingdom: The Context and Climate
for Interviewing Offi cers
69
John Pearse
Chapter 6 From Criminal Justice to Control Process:
Interrogation in a Changing Context
91
David Dixon
vi
Contents
Chapter 7
Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004: The Chief
Examiner and Coercive Powers
109
Damien B. Maguire
Chapter 8 The Relation between Consistency and Accuracy of
Eyewitness Testimony: Legal versus
Cognitive Explanations
121
Ronald P. Fisher, Neil Brewer and Gregory Mitchell
Chapter 9
The Cognitive Interview: Research and Practice across
the Lifespan
137
Robyn E. Holliday, Charles J. Brainerd, Valerie F. Reyna
and Joyce E. Humphries
Chapter 10 Investigative Interviewing in the Courtroom:
Child Witnesses under Cross-Examination
161
Rachel Zajac
Chapter 11 Recovered Memories
181
James Ost
Chapter 12 Obtaining and Interpreting Eyewitness Identifi cation
Test Evidence: The Infl uence
of Police–Witness Interactions
205
Neil Brewer and Gary L. Wells
Chapter 13 Recent Developments in Eyewitness Identifi cation
Procedures in the United Kingdom
221
Tim Valentine, Carwyn Hughes and Rod Munro
Chapter 14 A Method to Enhance Person Description:
A Field Study
241
Samuel Demarchi and Jacques Py
Chapter 15 Recent Developments in North American Identifi cation
Science and Practice
257
Steven D. Penrod and Margaret Bull Kovera
Chapter 16 Truthfulness in Witnesses’ and Suspects’ Reports
285
A. Daniel Yarmey
Chapter 17 Evaluating Truthfulness: Detecting Truths and Lies in
Forensic Contexts
301
Barry S. Cooper, Hugues Hervé and John C. Yuille
Index 329
About the Editors
Ray Bull is Professor of Forensic Psychology at the University of Leicester,
England. In July 2008 he received an ‘ Award for Life - time Contribution to
Psychology and Law ’ from the European Association of Psychology and Law.
In June 2008 he received the
‘ Award for Distinguished Contributions to
Academic Knowledge in Forensic Psychology ’ from the British Psychological
Society. In 2005 he received a Commendation from the London Metr
opolitan
Police for ‘ Innovation and Professionalism whilst Assisting a Complex Rape
Investigation ’ . He was part of a small team commissioned by the Home Offi ce
in 2000 to write the 2002 government document Achieving Best Evidence
in Criminal Proceedings: Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witnesses,
Including Children (ABE). In 2002
– 3 he led a small team commissioned
by the government to produce an extensive training pack relating to ABE. In
1991 he was commissioned by the Home Offi ce (together with a law profes-
sor) to write the fi rst working draft of the Memorandum of Good Practice on
Video Recorded Interviews with Child Witnesses for Criminal Proceedings. He
has advised a large number of police forces in several countries on the inter-
viewing of witnesses and suspects, and has testifi ed as an expert witness
in many trials. He has co
- authored and co
- edited many books, including
Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice (1999; a second edition is
now being written) and Witness Identifi cation in Criminal Cases (2008). In
recognition of the quality and extent of his research publications in 1995 he
was awarded a higher doctorate (Doctor of Science).
Tim Valentine is Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of
London. Previously he was a member of the scientifi c staff at the Medical
Research Council Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, and has held
viii
About the Editors
academic appointments at the University of Manchester and the University of
Durham. His PhD was awarded by the University of Nottingham in 1986. He
has authored more than 70 articles on cognitive models of face processing and
eyewitness identifi cation, and has provided advice on eyewitness identifi cation
and facial identifi cation from CCTV to government, the courts and the
Criminal Cases Review Commission in both England and Scotland. He is a
member of the editorial board of Applied Cognitive Psychology and is author
(with T. Brennen and S. Br é dart) of The Cognitive Psychology of Proper Names
(1996) and editor of Cognitive and Computational Aspects of Face Recognition
(1995). He is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society.
Tom Williamson – readers please see the preface.
About the Contributors
Charles J. Brainerd is Professor of Human Development and Psychology at
Cornell University, USA. He holds BS, MA and PhD degrees in experimen-
tal and developmental psychology. He has published over 200 research articles
and chapters, and more than 20 books. His research covers human memory
and decision
- making, statistics and mathematical modelling, psychological
assessment, learning, intelligence, cognitive development, learning disability
and child abuse. His current research programme centres on the relation
between memory and higher reasoning abilities in children and adults, and
also focuses on false memory phenomena. He is the co - developer of fuzzy -
trace theory, a model of the relation between memory and higher reasoning,
which has been widely applied within medicine and law. He is a Fellow of the
Division of General Psychology, the Division of Experimental Psychology, the
Division of Developmental Psychology and the Division of Educational
Psychology of the American Psychological Association, and is a Fellow of the
American Psychological Society.
Neil Brewer is Professor of Psychology at Flinders University, Adelaide,
Australia. He researches eyewitness memory and identifi cation, especially the
relations between confi dence and both recognition and recall accuracy. Recent
publications appear in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Applied , Journal of Personality & Social Psychology ,
Journal of Applied Psychology , and Law & Human Behavior . He is an elected
member of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, and an editorial board
member of fi ve of the major international journals in his fi eld. He regularly
provides invited addresses for conferences of judges and magistrates through-
out Australia.
x
About the Contributors
Barry S. Cooper is Director of Research and Development for The Forensic
Alliance. A former senior psychologist for the Correctional Service of Canada,
he is currently employed as a psychologist for the Forensic Psychiatric Services
Commission in British Columbia, working at the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital
and the Surrey Forensic Clinic. His research and clinical forensic interests
include investigative interviewing, credibility/malingering assessment, forensic
(e.g., risk) assessment, psychopathy and eyewitness memory in victims and
offenders of crime. His private practice focuses on areas related to his research
and clinical forensic expertise.
Samuel Demarchi is an Associate Professor at the University of Paris. He
conducts empirical studies on investigative interviews, eyewitness recall and
identifi cation, and beliefs about eyewitnesses ’ memories and criminal investiga-
tions. His current research focuses on deception detection and the theoretical
and applied aspects of memory, including the verbal recoding of visual memo-
ries (verbal overshadowing effect). In collaboration with Jacques Py, he has
trained hundreds of French police offi cers to conduct optimal investiga-
tive interviews, including intensive cognitive interview courses, and effective
line - ups.
Nadine Deslauriers
- Varin is currently working as a Project Manager at
the Centre for Research on Sexual Violence, School of Criminology, Simon
Fraser University, BC, Canada. In collaboration with the Behavioral Analysis
Service of the S û ret é du Qu é bec (Quebec Police Force) and the School of
Criminology, University of Montreal, she completed a Master ’ s thesis investi-
gating the factors leading to an offender ’ s confessions during police interroga-
tion, focusing on the strength of evidence. While still involved in research on
police investigation, she is also working on her PhD, which explores innova-
tions of modus operandi and offending patterns of high - risk sex offenders.
David Dixon is Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, Australia. His books include Law in Policing: Legal Regulation and
Police Practices and
Interrogating Images: Audio
- visually Recorded Police
Questioning of Suspects . His research focuses on how regulation (legal and
otherwise) affects policing practice and has included studies of comparative
developments in criminal justice, drug policing and police reform, as well as
interrogation.
Ronald P. Fisher is Professor of Psychology at Florida International University,
Miami, USA, where he is the Director of the Legal Psychology programme.
He is on the editorial boards of Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
and
Legal and Criminological Psychology . He is the co
- developer of the
Cognitive Interview (CI) procedure for enhancing witness memory, and has
conducte
d training seminars on the CI with many police and other investiga-
tive agencies, including the FBI, British Police, NASA, the Israeli Air Force,
About the Contributors
xi
NTSB and NASA. He served on the Planning Committee and the Technical
Working Group for the US Department of Justice to develop national guide-
lines on collecting eyewitness evidence. His research interests also examine the
cognitive principles underlying detecting deception, and the relation between
consistency of witness recollection and accuracy of testimony.
Hugues Herv
é is a registered psychologist in British Columbia, Canada,
specializing in forensic and medico
- legal assessments and evaluations. A
former psychologist for the Correctional Service of Canada and the Forensic
Psychiatric Services Commission, he is currently a Partner and Director of
Consulting Services for The Forensic Alliance. Committed to the investigation,
application and dissemination of sound clinical forensic practice, he is actively
involved in providing consulting, training and research services to various
professionals, groups and organizations on such topics as effective interview-
ing, credibility/malingering assessments, risk assessments, eyewitness memory
and psychopathology.
Robyn E. Holliday is Senior Lecturer in the Forensic Section of the School
of Psychology, University of Leicester, England. She holds BSocSci (Hon.)
and PhD degrees in experimental and developmental psychology from the
University of Newcastle, Australia. She has published regularly in
Child
Development, Cognitive Development, Memory, Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Developmental Review and Cognition , and written several book chapters. Her
current research programme centres on the processes underlying true and false
memories across the lifespan, particularly of children and the elderly; child
and elderly eyewitness testimony, including identifi cation abilities, and
forensic interview protocols such as the Cognitive Interview. She is currently
writing a book on child forensic psychology. She is a member of the British
Psychological Society, Association for Psychological Science, American
Psychological Association, European Association of Psychology and Law,
American Psychology - Law Society for Research in Memory and Cognition,
and the Experimental Psychology Society. She is a Chartered Scientist and a
Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing: Current Developments and Future Directions Page 1