Loftus, E. F. 184–5, 189, 190–2, 194,
conducting the interview 43–5
195
limitations of model 45–6
Luus, C. A. E. 227
preparing questioning plan 39–43
lying 301–2
Israëls, H. 65–6
evaluation of
complex nature of 302–4
James, N. 96–7
distinguishing lies from truths
Jayne, B. C. 2
308–10
Jones, E. E. 216
evidenced-based approach 319–21
jury instructions 122–6
research limitations 305–7
Juslin, P. 227
skill-based methods 305
step-wise approach 321–3
Kassin, S. M. 21
technology-based techniques 304–5
Kebbel, M. R. 46, 144
see also deception; truthfulness
Index
335
myths about 310–13
Moran, Jason, murder of 110
psychology of 313–14
Morris, E. K. 197
Lynn, S. J. 194
Morrison, L. J. 244
Moston, S. 4, 5, 7, 19, 21, 73, 74
MacLin, O. 225
mugshots of suspects
Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act
effects of prior exposure to 229–30
(2004) 109–19
and verbal overshadowing effect
Malinoski, P. T. 194–5
252–3
malleability of eyewitness confi dence
myths about lying/truthfulness
215–16, 235, 271–2
experiential 311
Manning, C. G. 195
societal 311–12
Mann, S. M. 36
Martin, R. 244
National Institute of Justice (NIJ),
match-to-description strategy for
guidelines on line-up
choosing foils 264–5
procedures 261–2, 263, 265,
maximization technique 79, 85–6
266, 267, 279
Mazerolle, P. 46
nature of crime, effect on confession rate
McAllister, H. A. 277–8
5
McDermott, K. B. 188
Netherlands
McMahon, S. R. 143
false confessions, fi nding 53–67
McNally, R. J. 183–4
miscarriages of justice 37
Meissner, C. A. 207, 225, 245, 263
police interviewing tactics 23
Memon, A. 140, 141, 142, 208, 226,
structured model for investigative
232–3
interviewing 38–47
memory
‘non-confession’ (denial/evasion/RoS)
accuracy of eyewitnesses 121–2
rates 19
cognitive theory 126–8
non-identifi cation evidence, value of
‘Courtroom Theory’ of 122–6
277–8
CI core protocol 138–9
nonverbal behaviour and lie detection
recognition 226
316, 321
see also recovered memories
‘me’ theory of behavioural assessment
Ofshe, R. J. 57
311
older witnesses
Milne, R. 36, 46, 140, 141, 144,
benefi ts of a shorter CI 148
145
with dementia 144
misinformation
recall enhanced with cognitive
and false memories 189
interview 142–4
parental misinformation method
Olsson, N. 227
190–6
open-ended questions
using CI protocol to reduce children’s
in CI protocol 147
suggestibility 141–2
and greater accuracy of answers 129,
mistaken identifi cations
132
and Devlin recommendations 222–3
of information-gathering approach
and DNA exonerations 222, 257–8
36, 40
and PACE guidelines 224
and the SFPIPD 149
rates of 258–60, 274–9
‘organised crime offence’, defi nition of
research on sources of 278–9
112
theoretical issues 225–30
organized crime legislation 109–19
336
Index
Ost, J. 189–90, 192–3, 195
code of practice (Code D),
O’Sullivan, M. 308, 324
identifi cation procedures
‘Othello error’ 311–12
223–5, 236–7
police interviewing styles
Page, M. 166
effect on confessions and denials
Palmer, J. C. 189
18–20, 74
parental misinformation method, false
psychological research on 20–2
memories 190–3
police interviewing in the UK 71–2
methodological limitations of studies
‘police knowledge’, content of
193–6
confessions 62–6
Parker, J. F. 225
police terrorist investigations 69–71
passive denials 24–7
Australian case studies 97–104
denial of knowledge 26
contextual issues 83–5
denial of motivation 27
interviewing tactics used 80–1
denial of perception 26–7
lack of intrusive questioning 85–7
simple denial of charge 24–6
legal perspective, special measures
Patriot Act (2001) 70
75–7
PEACE (Planning and preparation,
study of CT cases, UK 77–82
Engage and explain, Account,
use and impact of special warnings
clarifi cation and challenge,
(SW) 81–2
Closure and Evaluation) model
polygraphs 304
71–2, 86
Porter, S. 192, 194
personality traits, effect on confessions
Post, Ina, false confession case 65–6
4, 55–6
Prevention of Terrorism Act (2005) 70
person description interview (PDI)
psychological characteristics and false
246–53
confessions 55–6, 75
person descriptions 241
‘public safety’ arrests, negative impact of
content of 242–4
79–80, 84–5
enhancement methods
Putten murder case 61–2
Cognitive Interview (CI) protocol
Py, J. 246, 253
245–6
person description interview (PDI)
questioning of suspects
246–52
paradigm change 92–5
methods of collecting 244–5
structured model 38–47
Petursson, H. 35
question types
Pezdek, K. 181, 191, 193–4, 197, 246,
closed questions 128, 129, 132, 173,
252
174
photo line-ups 211, 225, 229,
leading questions 164, 173
231
open questions 36, 40, 129, 132,
eyewitness error rates 275–6
147, 149
NIJ guidelines 261–2, 266
studies of deceptive/truthful
rapport-building
eyewitnesses 288–90
cognitive interview (CI) 139, 146,
Pickering, A. 274
147
Pickrell, J. E. 191, 192, 193, 194
in evaluating truthfulness 322–3
> Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
with terrorist suspects 97
(PACE) 18, 71, 92
real consequences of confession 8–9
Index
337
recall
Sherman, S. J. 195
and accuracy 125–8, 130–1
Shipman, Harold, serial murderer 25
of event duration 293, 295–6
silence of suspect, adverse inferences 73,
free recall 147, 244–5, 247–8
82, 87
by multiple senses and varied retrieval
simple denial of charge 24–6
paths 139
simultaneous vs. sequential line-up
and question format 132
presentation 267–70
see also memory
single-blind vs. double-blind line-up
recovered memories 181–3
administration 270–4
false memories 187–8
situational factors and false confessions
‘crashing memories’ method
56–7
189–90
Skagerberg, E. M. 235, 274
DRM method 188
Smeets, T. 197
misinformation method 189
Smith, C. 210
parental misinformation method
Sneek balcony murder 57–60
190–6
social dynamics, CI core principle 139
research challenges 196–7
social pressure and false memory
repression and suppression 183–7
development 192–3, 194–5
Reid, J. E. 2
solitary confi nement, effect on
Reid technique 7, 10, 23
confessions 56
relative judgements of witnesses 225,
Soukara, S. 36, 46
226, 268
special warning (SW)
reminiscence and accuracy 125–8, 130–1
reasons for 73
‘repression’ of traumatic memories
and terrorist interviews 81–2
183–7
standard French police interview for
right of silence (RoS), special warning
person description (SFPIPD)
19, 73, 82, 87
249–51
Roediger, H. L. 188, 277
Statement Validity Analysis (SVA) 316
Rose, R. 143
statistical methods for evaluating
Rothblatt, H. B. 123
truthfulness, problems with
Rydell, S. M. 227
306–7
Steblay, N. 266, 268–9, 276, 278
Savitsky, K. 21
Steele, L. 295
Schiedam park murder 62–3
Stephenson, G. M. 21, 73, 74
Seelau, E. 227
stop and search powers, extended for
self-incrimination, abrogation of
terrorist suspects 76
privilege against 117
strategic use of evidence (SUE)
sequential vs. simultaneous line-up
technique 37, 47
presentation 267–70
Strömwall, L. A. 23, 37, 190, 290,
studies of correct and false
293–4
identifi cations 259–60
suggestibility
seriousness of crime and decision to
of adults under cross-examination
confess 5
173–4
sexual abuse, ‘recovered’ memories of
of children
181–3
reducing with modifi ed CI 141–2
SFPIPD (standard French police
under cross-examination 163
interview for person
summarizing of answers to information-
description) 249–51
gathering questions 43–4
338
Index
suppression of traumatic memories
truthfulness
183–7
in deceptive suspect’s event recall
suspect-resemblance strategy of selecting
290–3
foils in line-ups 227
evaluating 301–2, 324–5
suspects’ decision-making during
approaches to 304–5
interrogation 2
complex nature of 302–4
factors infl uencing 2–3
evidence-based approach 319–23
contextual factors 6–9
evidence-based training 310–18
criminal factors 5
obstacles to 308–10
individual factors 3–5
pre-training accuracy in 308
in real world settings 318–19
terrorism 69–70
research on 305–7
counter-terrorist operations 70–1
in eyewitnesses’ reports 285–90
early arrest of suspects, impact of
Tunnicliffe, J. L. 227–8
79–80
Turnbull guidelines 223
extension of detention periods 76–7,
Turtle, J. 167, 275
87
interrogation case studies 97–104
Ul-Haque, Izhar, terrorist suspect
study of CT cases 77–82
101–4
Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) 69–70,
Undeutsch hypothesis 294, 316
76, 83–4
Uviller, H. R. 123
thermal imaging, lie detection 304
Think/No Think (T/NT) paradigm
Valentine, T. 226, 232–4, 264–5,
184–6
274
Thomas, Jack, terrorist suspect 98–9
Van der Willik, P. 244
Thombs, D. L. 22
van Koppen, P. J. 189
Thwaites, R. 105
verbal lie signs 31
torture
verbal overshadowing effect (VOE) 207,
confessions made under 53–5
252–3
and interrogation of terrorist suspects
verbal style, and lie detection 316–17
95–7
video identifi cation research 231
training
evaluation of revised procedures
in evaluating truthfulness 310
232–3
acquiring evidence-based knowledge
fairness of video line-ups 232
313–14
perception of identifi cation offi cers
critical thinking method 317–18
232
generalising to real world 318–19
and suspects with distinguishing marks
skill acquisition 314–17
233–4
unlearning bad habits 310–13
videotape interrogations 10–11, 62,
of legal advisers for the police 72
161
police interviewing in the UK 71–2
videotaping of line-ups, problems with
traumatic memories
261
parental misinformation studies 192,
voice characteristics, detecting change in
194
316
repression and suppression theories
voice stress analysers 304
183–7
Vrij, A. 23, 36–7, 46, 47, 143
Tredoux, C. G. 225
vulnerable witnesses, cognitive interviews
truthful denials 21–2
137–55
Index
339
Wagenaar, W. A. 189
Williams, K. D. 216
Wasserman, A. W. 263
Williamson, T. 73, 74, 107
Webber, L. 244
Winman, A. 227
Weber, Y. 21
Wright, A. 143, 146
Wells, G. L. 167, 217, 225, 260, 263,
Wright, D. B. 235, 274
266
–7, 271–2, 277
Westcott, H. L. 166
Yuille, J. C. 138, 242, 275, 301
Whiting, Roy, child murderer 25
Wigmore, J. H. 123
Zajac, R. 169, 173
Wilkinson, C. 188
Zaparniuk, J. 138
Document Outline
Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing: Current Developments and Future Directions Contents
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Preface
Chapter One: The Psychology of Suspects’ Decision-Making during Interrogation
Chapter Two: A Typology of Denial Strategies by Suspects in Criminal Investigations
Chapter Three: A Structured Model for Investigative Interviewing of Suspects
Chapter Four: Finding False Confessions
Chapter Five: The Investigation of Terrorist Offences in the United Kingdom: The Context and Climate for Interviewing Officers
Chapter Six: From Criminal Justice to Control Process: Interrogation in a Changing Context
Chapter Seven: Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004: The Chief Examiner and Coercive Powers
Chapter Eight: The Relation between Consistency and Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony: Legal versus Cognitive Explanations
Chapter Nine: The Cognitive Interview: Research and Practice across the Lifespan
Chapter Ten: Investigative Interviewing in the Courtroom: Child Witnesses under Cross-Examination
Chapter Eleven: Recovered Memories
Chapter Twelve: Obtaining and Interpreting Eyewitness Identification Test Evidence: The Influence of Police–Witness Interactions
Chapter Thirteen: Recent Developments in Eyewitness Identification Procedures in the United Kingdom
Chapter Fourteen: A Method to Enhance Person Description: A Field Study
Chapter Fifteen: Recent Developments in North American Identification Science and Practice
Chapter Sixteen: Truthfulness in Witnesses’ and Suspects’ Reports
Chapter Seventeen: Evaluating Truthfulness: Detecting Truths and Lies in Forensic Contexts
Index
Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing: Current Developments and Future Directions Page 64