37 Clark and Edwards, Netscape Time, 63.
38 Ibid.
39 Jamie Zawinski, “The Netscape Dorm,” accessed August 19, 2016, from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine capture on February 8, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20100208023804/http://www.jwz.org/gruntle/nscpdorm.html.
40 Internet History Podcast, Episode 8: Aleks Totic, of Mosaic and Netscape.
41 Internet History Podcast, Episode 5: Netscape and Mosaic Founding Engineer, Lou Montulli, March 6, 2014.
42 Reid, Architects of the Web, 27.
43 Internet History Podcast, Episode 10: Rob McCool, Founding Engineer, Mosaic and Netscape.
44 Joshua Quittner and Michelle Slatalla, Speeding the Net: The Inside Story of Netscape and How It Challenged Microsoft (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998), 121.
45 Ibid.
46 “The 25 Most Intriguing People in ’94,” People, December 26, 1994–January 2, 1995.
47 Internet History Podcast, Episode 10: Rob McCool, Founding Engineer, Mosaic and Netscape.
48 Internet History Podcast, Episode 5: Netscape and Mosaic Founding Engineer, Lou Montulli.
49 Reid, Architects of the Web, 31.
50 Internet History Podcast, Episode 9: Jon Mittelhauser, Founding Engineer, Mosaic and Netscape.
51 Internet History Podcast, Episode 8: Aleks Totic, of Mosaic and Netscape.
52 Robert D. Hof, “From the Man Who Brought You Silicon Graphics . . .” BusinessWeek, October 24, 1994.
53 Quittner and Slatalla, Speeding the Net,174.
54 “Layout Engine Usage Share,” Wikipedia, accessed August 19, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Layout_engine_usage_share-2009-01-07.svg.
55 Steinert-Threlkeld, “Can You Work in Netscape Time?”
56 Lashinsky, “Remembering Netscape.”
57 Naughton, A Brief History of the Future: From Radio Days to Internet Years in a Lifetime, 251.
58 Quittner and Slatalla, Speeding the Net, 203.
59 Internet History Podcast, Episode 9: Jon Mittelhauser, Founding Engineer, Mosaic and Netscape.
60 U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. v. Microsoft: Proposed Findings of Facts, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2006/04/10/iii-b.pdf.
61 Lashinsky, “Remembering Netscape.”
62 Ibid.
63 Internet History Podcast, Episode 9: Jon Mittelhauser, Founding Engineer, Mosaic and Netscape.
64 James Collins, “High Stakes Winners,” Time, February 19, 1996.
65 Michael Lewis, The New New Thing: A Silicon Valley Story (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 74.
66 Michael A. Cusumano and David B. Yoffie, Competing on Internet Time: Lessons from Netscape and Its Battle with Microsoft (New York: Free Press, 1998), 10.
67 Jeff Pelline, “Netscape Playing Catch-up to Yahoo,” CNET, March 30, 1998, accessed August 19, 2016, http://www.cnet.com/news/Netscape-playing-catch-up-to-yahoo/.
68 Cusumano and Yoffie, Competing on Internet Time, 31.
69 Bob Metcalfe, “Without Case of Vapors, Netscape’s Tools Will Give Blackbird Reason to Squawk,” InfoWorld, September 18, 1995.
2. BILL GATES “GETS” THE INTERNET: MICROSOFT AND INTERNET EXPLORER
1 Brent Schlender, “What Bill Gates Really Wants,” Fortune, January 16, 1995.
2 Ibid.
3 Laurent Belsie and Scott Armstrong, “High Hopes and Hype Blaze Path for Information Superhighway,” Christian Science Monitor, January 13, 1994.
4 Alan Stone, How America Got On-line: Politics, Markets, and the Revolution in Telecommunications (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 196.
5 David Kline, “Align and Conquer,” Wired, February 1, 1995.
6 Edmund L. Andrews, “Time Warner’s ‘Time Machine’ for Future Video,” New York Times, December 11, 1994.
7 L. J. Davis, The Billionaire Shell Game: How Cable Baron John Malone and Assorted Corporate Titans Invented a Future Nobody Wanted (New York: Doubleday, 1998), 221.
8 Ibid., 179.
9 Internet History Podcast, Episode 88: How Microsoft Went Online, with Brad Silverberg, November 2, 2015.
10 “Time 25,” Time, June 17, 1996.
11 Paul Andrews, How the Web Was Won: Microsoft from Windows to the Web; The Inside Story of How Bill Gates and His Band of Internet Idealists Transformed a Software Empire (New York: Broadway, 1999), 63.
12 Ibid., 54.
13 J. Allard, “Windows: The Next Killer Application on the Internet,” e-mail to Paul Maritz et al., January 25, 1994, di_killerapp_internetmemo.rtf.
14 Andrews, How the Web Was Won, 109.
15 James Wallace, Overdrive: Bill Gates and the Race to Control Cyberspace (New York: John Wiley, 1997), 183.
16 Andrews, How the Web Was Won, 116.
17 Joshua Quittner and Michelle Slatalla, Speeding the Net: The Inside Story of Netscape and How It Challenged Microsoft (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998), 192.
18 Kathy Rebello, “Inside Microsoft: The Untold Story of How the Internet Forced Bill Gates to Reverse Course,” BusinessWeek, July 15, 1996.
19 Tom Steinert-Threlkeld, “Can You Work in Netscape Time?” Fast Company, October 31, 1995.
20 Internet History Podcast, Episode 88, How Microsoft Went Online.
21 Joshua Cooper Ramo, “Winner Take All: Microsoft v. Netscape,” Time, September 16, 1996.
22 Internet History Podcast, Episode 88, How Microsoft Went Online.
23 Rebello, “Inside Microsoft.”
24 Wallace, Overdrive, 9.
25 Charles Cooper, “Of Silicon Valley and Sominex,” PC Week, June 5, 1996.
26 Rebello, “Inside Microsoft.”
27 Gary Wolf, “Steve Jobs: The Next Insanely Great Thing,” Wired, February 1, 1996.
3. AMERICA, ONLINE: AOL AND THE EARLY ONLINE SERVICES
1 Michael A. Banks, On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders (Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2008), 93.
2 Ibid., 144.
3 Robert D. Shapiro, “This Is Not Your Father’s Prodigy,” Wired.com, January 6, 1993.
4 Glenn Rifkin, “At Age 9, Prodigy On-Line Reboots,” New York Times, November 7, 1993.
5 Paul M. Eng, “Prodigy Is in That Awkward Stage,” BusinessWeek, February 13, 1995; available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1995-02-12/prodigy-is-in-that-awkward-stage.
6 Mark Nollinger, “America, Online!” Wired.com, September 1, 1995.
7 Kara Swisher, AOL.com: How Steve Case Beat Bill Gates, Nailed the Netheads, and Made Millions in the War for the Web (New York: Times Business/Random House, 1998), 94.
8 Nollinger, “America, Online!”
9 Jeff Goodell, “The Fevered Rise of America Online,” Rolling Stone, October 3, 1996.
10 America Online, Inc., “America Online, Inc. Passes 200,000 Household Mark,” PR Newswire, October 27, 1992.
11 Harry McCracken, “A History of AOL, as Told in Its Own Old Press Releases,” Technologizer, posted May 24, 2010.
12 Ibid.
13 Kara Swisher, There Must Be a Pony in Here Somewhere: The AOL Time Warner Debacle and the Quest for a Digital Future (New York: Crown, 2003), 39.
14 Swisher, AOL.com, 82.
15 Internet History Podcast, Episode 27: She Gave the World a Billion AOL CDs—An Interview With Marketing Legend Jan Brandt, August 11, 2014.
16 “What Was the Conversion Rate of AOL CDs in the 1990s?” Quora, answered December 28, 2010, https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-conversion-rate-of-AOL-CDs-in-the-1990s/answer/Jan-Brandt.
17 Internet History Podcast, Episode 27: She Gave the World a Billion AOL CDs.
18 “How Much Did It Cost AOL to Distribute All Those CDs Back in the 1990s?” Quora, answered December 27, 2010, https://www.quora.com/How-much-did-it-cost-AOL-to-distribute-all-those-CDs-back-in-the-1990s/answer/Jan-Brandt.
19 Internet History Podcast, Episode 27: She Gave the World a Billion AOL CDs.
20 Swish
er, AOL.com, 102.
21 Ibid., 103.
22 Nollinger, “America, Online!”
23 Swisher, AOL.com, 124.
24 Nollinger, “America, Online!”
25 Swisher, AOL.com, 128.
26 Gene Koprowski, “AOL CEO Steve Case,” Forbes ASAP, October 7, 1996.
27 Ibid.
28 Nollinger, “America, Online!”
29 David Carlson, “The Online Timeline, 1990–94,” accessed January 31, 2018, http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/carlson/1990s.shtml.
30 Nollinger, “America, Online!”
31 Ibid.
32 Frank Rose, “Keyword: Context,” Wired, December 1, 1996.
33 Amy Cortese and Amy Barrett, “The Online World of Steve Case,” BusinessWeek, April 15, 1996; available online at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1996-04-14/the-online-world-of-steve-case.
34 Peter Coy, “Has the Net Finally Reached the Wall? America Online’s Crash May Portend Constant Crises Unless the Internet Is Revamped,” BusinessWeek, August 26, 1996.
35 Rose, “Keyword: Context.”
36 Internet History Podcast, Episode 27: She Gave the World a Billion AOL CDs.
37 Swisher, AOL.com, 206.
38 Rose, “Keyword: Context.”
39 Swisher, AOL.com, 206.
40 Ibid., 208.
41 Internet History Podcast, Episode 27: She Gave the World a Billion AOL CDs.
42 Swisher, AOL.com, 275.
4. BIG MEDIA’S BIG WEB ADVENTURE: PATHFINDER, HOTWIRED AND ADS
1 Chris Dixon, “The Next Big Thing Will Start Out Looking Like a Toy,” cdixon blog, January 3, 2010, accessed February 9, 2018, http://cdixon.org/2010/01/03/the-next-big-thing-will-start-out-looking-like-a-toy/.
2 “The Web Back in 1996–1997,” posted September 16, 2008, http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/09/16/the-web-in-1996-1997/.
3 Ibid.
4 Tim O’Reilly, “SLAC Symposium on the Early Web,” posted November 26, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20141216174754/http://archive.oreilly.com/lpt/wlg/907.
5 William Glaberson, “In San Jose, Knight-Ridder Tests a Newspaper Frontier,” New York Times, February 7, 1994.
6 Michael Shapiro, “The Newspaper That Almost Seized the Future,” Columbia Journalism Review, November 2011; available online at https://archives.cjr.org/feature/the_newspaper_that_almost_seized_the_future.php.
7 Ken Auletta, The Highwaymen: Warriors of the Information Superhighway (New York: Random House, 1997), 315.
8 Jane Hodges, “Pathfinder Readies for Year Two,” Ad Age, October 23, 1995.
9 Ibid.
10 Alec Klein, Stealing Time: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Collapse of AOL Time Warner (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), loc. 1262, Kindle.
11 James Ledbetter, “The End of the Path?” Industry Standard, October 26, 1998.
12 Kara Swisher, There Must Be a Pony in Here Somewhere: The AOL Time Warner Debacle and the Quest for a Digital Future (New York: Crown, 2003), 91.
13 Ledbetter, “The End of the Path?”
14 Internet History Podcast, Episode 33: HotWired CEO Andrew Anker, September 22, 2014.
15 Ibid.
16 Rick Tetzeli, “The Internet and Your Business,” Fortune, March 7, 1994.
17 Internet History Podcast, Episode 35: Joe McCambley Discusses Advertising and the First Banner Ads, October 6, 2014.
18 Internet History Podcast, Episode 38: An Oral History of the Web’s First Banner Ads, October 27, 2014.
19 Internet History Podcast, Episode 13: Co-Designer of the First Banner Ad, Co-Founder of Razorfish, Craig Kanarick, April 17, 2014.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Internet History Podcast, Episode 35, Joe McCambley Discusses Advertising and the First Banner Ads.
23 Internet History Podcast, Episode 33: HotWired CEO Andrew Anker.
24 Lou Montulli, “The Reasoning behind Web Cookies,” The Irregular Musings of Lou Montulli, May 14, 2013, from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine capture on December 27, 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20131227064455/http://www.montulli-blog.com/2013/05/the-reasoning-behind-web-cookies.html.
25 “Interactive Ad Firms Grow on the Web,” Upside, September 1996, 50.
26 Constance Loizos, “Feeling the Burn,” Red Herring, April 1998.
27 George Slefo, “Digital Ad Spending Surges to Record High as Mobile and Social Grow More Than 50%,” Ad Age, April 21, 2016.
5. HELLO, WORLD: THE EARLY SEARCH ENGINES AND YAHOO
1 Matthew Gray, “Web Growth Summary,” 1996, accessed January 31, 2018, http://stuff.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html.
2 Cybertelecom, “History of DNS,” accessed January 31, 2018, http://www.cybertelecom.org/dns/history.htm.
3 Jerry Yang and David Filo, Yahoo! Unplugged: Your Discovery Guide to the Web (New York: John Wiley, 1995), 198 and 240.
4 Randall E. Stross, “How Yahoo! Won the Search Wars,” Fortune, March 2, 1998.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Brent Schlender, “How a Virtuoso Plays the Web,” Fortune, March 6, 2000.
9 Internet History Podcast, Episode 21: Yahoo Employee #3, Tim Brady, June 16, 2014.
10 Robert Reid, Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business (New York: John Wiley, 1997), 254.
11 Karen Angel, Inside Yahoo!: Reinvention and the Road Ahead (New York: John Wiley, 2002), 18.
12 Ibid.
13 David A. Kaplan, The Silicon Boys and Their Valley of Dreams (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 310.
14 Ibid., 312.
15 Angel, Inside Yahoo!, 25.
16 Reid, Architects of the Web, 267.
17 Kaplan, The Silicon Boys and Their Valley of Dreams, 305.
18 Internet History Podcast, Episode 78: Yahoo’s Master Brand Builder, Karen Edwards, August 24, 2015.
19 Linda Himelstein, Heather Green, Richard Siklos, and Catherine Yang, “Yahoo! The Company, the Strategy, the Stock,” BusinessWeek, August 27, 1998.
20 Bernhard Warner, “Your Ad Here,” Industry Standard, September 27, 1999.
21 Janice Maloney, “Yahoo: Still Searching for Profits on the Internet,” Fortune, May 1996.
22 Reid, Architects of the Web, 265.
23 Ibid., 262.
24 Angel, Inside Yahoo!, 57.
25 Reid, Architects of the Web, 264.
26 Stross, “How Yahoo! Won the Search Wars.”
27 Angel, Inside Yahoo!, 57.
28 Stross, “How Yahoo! Won the Search Wars.”
29 Jeff Pelline, “Netscape Revenue Up 114%,” CNET, April 23, 1997.
30 Securities and Exchange Commission, Yahoo! Inc. Form 10-Q, accessed January 31, 2018, http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1011006/0000912057-96-017646.txt.
31 Angel, Inside Yahoo!, 45.
32 Kim Cleland, “A Gaggle of Web Guides Vies for Ads; Yahoo Directory Opens to Sponsorship Deals as Competition Grows,” Ad Age, April 17, 1995.
33 Internet History Podcast, Episode 21: Yahoo Employee #3, Tim Brady.
34 Reid, Architects of the Web, 262.
35 Angel, Inside Yahoo!, 73.
36 Ibid., 81.
37 Ibid., 87.
38 Ibid., 98.
6. GET BIG FAST: AMAZON.COM AND THE BIRTH OF ECOMMERCE
1 Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon (New York: Little, Brown, 2014), 25–26.
2 Robert Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast (New York: HarperBusiness, 2000), 25.
3 Stone, The Everything Store, 26.
4 Ibid., 25.
5 Jeff Bezos, interview by Academy of Achievement, May 4, 2001, http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos/#interview.
6 Jeff Bezos, “A Bookstore by Any Other Name” (lecture, Commonwealth Club of California, July 27, 1998).
7 Michael Dunlop, “10 World Famous Companies That Started in Garages,” Retire@21, accessed January 31, 2018, http://www.retireat21.com/blog/10-compa
nies-started-garages.
8 Internet History Podcast, Episode 50: Amazon’s Technical Co-Founder and Employee #1, Shel Kaphan, February 1, 2015.
9 Stone, The Everything Store, 35.
10 Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast, 52.
11 Stone, The Everything Store, 38.
12 David Sheff, “The Playboy Interview: Jeff Bezos,” Playboy, February 1, 2000.
13 Internet History Podcast, Episode 50: Amazon’s Technical Co-Founder and Employee #1, Shel Kaphan.
14 Ibid.
15 Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast, 73.
16 Ibid., 85; Sheff, “The Playboy Interview: Jeff Bezos.”
17 Stone, The Everything Store, 41.
18 Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast, 93.
19 G. Bruce Knecht, “Wall Street Whiz Finds Niche Selling Books on the Internet,” Wall Street Journal, May 16, 1996.
20 Stone, The Everything Store, 48.
21 Ibid.
22 James Romenesko, “The Height of Online Success: Tiny Amazon.com Squares Off Against Industry Giant Barnes & Noble,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 21, 1997, 6E.
23 Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast, 114.
24 Ibid., 124.
25 Robert Spector, “Yesterday’s Goliath, Today’s David,” Wall Street Journal, June 25, 2011.
26 Randall E. Stross, “Why Barnes & Noble May Crush Amazon,” Fortune, September 29, 1997.
27 Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast, 168.
28 Romenesko, “The Height of Online Success.”
29 Sheff, “The Playboy Interview: Jeff Bezos.”
30 Stone, The Everything Store, 59.
31 William C. Taylor, “Who’s Writing the Book on Web Business?” Fast Company, October–November 1996.
32 Stone, The Everything Store, 54.
33 Pankaj Ghemawat, Leadership Online (B): Barnes & Noble vs. Amazon.com in 2005, Harvard Business School Case Study 9-705-492 (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2006).
34 Morris Rosenthal, “Book Sales Statistics,” Foner Books, accessed January 31, 2018, http://www.fonerbooks.com/booksale.htm.
35 “Amazon History and Timeline,” accessed January 31, 2018, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?p=irol-corporateTimeline_pf&c=176060.
36 Stone, The Everything Store, 67.
37 Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast, 161.
7. TRUSTING STRANGERS: EBAY, COMMUNITY SITES AND PORTALS
1 Adam Cohen, The Perfect Store: Inside eBay (New York: Little, Brown, 2002), 20.
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