by Jim Baggott
Hawking, Stephen (ed.), The Dreams that Stuff Is Made Of: The Most Astounding Papers on Quantum Physics and How They Shook the World (Running Press, Philadelphia, 2011).
Heisenberg, Werner, Encounters with Einstein (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1983).
Hiley, B. J., and Peat, F. D. (eds), Quantum Implications: Essays in Honour of David Bohm (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1987).
Kilmister, C. W. (ed.), Schrödinger: Centenary Celebration of a Polymath (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1987).
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, Atom and Void (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1989).
Schilpp, P. A. (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. The Library of Living Philosophers (Open Court, La Salle, IL, 1949). This includes a chapter by Bohr on their famous debate about the representation of quantum reality.
Stachel, John (ed.), Einstein’s Miraculous Year: Five Papers that Changed the Face of Physics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2005).
Van der Waerden, B. L., Sources of Quantum Mechanics (Dover, New York, 1968).
Wheeler, John Archibald, At Home in the Universe (AIP Press, New York, 1994).
Wheeler, John Archibald, and Zurek, Wojciech Hubert (eds), Quantum Theory and Measurement (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1983).
Index
n after a page number indicates a footnote or an endnote. f after a page number indicates a figure.
acceleration 74
Adams, Douglas 141
Adams, John 64
Aharonov, Yakir 155, 156, 167
Albert, David 230
angular momentum 155
anthropic principle 206–7, 277
anti‑realist interpretations 249, 252
arc‑seconds 65n
Aspect, Alain 167, 171
atomic spectra 10f
atoms 7–8
axioms 99–102, 127–30, 255–6
Ayer, Alfred J. 124
Bacon, Francis 57
Bandyopadhyay, Anirban 219
Barrett, Jonathan 173
Barrow, John 207
base concepts 71
basis states 113
Bayes, Thomas 142
Bayesian probability theory 142–3
Becker, Adam 245
Bell, John 106, 151, 157–67, 182, 183, 189, 230–1
Bell’s inequality 157, 164–7, 170, 171
Bertlmann, Reinhard 158
Big Bang model 108
black‑body radiation 8
Bohm, David 154–5, 156, 167, 176, 177, 271
Bohr, Niels atomic theory 9
interpretation of quantum theory 28, 81, 82–4, 85, 86–7, 88–91, 94–5, 98, 106, 138, 185, 202, 226
philosophical views 124, 266
Bohr–Einstein debate 84, 85–96
Boltzmann, Ludwig 96
Born, Max 22, 84, 240
Born rule 101, 129–31, 138
bosons 167
Briegel, Hans 242
Bub, Jeffrey 122
Bush, John 178
C60 molecules 275
calcite 272
calcium atoms 168
Carnap, Rudolph 47
Carter, Brandon 277
cathode ray guns 15
Caves, Carlton 144
CERN 45, 108, 158
Chalmers, David 209, 219
chemistry 26
Chiribella, Giulio 129
Christiansen, Christian 10f
classical mechanics 2, 15n, 17
cloud chambers 12
cluster states 241–2
collapse of the wavefunction 24, 181–9, 200, 202, 221–2
complementarity 83–4, 106, 107
complex conjugates 22n
Compton, Arthur 60
consciousness 207–13
consistent histories interpretation 135–8
constructive empiricism 80
Cooper, Leon 229
Copenhagen interpretation 84 challenges/opposition 95, 98, 131, 148, 226, 227
influence/legacy 98, 102, 105–7, 138, 154, 155, 175, 176, 182
limitations 86, 106–7, 140, 203, 228n
Copernican principle 144, 277
Crane, Louis 109
crypto non-local hidden variable theories 173–4, 249
Cuffaro, Michael 242
D‑Wave machines 237n
d’Espagnat, Bernard 41
Davy, Humphrey 51
de Broglie, Louis 2n, 10, 14f, 31, 175
de‑Broglie–Bohm interpretation 176–82, 250
decoherence 139–40, 179, 185–90, 192, 230, 231, 241
decoherence times 186–7, 219
decoherent histories 139
decoherent histories interpretation 140, 231
Debye, Pieter 60
delocalization 12, 21
demarcation problem 62–7
Dennett, Daniel 211
Descartes, René 209–10
Deutsch, David 233–4, 243
Dewdney, Chris 177
DeWitt, Bryce 227, 228, 229, 233
Dick, Philip K. 40
Dicke, Robert 277
diffraction 12, 188
Diósi, Lajos 195
Diósi–Penrose theory 195–6, 214
Dirac, Paul 94, 99
Dirac’s principles 99–102
Dowker, Fay 140, 141
Duhem, Pierre 52, 64
Duhem–Quine thesis 64
Einstein, Albert general theory of relativity 50, 65, 222
influence of Mach 264
interpretation of quantum theory 24, 44, 84, 85–91, 93, 94, 95–7, 105, 152–4, 155, 181, 262, 271
letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt 277
light-quantum hypothesis 9, 59–60
Nobel Prize 11
philosophical views 43, 44n, 69, 109, 282
Ellis, George 247
energy 72
energy–time uncertainty relation 30, 88
ensembles 183–4
entangled particles 91, 118
entropy 184–5, 191
EPR (Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen) experiment 91–6, 105, 118, 155, 156, 157, 179
Euclid’s axioms 102
European Space Agency (ESA) 197
Everett, Hugh 223–7, 233, 279
expectation values 18
factorization 236n
falsifiability criterion 62, 66
Faraday, Michael 51
fermions 156
Feyerabend, Paul 66
Feynman, Richard 4, 125, 195
‘five reasonable axioms’ 128, 270
‘force particles’ 167
Fuchs, Christopher 144, 145
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 211–12
Galle, Johann 64
Gell‑Mann, Murray 139, 140, 231–2
general theory of relativity 50, 65, 90, 108, 222
Ghirardi, Giancarlo 193, 194
‘ghost in the machine’ 211
Graham, Neill 228, 229
grand unified theory 154, 195
gravitational waves 108
gravity 108–9
‘greater than or equal to’ sign 29n
Griffiths, Robert 135, 136, 137, 140, 141
Grover, Lov 242n
‘guiding field’ (Führungsfeld) 153
Hacking, Ian 46, 79
Hameroff, Stuart 214, 215, 216, 219
Hamilton, William Rowan 2
Hamiltonian mechanics 2
hard problem (consciousness) 209, 212
Hardy, Lucien 128–9
Hartle, James 139, 140
Heisenberg, Werner 28, 42, 81, 84, 106, 143–4, 202
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 28–30, 90
Hempel, Carl 57n
hidden variables theories 154–5
Higgs, Peter 68
Higgs boson 68, 108
Higgs field 75
Hilbert, David 99
Hilbert space 134n, 200n
Hilbert’s problems 99
Hiley,
Basil 177, 271
Hitch-hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (Douglas Adams) 141
Holland, Peter 180
Huxley, Thomas 51
hypothetico-deductive method 60
imaginary numbers 17n
information 110–22, 190–2 see also relational/information-theoretic interpretations
information theory 191
intelligent design 63
intensity (waves) 21
interference 12, 13f, 19–21, 137, 138, 188
intrinsic behaviour 21
irreversibility 185
Kant, Immanuel 39–40, 44n
Kent, Adrian 140, 141, 232
Kochen, Simon 165
Kragh, Helge 246
Krauss, Lawrence 34
Kuhn, Thomas 80n
‘la Comédie Française’ 15
Ladyman, James 69, 247
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis 2
Landauer, Rolf 191
Laplace, Pierre Simon 142
Laudan, Larry 66
Le Verrier, Urbain 64, 65
Leggett, Anthony 172–3
Leggett’s inequality 173
light-quantum hypothesis 9, 10, 12, 60
linear momentum 15, 16, 17
LISA Pathfinder mission 197–8
localization accuracy 193
Lockwood, Michael 230
Loewer, Barry 230
logical positivism 47, 62, 263
loop quantum gravity 108
Mach, Ernst 47, 50, 264
macroscopic quantum resonators (MAQRO) 197, 198, 218
Mandelstam, Leonid 30
many‑minds theory 230
many‑worlds interpretation 228–47, 252
mass 75
Massimi, Michela 61
materialism 211
Matrix movie 35
‘matter waves’ 22
Maxwell, James Clerk 96
Maxwell’s Demon 203
measurement operator 23
mechanics 2
Mercator projection 134
Mercury (planet) 65
Mermin, N. David 3, 125, 145
metaphysical preconceptions 50
metaphysics 34
microtubules 215
Miller, Kenneth R. 55–6
mind–body dualism 210–11
Möbius band 156n
modulus square (wavefunctions) 22
Molière 44
Monty Python’s Flying Circus 263–4
Monty Python’s Life of Brian 35
Moore’s law 236n
multiverse theories 233–40, 243–5, 246–7
naïve realism 43
neo‑Everettians 244
neural correlates 211
Neurath, Otto 47
neuroscience 212
New York Times 94
Newton, Isaac 60, 74
Newton’s first law of motion 180
Newton’s second law of motion 72
Newton’s third law of motion 205
Newtonian precession 65
no‑go theorems 165, 173
observables 17, 18
observers 109–10
Omnès, Roland 140, 190
operators (mathematics) 18
orchestrated objective reduction (Orch‑OR) 214, 216–18, 219
Pais, Abraham 228n
participatory anthropic principle 206–7
Pauli, Wolfgang 84, 94, 99, 106
PBR (Pusey–Barrett–Rudolph) theorem 174, 176
Pearle, Philip 193
Penrose, Roger 190, 195–6, 197, 214–15, 216, 219
Philippidis, Chris 177
photoelectric effect 11
‘photon box’ experiment 88–90
photons 9, 167
Pierce, Charles Sanders 266
Pigliucci, Massimo 67
pilot wave theories 175–6, 182, 230
Planck, Max 8–9
Planck’s constant 9, 16, 17
Planck–Einstein relation 8, 11
Plato 38
Podolsky, Boris 91, 93
Poincaré, Henri 79
polarizing analysers 169
Popper, Karl definition of physics 41
interpretation of quantum theory 105–6, 131–2, 133
philosophy of science 58–9, 60, 62, 67
positron emission tomography (PET) 211, 212
posterior probabilities 143
pragmatism 266–7
principle of induction 57, 62
prior probabilities 142
projection operators 134
prokaryotic cells 215n
Pusey, Mathew 173
Putnam, Hilary 77
quanta 8
quantum Bayesianism (QBism) 145–9
quantum computing 235–7, 241–3
quantum jumps 9
quantum measurement 183, 189
quantum numbers 9
quantum potential 176–81
quantum probabilities 22
quantum probability theory 24
quantum theory of gravity 109, 195, 222
qubits 235, 241, 242n
Quine, Willard Van Orman 64
Raussendorf, Robert 242
raven paradox 57n
realist interpretations 249–50
realist propositions 44, 46, 71, 79, 255
recoherence 188
red roses 208, 211
Rees, Martin 244
relational/information-theoretic interpretations 109–11, 115, 122–5, 148, 191, 251
Rimini, Alberto 193
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 277
Rosen, Nathan 91, 93
Rosenfeld, Léon 222
Ross, Don 69
Rovelli, Carlo 107–9, 110, 113–14, 116, 119, 122, 196n
Rudolph, Terry 173
Russell, Bertrand 58
Ryle, Gilbert 211
Schack, Rüdiger 144, 145, 270
Schlick, Moritz 47
Schrödinger, Erwin development of quantum theory 16–17, 26, 31, 84–5
interpretation of quantum theory 22, 28, 44, 81, 95, 96, 97–8, 105
Schrödinger’s cat 97–8, 116, 123, 212, 229
Schrödinger’s wave equation 16, 27f, 130, 176
scientific method 56
scientific realism 43
Searle, John 145
second law of thermodynamics 184
Shannon, Claude 191
Shannon entropy 191
‘shifty split’ 106, 136, 190
‘shut up and calculate’ slogan 124
Silk, Joe 247
Sisyphus (Greek mythology) 72
Smolin, Lee 64, 108–9, 196n, 245, 250
social brain hypothesis 213
Solo, Han 251
Solvay conferences 84, 87, 175
spacetime 50, 222–3
special theory of relativity 181
Specker, Ernst 165
spin (elementary particles) 155–6
‘spooky action at a distance’ 85, 94, 180
Spurrett, David 69
Standard Model 108
state vectors 275
statistical interpretation 152–4
Stern, Otto 86–7
Stern–Gerlach apparatus 159n
structural realism 78
superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) 188
superposition 26, 29
superstring theory 243
Susskind, Leonard 34
synapses (brain) 215
synesthesia 37
Szilard, Leo 202, 277
Tamm, Igor 30
Tegmark, Max 219, 238, 239, 244
Teller, Edward 277
thought experiments (gedankenexperiments) 87
Tipler, Frank 207
total wavefunction 91
Traunkirchen conference (2011) 252, 253f
tubulin subunits 215, 216–18, 278
two-slit experiment see interference
uncertainty principle 28–30, 90
Uranus 63, 64
Vaidman, Lev 240
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van der Waals forces 216
van Fraassen, Bas 80
van Vechten, Deborah 229
verifiability criterion 62
Vienna Circle 47, 124
von Neumann, John 23, 99, 154, 184, 199–202, 203, 221
Wallace, David 240, 241, 243
Watt, Richard 215
wave equation see Schrödinger’s wave equation
wave mechanics 16–19
wave–particle duality 16
wavefunctions 16, 17, 22, 26–7, 251
wavepackets 29
Weber, Tullio 193
Weinberg, Steven 34
Wheeler, John collaboration with Hugh Everett 223, 226, 228, 233
description of general relativity theory 195
development of participatory anthropic principle 206–7
interpretation of quantum theory 123–4, 185
Wigner, Eugene 204–5, 277
Wigner’s friend 205
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 124
Worrall, John 78
Zeh, Dieter 185, 230, 231
Zeilinger, Anton 120, 121, 252, 253f