Copyright © 2020 by Tupa Tjipombo and Chris Lockhart
All rights reserved
First edition
Published by Lawrence Hill Books
An imprint of Chicago Review Press Incorporated
814 North Franklin Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
ISBN 978-1-64160-240-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Tjipombo, Tupa, author. | Lockhart, Chris, 1967- author.
Title: I am not your slave : a memoir / Tupa Tjipombo, Chris Lockhart.
Description: First edition. | Chicago : Lawrence Hill Books, 2020. |
Summary: “I Am Not Your Slave is the shocking true story of a young
African girl, Tupa, who was abducted from southwestern Africa and
funneled through an extensive yet almost completely unknown human
trafficking network spanning the entire African continent”—Provided by
publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019029549 (print) | LCCN 2019029550 (ebook) | ISBN
9781641602372 (cloth) | ISBN 9781641602389 (pdf) | ISBN
9781641602396 (mobi) | ISBN 9781641602402 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Tjipombo, Tupa. | Human trafficking
victims—Africa—Biography. | Human trafficking—Africa.
Classification: LCC HQ285.T55 T55 2020 (print) | LCC HQ285.T55
(ebook) | DDC 364.15/51096 [B]—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019029549
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019029550
Interior design: Nord Compo
Printed in the United States of America
5 4 3 2 1
This digital document has been produced by Nord Compo.
CONTENTS
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Epilogue
PREFACE
WHEN I FIRST MET TUPA at her brother’s house on a rutted back road of Opuwo in northwestern Namibia, I was struck by her story. With her obvious intelligence and insight, she told it in a steady, introspective voice and in fluent English. The story she told me was one of trauma and personal survival that left me speechless; her experience of being abducted and trafficked was the most shocking account of modern-day slavery I had ever heard. I resolved to gather her complete story, including the circumstances and deteriorating conditions that put her at risk for trafficking in the first place, the daily brutalities and routine suffering of being a slave, the people involved, the self-doubt, the ambiguities, and the essential determination to be free.
Yet there was something else about Tupa’s story that struck me. Despite having worked in sub-Saharan Africa for over twenty-five years and encountering many different forms and manifestations of human trafficking that were truly horrific, I still found much of her account breathtakingly shocking. Why had I not heard of so many of these things before? And how could this have happened to an individual from Namibia? The country is as remote as they come, a little-known outlier of vast desert spaces and few people with a sleepy, almost aloof quality to it.
There is so much we do not know about human trafficking, despite the proliferation of books, reports, and other publications on the topic over the past twenty years. It is particularly difficult to find personal accounts of trafficking victims. On the one hand, their voices have been silenced by an overall approach to the issue that is based on an amalgamation of statistics, generic categories, and measurable data. The result is a long stream of tedious reports, boilerplate definitions, and legislative watch lists. Any focus on the individual, which happens only rarely, has more to do with how she or he meets the criteria for a specific definition of trafficking, which, of course, transforms the person into another statistic, another object that can be counted and measured, another immutable, faceless category.
All of this brings me back to Tupa and a long, on-again, off-again conversation held over countless cups of rooibos tea at a kitchen table in a quiet town of northwestern Namibia. Her story is presented here in narrative form because it is the way she herself wanted it to be told. Writing her story was an iterative process, and we continually reviewed particular scenes or events many times over as I prompted her to recall specific details, emotions, sights, sounds, and so forth until we both felt that we had saturated that particular experience. As part of this process, I read back to her everything I wrote, and we carefully went over each section together to make sure I had included and described everything to her satisfaction.
It should be noted here that I was able to confirm much of what happened to her by personally visiting specific locations and interviewing individuals in Namibia, Angola, South Sudan, Djibouti, and the United Arab Emirates. I should also note that “Tupa” is a pseudonym (as are all names used in the books). From early on, we agreed that we should not use real names to protect Tupa’s identity and prevent her from additional harm.
There were many challenges to writing Tupa’s story, but she never wavered in her belief that it should be told. I remember one day, as we sat in her brother’s kitchen in Opuwo, poring over the details of one particularly horrific experience of her ordeal, we decided that it was all too much and we needed to take a break for a few days. The room grew silent as I made tea and stared out the window, watching a group of children play soccer. Tupa, sitting at the kitchen table, leafed through a United Nations report on human trafficking that I had happened to bring along that day. When I turned around, she was frantically fumbling with my recorder. “How do you turn this on?” she said irritably. “We must continue.” Taken aback, I started to go through all of the reasons why we should take a short hiatus. But she abruptly cut me off. “This,” she said, holding up the report. “It does not say anything. It is not my story. It is not anybody’s story. It will not make people act.” She pointed to the empty chair opposite her. “Sit. I need to finish telling my story.”
The result presented here is not a statistic or an exposition but an individual account of modern-day slavery—one woman’s story of boundless courage in the face of one of the worst human atrocities imaginable.
Chris Lockhart
April 2018
Opuwo, Namibia
1
I WATCHED MY PURSUERS from my concealed position among the rocks. My stomach was so nervous that I was afraid it might somehow give me away. My grandfather once told me that he could always tell when people were nervous because it created visible ripples in the air around them. I swallowed hard and tried to remain calm. The two men I’d escaped from that morning leaned against their battered pickup truck, talking closely as they watched a third man. Though I had never seen him before, it was the third man who worried me the most. He was a slight, almost inconspicuous figure who moved in a soft, deliberate manner, his head bowed as he carefully scanned the ground before him. Occasionally, he squatted to get a closer look at the ocher-colored sand of the dry riverbed. He is reading the ground, I thought, and my heart dropped as I realized that the delicate frame and almost feline body language of this curious individual marked him as a Bushman. There was no point in trying to lose them now, I thought; it was just a matter of time. I remembered my father telling me stories of how the South African Defence Force had used Bushmen in this part of southeastern Angola during the war years to search for infiltration ro
utes and water holes used by South West Africa People’s Organization rebels. He said they always feared the Bushmen trackers the most because they led the white soldiers straight to their camps. It was why they were known as flechas—arrows.
As I shifted my position, I winced from the pain in my hip. I had bruised it that morning when I dropped over the side of the truck and landed awkwardly on a rock. I guess my adrenaline had been pumping so hard that at the time I hardly noticed or cared. But now, as I lay still and watched my pursuers, I became conscious of a terrible throbbing in my right hip, as well as the razor-like torment from the many cuts and scratches on my legs and arms. This is what happens, I thought, when you run for your life across Angola’s unforgiving scrubland.
I had waited all night for the right moment to make my escape. After taking me the day before, the men had forced me to ride in the open bed of the pickup truck, exposing me to the full intensity of the African sun as I choked on stifling clouds of dust and exhaust and fought off swarms of nettling bush flies. I tried wrapping a torn piece of tarp around my head for protection, but it was too small to be of much use. As they snaked back and forth along dirt tracks that seemed barely passable, I was tossed about the truck bed with a collection of empty beer bottles, plastic soft drink containers, bits of cord, and an old, putrefied goat leg.
We had stopped once in the early evening. And though we were in the middle of nowhere, a ragged boy in a donkey cart sat waiting for us under the umbrellalike canopy of a large camel thorn tree. The cart held a drum of fuel, which the two men set upon with a rubber hose to siphon its contents into the truck. They barely acknowledged me as they spoke to each other in a language I could only assume was Portuguese. From his perch on top of the donkey cart, the boy feigned indifference, but his eyes betrayed him as they flicked with nervous curiosity to the somber, disheveled girl in the back of the truck. I remained completely still, partly out of fear but also because I did not want my abductors to suspect my intention to make a break for it the first chance I got.
I had been led to believe we were going to a farm located only a short two-hour drive away. I’d overheard Bernardo—a strange, intimidating man with a burn scar on his face—tell my father that the farm was located near a big town on a main road. But we drove all day on remote dirt tracks that skirted tiny villages and isolated homesteads—nothing that could be described as a town. I never once saw another car. As we drove into the night, I realized that something was terribly wrong. With each passing hour, my worst suspicions about Bernardo were confirmed. Nothing good was going to come from the arrangement he had made with my father.
An opportunity finally presented itself, but not until the horizon began to glow with the promise of another searing day. I repositioned myself to get a better view of the men in the cab as the truck, navigating a particularly dense patch of thorn bush, slowed to a crawl. I noticed the driver’s attention was fixed on the twisting path ahead. Meanwhile, the man in the passenger seat was clearly asleep—his head bobbed listlessly from side to side as we lurched forward. Then, when the driver jammed the truck into low gear as we slowed down a second time to make our way around a large termite mound, I quickly slid myself over the wheel well and dropped to the ground. I landed badly and had the wind knocked out of me for a brief moment, but I think my youthful energy kicked in as I dashed into the bush.
I ran as fast as I could, darting and weaving desperately to avoid the needlelike thorns of the acacia bushes, only dimly aware of the stabbing, ripping pain caused by the three-inch barbs. Finally, I stopped to catch my breath; I knew I had to be smarter while maneuvering through this environment—my limbs were already shredded. Standing on a rock, I made a half-hearted attempt to gauge my surroundings, but the bush was thick and the landscape toneless and flat. It was impossible to see or know with any certainty which way to go. I started in one direction before remembering something my father had told me: during the war they used to walk toward the sun whenever it was on the horizon because the light made it more difficult for the South African soldiers to spot them from behind. Walking directly into the sun was also said to be disheartening; people tended to veer away from it. So I decided to alter course and walk directly toward the glowing horizon.
For the next several hours, I jogged, walked, and stumbled across southern Angola’s harsh semiarid desert. I pinned my hopes on finding a walking path. During my short time in the country, I had seen few roads, and those that did exist were so broken down and pitted out that they seemed like mere suggestions of what may have once been a possible way forward. Even if I did find a road, I would probably have to avoid it; a road would attract the only moving vehicle in this part of the world—that of the men looking for me. No, no roads, I said to myself. A walking trail was the best option.
When I came across a dry riverbed, I decided to follow it, mostly because it offered some respite from the thorn bushes. But after an hour or so, I had a feeling it was leading me nowhere. I knew these dry riverbeds could be misleading; they often petered out in dusty plains of cracked, windswept earth with almost no vegetation. At least the bush offered some shade and, perhaps more importantly, camouflage. So I doubled back and climbed a rock outcropping. Back in my home country of Namibia, such rock formations were known as kopjes—one of those Afrikaans words that stuck with most Namibians no matter what language they spoke or which tribe they were from. I was glad to see that kopjes—though smaller and less numerous in this part of Angola—were still a distinctive part of the landscape. They were the only means of seeing above such a flatland of stunted bushes. This particular kopje happened to be one of those random piles of giant, oval-shaped granite rocks that tourists like to take photos of. My grandfather used to tell me that these were not rocks at all but petrified ostrich eggs from long ago when ostriches were as large as dinosaurs.
Now, squeezed in among the rocks and looking down upon my pursuers, I was glad I had had the forethought not to climb too high or too carelessly. I would have been spotted immediately if I had done so—the three men were only several hundred meters away. I kept my eyes on the Bushman tracker, knowing he was the only one I had to worry about. I clung to the hope that his skills would now work to my advantage and he would lead the men along the dry riverbed for the next hour or so before realizing that I had doubled back. After a few more minutes of observation, I looked over my shoulder in the opposite direction, and there, in the distance, I thought I spotted the slightest wisp of smoke rising above the bush. Were my eyes playing tricks on me? It was difficult to say, but it appeared to be a cooking fire. It was my only hope—in a few short hours, it would be too hot to walk around for long periods of time. And I did not have any water. They would easily catch up with me.
Hope was quickly replaced with horror when I turned back toward my pursuers. The Bushman had both hands raised above his eyes and was looking straight at me. Instinctively, I held my breath and pressed myself against the rocks, counting on the angle of the rising sun to work in my favor. But Bushmen are clever and are said to have magical powers that allow them to see and even sense things others cannot. That is what makes them such excellent trackers. I waited for him to turn away, but it took an agonizingly long time. Finally, I scrambled down from the kopje and set out toward the smoke, where I now spotted several vultures arcing slow circles against the bleached Angolan sky. I could only pray I had not been spotted.
Almost immediately, I came across a walking trail that led straight where I wanted to go. Alternately jogging and walking, I burst into a clearing containing a small mud-and-wattle hut. An old man with one leg sat by a firepit cooking meat in a kettle. I suspected he was one of the mutilado—mutiltated ones—individuals who’d lost a limb to one of the many unexploded land mines scattered across the country. There was said to be a whole generation of mutilados in this part of Angola. He will help me, I thought, though I could not explain exactly why I thought so. Instincts, I thought. Rely on your instincts.
The old man loo
ked up with mild surprise as I approached. I spoke to him in Otjiherero, but he shook his head, so I tried English and then Afrikaans but received similar responses. He eyed me curiously now and, maybe seeing from my appearance that I was lost or in some kind of trouble, motioned for me to sit by the fire. He offered me some meat and goat’s milk, which I consumed so quickly that he laughed and gave me some more. As I finished that, the old man drew a map in the dirt and conveyed to me that I should continue down the path until I came to another household, which he represented with a stone. He tapped it with his stick and repeated “Inglês” several times. I hoped it meant they spoke English there. I thanked the old man profusely and, reinvigorated by the meat and goat’s milk, set out once again.
I must have gone another thirty minutes before hearing the sounds of an approaching vehicle. As far as I could tell, there were no roads in the area, so it must have been picking its way through the bush along the same footpath I was on. It sounded like it was coming directly from the old man’s place. My stomach dropped as I heard the distinctive clattering noises of my pursuers’ truck. But it seemed to be having a hard time at a point where the path intersected a deep gully; it might take them some time to find a suitable crossing. As I turned and began running again, I almost stepped on a pale black snake with faded white stripes. I recognized it immediately as a relatively harmless garter snake, but it was a snake nonetheless, and snakes are bad omens. For me, it had all started—everything I was experiencing now—when the zebra snake had bitten my brother Timo. That was the moment when everything seemed to change, when the safety and security of my life in the village gave way to the dangers of the wider world. It was when vulnerability and uncertainty came into my life.
* * *
“Tupa!” Timo yelled across the compound to me. “Come! We have work to do before the sun comes!” I knew my older brother would want me to help him graze the cows in the dry riverbed that lay to the west of the village. I was good at fetching calves that wandered into the middle of a thick bramble patch, a task that often demanded a young, nimble person who could crawl through the thorn bushes to retrieve them. It had been an especially bad season, and my family could not afford to lose any more livestock to jackals or other predators whose numbers seemed to grow with each passing year. And small calves that got separated from the herd were always easy prey.
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