13. Source: Literacy Trust, using information from Book Marketing Ltd., which conducted surveys in 2001.
14. Kevin Sullivan, “Blair Reshuffles Cabinet after Elections,” The Washington Post, May 6, 2006 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/05/AR2006050500456.html).
15. Some information drawn from EnchantedLearning.com, Explorers series. See also “Hot Shots” below.
16. Source on Galton: Nicholas W. Gillham, “Sir Francis Galton and the Birth of Eugenics,” Annual Review of Genetics, Jan. 1, 2001.
17. Victorian Station, “The Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace” (http://www.victorianstation.com/palace.html).
18. As noted in “The Rhodes Scholarships: A Giant Step for White World Domination,” The Conscious Observer Newsletter, October 1995.
19. Matthew Sweet, “A Bad Man in Africa,” The Independent, March 16, 2002.
20. Sources include: Matthew Sweet, “A Bad Man in Africa,” The Independent, Mar. 16, 2002; and James North, “The Randlords,” The New Republic, May 19, 1986.
21. Long laughed off as a conspiracy theory, Echelon does exist: Australia recently admitted to be part of it, former CIA director James Woolsey copped to it in a Wall Street Journal editorial that he wrote (see: James Woolsey, “Why We Spy on Our Allies,” The Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2000), and the European parliament wrote a report on it: “Report on the Existence of a Global System for the Interception of Private and Commercial Communications—Echelon,” European Parliament, July 11, 2001 (http://fas.org/irp/program/process/rapport_echelon_en.pdf).
22. Information derived from reports from think tank Bellano, the University of Bremen, Greenpeace, and The Guardian (London), among other sources.
23. Peter Oborne, “The End of the Affair,” The Spectator, 2002.
24. Some information here derived from an article written by Prince Michael of Greece, “To Be Young and Royal,” Vanity Fair, September 2003.
25. Ibid.
Chapter 4: Italy
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. Jeff Israely, “The Berlusconi Channel,” Time, Mar. 3, 2003.
3. Sophie Arie, “Toxics Scandal in Mozzarella Country,” The Guardian (London), Oct. 14, 2004; Gail Edmondson and Kate Carlisle, “Italy and the Eco-Mafia,” BusinessWeek, Jan. 27, 2003.
4. Some information draws from Norman Davies, Europe, A History, 1997, and H. A. L. Fisher, A History of Europe, 1970.
5. James Hardy, “Fury Over PM Muslim Slur,” Mirror, Sept. 28, 2001.
6. Author Margherita Marchione is the source of some info.
7. Robert P. Libbon, Instant European History: From the French Revolution to the Cold War, New York: Ballantine Books, 1996: pp. 76–77.
8. Benito Mussolini, The Cardinal’s Mistress, English translation: Hiram Motherwell, 1929, as noted on Oddbooks.co.uk.
9. Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. New York: Random House, 2001: p. 280.
10. Statistic from Datamonitor: “Young Cannot Afford to Leave Home,” BBC, Mar. 12, 2003.
11. Source: William T. Grant Foundation, “Adolescence Not Just for Kids,” The Washington Post, Jan. 2, 2002.
Chapter 5: Belgium
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. So claims Belgian businessman Jean-Michel Nihoul, a defendant in the case of Marc Dutroux, the pedophile and murderer. Dutroux keeps insisting he was securing his victims as part of a ring, and that the government is not investigating his leads.
4. Barry James, “Belgium Pedophilia Scandal…” International Herald Tribune, Dec. 16, 1999.
5. Rosemary Bechler, “Everyone Is Afraid: The World According to Abou Jahjah,” Opendemocracy.com interview, May 20, 2004.
6. “New Government to Amend War Crimes Legislation in Attempt to Avert Crisis Within NATO,” AP Worldstream, July 8, 2003.
7. Glenn Frankel, “Belgian War Crimes Law Undone by Its Global Reach…” The Washington Post, Sept. 30, 2003. Additional information derived from AP and The Economist.
8. Some information in this section is derived from the fascinating and beautifully written book by Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa. New York: Random House, 1991. Another source: Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost. New York: Mariner Books, 1999.
9. Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, “Belgian Fury at Film on Leopold’s Congo terror,” The Daily Telegraph (London), July 4, 2004.
10. Information in this section derived from interviews, the Belgian Tourism Board, The Economist, and Lonely Planet World Guide: Belgium.
11. Barry James, “Eurocapital in Search of a Human Dimension,” International Herald Tribune, Oct. 23, 1998.
12. Sebastian Lapaque, “Simenon the Myth in Seven Legends,” Le Figaro Littéraire, Jan. 9, 2003.
Chapter 6: Ireland
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. According to the Economist’s “World in 2005” survey.
3. Source: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
Chapter 7: Spain
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. Source: World Tourism Organization, June 2004.
3. Source: BBC.
4. “Spanish Reporters: Government Silenced the Truth About the Attacks,” Inter Press Service, Mar. 18, 2004 (www.commondreams.org/headlines04/318-10.htm).
5. Source: El País.
6. “11 March 2004 Madrid Attacks,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
7. Elaine Sciolino, “Spain Is Firm: Troops Won’t Return,” The New York Times, May 7, 2004.
8. Some information from David Gilmour, Cities of Spain, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992; and John A. Crow, Spain: The Root and the Flower, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
9. James Townsend, “Tracking Spain’s Gold to Moscow,” The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 4, 1994.
10. Newsweek, March 2, 1970. See: http://hitlerstoppebyfranco.com/franco_jews.htm.
11. John Hopper, The New Spaniards. London: Penguin Group, 1995.
12. Dale Fuchs, “Spain Labors to Bring Home Baby—and the Bacon,” The Christian Science Monitor, June 26, 2003.
13. T. D. Allman, “The King Who Saved His Country,” Vanity Fair, August 1992. (Interesting article, although Allman is out to lunch to claim that siestas are a thing of the past, and that Spaniards often holiday in Switzerland because it’s cheaper.)
Chapter 8: Portugal
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. Source: UK Trade and Investment: “Portugal: Setting Up.”
3. Based on interviews with Portuguese.
4. Source: The World Factbook; International Planned Parenthood Federation; some studies say closer to 20 percent of the women can’t read.
5. Between 1991 and 2001, 38 percent of Portuguese finished mandatory nine years of schooling, according to an April 2, 2003, statement by Portuguese UN Ambassador Gonçalo de Santa Clara Gomes to the Commission on Population and Development.
6. “Victory in Portugal Lifts European Right,” International Herald Tribune, Mar. 19, 2002.
7. Barry Hatton, “After Shaky Start, Portugal’s New prime minister still looking for chance to prove himself,” Associated Press, Aug. 8, 2004.
8. Ibid.
9. Source: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
10. Source: Library of Congress Country Studies: Portugal.
11. Ibid.
12. Source: “Portugal—The Treaty of Windsor,” Manorhouses.com.
13. Source: Daniel J. Boorstin, The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search to Know His World and Himself, New York: Random House, 1983—using a journal of one of da Gama’s crew as the source.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. According to the M2 Wine Education Center (http://www.intowine.com/port.html).
17. Some information from Wine Spectation as well as from the M2 Wine Education Center.
18. Source: “History of Portugal,” Wikipedia, The Free Encylclopedia (en.
wikipedia.org).
19. “Europe: Those big boys next door; Portugal and Spain,” The Economist, Jan. 25, 2003.
20. Source for all above information: Fatima.org.
21. “Links Between Europeans Living Abroad and Their Countries of Origin,” Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Mar. 5, 1999.
22. Isabel Romão, “Country Report: Portugal,” European Database (http://www.db-decision.de/CoRe/Portugal.htm).
Chapter 9: The Netherlands
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. Many immigrants and foreign-born workers are well-integrated in Dutch society; however, the proportion of those leaning on the welfare system is far higher among immigrants, and the rate of unemployment and crime is often linked to not learning the language. The problem is at a peak in Rotterdam.
3. Interview with Rotterdams Dagblad, as noted by Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
4. Andrew Osborn, “Rotterdam plans to ban poor immigrants…,” The Guardian (London), Dec. 2, 2003.
5. Giles Milton, Nathaniel’s Nutmeg. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.
6. “Aceh backgrounder,” Indonesia Alert (www.indonesiaalert.org); “The Dark Side of Power,” Radio Netherlands (www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en).
7. “Matters of Taste: Foodways of the Dutch Golden Age,” Albany Institute (www.albanyinstitute.org).
8. Zbigniew Szydio and Richard Brzezinki, “A New Light on Alchemy,” History Today, Jan. 1, 1997.
9. Paul Doolan, “Time for Dutch Courage in Indonesia,” History Today, Mar. 1, 1997.
10. Ibid.
11. Source: “Royal Flush,” Forbes, March 4, 2002.
12. Some say it was the French who bungled the name; some say the Brits.
13. Van Gogh lived with the prostitute Sien Hoornik in 1882–1883.
14. As noted by John McEwen, “The Odd Couple with an Ear for Painting,” The Sunday Telegraph (London), Apr. 14, 2002.
15. Richard Edmonds, “Van Gogh, the Good Dr.,” Birmingham Post, Oct. 23, 1999.
16. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
17. According to Friends of the Earth.
18. So alleged former Nigerian oil minister Dauzia Loya Etete as reported by Forbes: Silvia Sansoni, “Dirty Oil,” Forbes, Apr. 28, 2003.
19. Excerpts from The Praise of Folly, noted on www.historyguide.org/intellect/erasmus.html.
Chapter 10: Austria
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. “History, Part 2,” the Austrian Embassy, Washington, D.C., Austrian Press and Information Service (http://www.austria.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=68&limit=1&limitstart=1).
3. Michael Jandl and Albert Kraler, “Austria: A Country of Immigration?” Migration Policy Institute, March 2003 (http://www.migrationinformation.org).
4. This section draws on information from Newsweek International; The Economist; AP; Reuters; and the BBC.
5. Thomas Fields-Meyer, “Alpine Uproar,” Time, Feb. 2000.
6. Joshua Hammer, “Austria’s Power Player,” Newsweek International, Feb. 14, 2000.
7. Ibid.
8. Source: Statistics Austria (www.statistik.at).
9. “Joint Settlement on Holocaust Restitution,” Agreement of Austrian and U.S. governments, Jan. 17, 2001. See: http://vienna.usembassy.gov/en/policy/final.htm.
10. Gyles Brandreth, “Everything You Wanted to Know About Freud but Were Afraid to Ask…,” The Sunday Telegraph (London), May 12, 2002.
11. “Sigmund Freud,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud/htm).
12. J. Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory. London: Faber & Faber, 1984; A. C. MacIntyre, The Unconscious: A Conceptual Analysis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958.
13. Adolf Hitler’s speech at Königsberg, Mar. 25, 1938 (from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWanschluss.htm).
14. Letter of Mexican envoy Isidro Fabela to League of Nations Secretary-General Joseph Avenol, dated Mar. 19, 1938; Library of Congress Country Studies: Austria, Appendix, Jan. 1, 1991, Federal Press Service.
15. Source: Library of Congress Country Studies: Austria.
16. “Austria: Nazi Terror in the Wake of the ‘Anschluss,’” Library of Congress Country Studies: Austria, Jan. 1, 1991, Federal Press Service.
17. Johannes Pflegerl, “Living in Migration in Austria,” Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Sept. 22, 2001.
18. Ibid.
19. Source: www.nationmaster.com.
20. Ibid.
21. “Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
Chapter 11: Greece
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. “Poverty and Social Exclusion: Population at Risk of Poverty…,” Eurostat press release, Apr. 7, 2003.
3. Source: The Guardian (London).
4. Patrick Quinn, Associated Press, Aug. 29, 1998.
5. Source: “Democritus,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
6. Donald Nicol, Last Centuries of Byzantium (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.)
7. So says William St. Clair in his book Lord Elgin and the Marbles (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
8. Eurostat Unemployment Report for January 2006.
9. Patrick Quinn, Associated Press, Aug. 29, 1998.
10. Source: Forbes.
11. Some information from “Very Happy Birthday,” ABC News, Jan. 29, 2003.
Chapter 12: Scandinavia: Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Norway
1. H.A. L. Fisher, A History of Europe, Vol. 1. London: Fontana, 1970: p. 191.
2. Ibid. p. 193.
3. Insights provided by Anne Katarine Paulsen in a November 2003 interview.
Chapter 13: Denmark
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. “UN Criticizes National Immigration Policy,” The Copenhagen Post, May 29, 2001.
3. Dan Damon, “Lessons from Danish prisons,” July 2, 2003, BBC (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3036450.stm).
4. Peter Stalker, Oxford Handbook of the World, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
5. “Karen Blixen,” Library of Congress Countries of the World: Denmark, Jan. 1, 1991.
Chapter 14: Sweden
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. “Mix and Match,” The Economist, June 24, 2003.
3. “Danish Far-Right Leader Pia Kjaersgaard,” Agence France Presse, May 23, 2002.
4. Sarah Gold, “Letters to His Mistress Shed Light on Nobel” (review of Alfred Nobel by Kenne Fant), Publishers Weekly, July 19, 1993.
5. Some information drawn from “Alfred Nobel: The Man Behind the Prizes,” Los Angeles Business Journal, Oct. 8, 2001.
6. David Wiles, “The Road to Sweden’s Oil Free Future,” Sweden Today/Sweden.SE (http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article_14363.aspx).
7. Professor Åke Daun, “The Swedish Myth,” The Swedish Institute, Sept. 9, 2005 (http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article_12355.aspx).
8. Source: OECD Social Cohesion Data.
9. According to Sveriges Riksbank.
10. According to European Foundation of the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, EMIRE.
11. “Sweden: Dark Shadows,” The Economist, Nov. 13, 1999.
12. Lofthus, “Swedish Biz Decries Racist Music,” Billboard, Jan. 24, 1998.
13. Paul Gallagher, “The Man Who Told the Secret,” The Columbia Journalism Review, Jan/Feb 1998.
14. “Nordic Eugenics: Here, of All Places,” The Economist, Aug. 30, 1997.
15. J. M. Roberts, Twentieth Century: History of the World 1901 to 2000. New York: Penguin, 1999: p. 388.
16. “Too Good to Be True,” The Economist, Jan. 21, 1999.
17. “The Swedish Way of Laundering,” Ian Taylor, Contemporary Review, 1997.
18. Information drawn from Taylor, “The Swedish Way of Laundering.”
19. Source: Scandinavian Studies.
20. “A Nordic and European Tragedy,” The Economist, Sept. 13, 2003.
21. Sources: Billboard and Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
Chapter 15: Finland
1. Fortes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. “Shouting Men of Finland Perform Ice Break,” BBC News, Mar. 2, 2004.
3. Peter Stalker, Oxford Handbook of the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
4. Paija Ali-Yrkkö and Ylä-Anttila Reilly, “Nokia: A Big Company in a Small Country,” ETLA Series B 162, Taloustieto Oy, Helsinki, as noted in “Finnfacts.”
5. Tomi T. Ahonen, “In Search of the Killer Applications of 3G” (http://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/cpd/electronics/links/killer_applications_for_3g.asp).
6. According to the 2003 PISA survey conducted by the OECD.
7. Source: Finnish Sauna Society (www.sauna.fin).
8. Source: “Finland Battles High Suicide Rate,” Reuters, Dec. 8, 2003.
9. Saska Snellman, “The Pies Have It,” Helsingin Sanomat, Apr. 10, 2001.
10. Source: Mario De Biasi, Meet the Finns, as noted by Finnish Foreign Ministry’s Virtual Finland Web site (http://formin.finland.fi/).
11. Source: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org).
Chapter 16: Luxembourg
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005
2. “Alcohol Consumption,” The Economist, July 1, 2004.
3. Much information in this section draws upon “Brief Historical Survey of the War Years in Luxembourg” by Roland Gaul, published on the Luxembourg tourism Web site (www.luxembourg.co.uk).
Chapter 17: Poland
1. Forbes Global 2000 for 2005.
2. “Transatlantic Trends 2005—Topline Data 2005,” published by German Marshall Fund of the United States.
3. Michale Jeziorski, “The State of Arms,” Warsaw Voice, May 26, 2004.
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