152. Elizabeth Dickinson, “The Case Against Qatar,” Foreign Policy, September 30, 2014.
153. Matthew Levitt, “Qatar’s Not-So-Charitable Record on Terror Finance,” The Hill, September 24, 2014.
154. Associated Press, “New Sanctions Proposed for the Islamic State Group Oil Trading,” February 6, 2015.
155. Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “U.S. Strikes Cut Into ISIS Oil Revenues, Treasury Official Says,” New York Times, October 23, 2014.
156. Austin Long, “The Anbar Awakening,” Survival, Vol. 50, No. 2, April 2008, pp. 67–94.
157. Matthew Levitt, “Show Me the Money: Targeting the Islamic State’s Bottom Line,” Homeland Security Policy Institute, October 1, 2014.
158. Michael Eisenstadt, “Defeating ISIS: A Strategy for a Resilient Adversary and an Intractable Conflict,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, No. 20, November 2014.
CHAPTER 9
1. Michael Freeman, “Introduction to Financing Terrorism: Case Studies,” in Michael Freeman, Financing Terrorism: Case Studies, Farnham: Ashgate, 2012, p.3.
2. See Patrick B. Johnston, “Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns,” International Security, Vol. 36, No. 4, Spring 2012, pp. 47–79.
3. Sudarsan Raghavan, “As the U.S. Mission Winds Down, Afghan Insurgency Grows More Complex,” Washington Post, February 13, 2015.
4. Victor Comras, “Al Qaeda Finances and Funding to Affiliated Groups,” in Jeanne K. Giraldo and Harold A. Trinkunas, Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007, p. 127.
5. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 17.
6. Aaron Brantly, “Financing Terror Bit by Bit,” CTC Sentinel, October 2014, Vol. 7, No. 10, p. 1.
7. Michael T. Flynn and Simone A. Ledeen, “Pay for Play: Countering Threat Financing,” Joint Forces Quarterly, No. 56, 1st Quarter 2010, p. 123.
8. Tom Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play in International Security? Can It Be Deemed Effective?” Dissertation submitted to King’s College London for MA in Intelligence & International Security, August 2012, p. 8.
9. Matthew Levitt, “Al-Qa’ida’s Finances: Evidence of Organizational Decline?” CTC Sentinel, Vol. 1, No. 5, April 2008, p. 7.
10. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 10.
11. Ibid., p. 7.
12. The Al Qaeda Manual, Department of Justice, p. 22.
13. Ibid., p. 18.
14. Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play?” p. 29.
15. Jacob N. Shapiro and David A. Siegel, “Underfunding in Terrorist Organizations,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2007, p. 408.
16. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond Al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement, Part I, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2006, pp. 60–61.
17. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 15.
18. On Qatar in particular, see David Andrew Weinberg, “Qatar and Terror Finance, Part I: Negligence,” Foundation for Defense of Democracies, Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance, December 2014.
19. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond Al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement, Part I, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2006, p. 62.
20. Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play,” pp. 33–34.
21. Ibid., p. 30. It is worth nothing that there is another interpretation, which is that the French or Germans had infiltrated this apartment building.
22. Juan C. Zarate, Treasury’s War: The Unleashing of a New Era of Financial Warfare, New York: Public Affairs, 2013, p. 80.
23. Basile, p. 170.
24. Phil Williams, “From the New Middle Ages to the New Dark Ages: The Decline of the State and U.S. Strategy,” United States Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2008, p. 13.
25. Rohan Kumar Gunaratna and Arabinda Acharya, “Terrorist Finance and the Criminal Underground,” in Michael A. Innes, ed., Denial of Sanctuary: Understanding Terrorist Safe Havens, Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, p. 99.
26. David E. Kaplan, “Paying for Terror: How Jihadist Groups Are Using Organized Crime Tactics and Profits to Finance Attacks on Targets Around the Globe,” U.S. News & World Report, November 27, 2005.
27. Timothy Wittig, Understanding Terrorist Finance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 190.
28. Moises Naim, “Mafia States: Organized Crime Takes Office,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2012, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 100–112.
29. “Challenges and Opportunities in Countering Threat Finance,” Praescient Analytics, October 2012, p. 3.
30. Matthew Levitt and Michael Jacobson, “The Money Trail: Finding, Following, and Freezing Terrorist Finances,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus #89, November 2008, pp. 38–39.
31. Diana L. Ohlbaum, “Terrorism, Inc.: How Shell Companies Aid Terrorism, Crime and Corruption,” Open Society Foundations, October 2013, p. 1.
32. Richard H. Shultz, Jr. et al., “Armed Groups: A Tier One Security Priority,” Institute for National Security Studies, United States Air Force, INSS Occasional Paper No. 57, September 2004.
33. Robert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan, “Integrating Feral Cities and Third Phase Cartels/Third Generation Gangs Research: The Rise of Criminal (Narco) City Networks and BlackFor,” Small Wars & Insurgencies, Vol. 22, No. 5, 2011, p. 765.
34. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 11.
35. Thomas J. Bierstecker and Sue E. Eckert, eds., Countering the Financing of Terrorism, London: Routledge, 2008, p. 2.
36. Robert J. Bunker, “Fighting Irregular Fighters: Defeating Violent Non-State Actors,” Parameters, Vol. 43, No. 4, Winter 2013–2014, p. 64.
37. Chad C. Serena, It Takes More Than a Network: The Iraqi Insurgency and Organizational Adaptation, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014, p. 143.
38. Even while terrorist attacks can be inexpensive, the author recognizes the difference between conducting a one-off attack and the more expensive aspects of terrorism, including training, preparation, transportation, and so on.
39. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond Al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement, Part I, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2006, p. 60.
40. Kevin D. Stringer, “Counter Threat Finance (CTF): Grasping the Eel,” Military Power Revue, No. 2, 2013.
41. Moises Naim, The End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States, Why Being in Charge Isn’t What It Used to Be, New York: Basic, 2013, p. 107.
42. Emilie Oftedal, “The Financing of Jihadi Terrorist Cells in Europe,” Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), January 2015, pp.3–7.
43. Data from Joshua Prober, “Accounting for Terror: Debunking the Paradigm of Inexpensive Terrorism,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Watch 1041, November 1, 2005.
44. Phil Williams, “In Cold Blood: The Madrid Bombings,” Perspectives on Terrorism, June 2008, p. 22. For a more in-depth analysis of the Madrid bombings, see Phil Williams, “The Madrid Train Bombings,” in Paul Shemella, ed., Fighting Back: What Governments Can Do About Terrorism, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp. 298–316.
45. Bill Chappel, “ISIS Seen Profiting From Informal Money System in Spain,” NPR, February 10, 2015. See also, Jose Maria Irujo, “Network of 250 Spanish Butchers and Phone Shops Funding Jihadists in Syria,” El Pais, February 6, 2015.
46. Eric Schmitt, Mark Mazzetti and Rukmini Callimachi, “Disputed Claims Over Qaeda Role in Paris Attacks,” New York Times, January 14, 2015.
47. Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT P
lay?” pp. 23–25.
48. Zarate, Treasury’s War, p. 430.
49. Mark Rice-Oxley, “Why Terror Financing Is So Tough to Track Down,” The Christian Science Monitor, March 8, 2006. See also, Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play?” p. 18.
50. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, Iss.4, October 2010, p. 3.
51. Randall Mikkelsen, “Bankers Say ‘Derisking’ Underway Amid Sanctions Crackdown; That’s the Point, U.S. Regulators Say,” Reuters, October 3, 2014.
52. “Hitting at Terrorists, Hurting Businesses,” The Economist, June 14, 2014. See also, “Poor Correspondents,” The Economist, June 14, 2014.
53. Tom Keatinge, “Breaking the Banks: The Financial Consequences of Counterterrorism,” Foreign Affairs, June 26, 2014.
54. See Jennifer E. Carter, “Emerging DoD Role in the Interagency Counter Threat Finance Mission,” U.S. Army War College Strategy Research Project, 2012; Matthew Levitt, “Follow the Money: Leveraging Financial Intelligence to Combat Transnational Threats,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Winter/Spring 2011, pp. 34–43; and J. Edward Conway, “Analysis in Combat: The Deployed Threat Finance Analyst,” Small Wars Journal, July 4, 2012.
55. Perl, p. 255.
56. Laura K. Donohue, “Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States,” Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 27, Winter 2006, p. 405.
57. Sue E. Eckert and Thomas J. Biersteker, “(Mis)Measuring Success in Countering the Financing of Terrorism,” in Peter Andreas and Kelly M. Greenhill, eds., Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010, p. 260.
58. Scott Helfstein with John Solomon, “Risky Business: The Global Threat Network and the Politics of Contraband,” Combating Terrorism Center, May 2014, p. 29.
59. Timothy Wittig, Understanding Terrorist Finance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 112.
60. For more, see Douglas Farah’s chapter, “Fixers, Super Fixers, and Shadow Facilitators: How Networks Connect,” in Michael Miklaucic and Jacqueline Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, Washington, DC: National Defense University (NDU) Press, 2013.
61. Shima D. Keene, “Operationalizing Counter Threat Finance Strategies,” Letort Papers, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) and United States Army War College (USAWC) Press, December 2014, p.21; see also, Shima D. Keene, Threat Finance: Disconnecting the Lifeline of Organised Crime and Terrorism, U.K.:Gower Publishing Co., 2013.
62. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 17.
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