175 L. Spruit, ‘Una rilettura del processo di Giordano Bruno’, in Giordano Bruno: Oltre il mito e le opposte Passioni, ed. P. Giustiniani et al. (Naples, 2002), p. 225.
176 Alberto Martínez, ‘Giordano Bruno and the Heresy of Many Worlds’, Annals of Science, lxxiii/4 (2016), pp. 345–74.
177 Aristotle, De caelo, ii, sec. 13.
178 Bruno, 2 June 1592, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 167, 269.
179 Hippolytus, Refutatio, i, secs 13–14, pp. 72–4.
180 Dionysius of Alexandria, ‘Against the Epicureans’, The Writings of Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius of Alexandria, and Archelaus, xx of
AnteNicene Christian Library (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 171.
181 Philastrius, De haeresibus liber ( c. 384 ce), in Franciscus Oehler, ed., Corporis Haereseologici, ii/2 (Berlin, 1860), p. 121.
182 Jerome, Ad Pammachium et Marcellinum apologia Hieronymi adversum 290
References
Ruffinum, ii, p. 511; Jerome, Confessio Hieronymiana, ex omnibus Germanis B. Hieronymi operibus optima fide collecta, ed. C. Steinuvichii (Paris, 1585), pp. 41, 45, 236; Augustine, De haeresibus liber ( c. 430 ce), in Oehler, ed., Corporis Haereseologici, ii/1, pp. 195, 218; Stephen Barney et al., eds, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (Cambridge, 2006), vol. viii, sec. v.
183 Pope Zacharias to Boniface, 1 May 748, in Laurentio Surio, De vitis Sanctorum ab Aloysio Lipomano, Episcopo Veronæ, viro doctissimo olim
conscriptis, iii (Venice, 1581), p. 160.
184 Alphonsum Alvarez Guerrero, Thesaurus Christianae Religionis et Speculum Sacrorum Summorum (Venice, 1559), p. 261. Lamberti
Danei, Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis episcopi liber De haeresibus, ad
Quodvultdeum (Geneva, 1578), p. [M.v] reverse; Jerome, Confessio
Hieronymiana, pp. 41, 45, 236.
185 Gregorii de Valentia, Commentariorum theologicorum tomi quatuor: in quibus omnes materiae quae continentur in Summa Theologica Divi Thomae
Aquinatis ordine explicatur, i (Ingolstadt, 1591), p. 991.
186 A. Guerrero, Thesaurus Christianae religionis (Venice, 1559), p. 261; L. Danei, Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis episcopi liber De haeresibus
(Geneva, 1578), p. [M.v] rev.
187 R. Diaconi, Contra Acephalos ( c. 560), in Antidotum contra diversas omnium fere seculorum haereses (Basel, 1528), p. 248; rev. L. Ricchieri, Haereseologia (Basel, 1556), p. 715.
188 Decretum Gratiani emendatum et notationibus illustratum, unà cum glossis, Gregorii xiii. Pont. Max. iussu editum (Rome, 1582), pt. 2, Causa 24, Question 3, col. 1895; repr. Corpus iuris canonici emendatum et notis
illustratum: Gregorii xiii. Pont. Max. iussu editum, additions by P. Lanceloti (Lyon, 1591), col. 877. See also N. Eymerici, Directorium Inquisitorium
(1378), with commentaries by F. Pegñae (Venice, 1595), p. 246.
189 Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 341–2. These were standard expressions in court documents. Prior to 1582 they referred to various
canons, including those that were later included in the Corpus. See
J. Wickersham, Rituals of Prosecution: The Roman Inquisition and the
Prosecution of PhiloProtestants in Sixteenthcentury Italy (Toronto,
2012), pp. 56–8. Inquisitors commonly had degrees in both canon
and civil law.
190 Origen, Peri Archon, iii, trans. Rufinus, in Origenis, Origenis Adamantii operum, iii–iv (Lyon, 1536), p. 205.
191 Ruperti [Rupert of Deutz], In Librum Ecclesiastes, i ( c. 1120), in D. Ruperti, Opera (Mainz, 1631), p. 1200.
192 Bruno, De gli heroici furori, p. 20. See also Gatti, Essays on Giordano Bruno, p. 272.
193 Bruno, De gli heroici furori, n.p., end of the Fourth Dialogue. For a discussion of Bruno’s departures from Aristotle, see Ricci, Giordano
Bruno nell’Europa, e.g. pp. 257–61, 281–98, 358–60.
194 Roberti Bellarmini, ‘Præfatio’, Disputationes de controversis Christianae Fidei, Adversus hujus temporis hæreticos, i (1575) (Venice, 1721), p. x.
195 Godman, The Saint as Censor, p. 456.
196 ‘Visita dei Carcerati nel Sant’Uffizio Romano’, 24 March 1597, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 244.
291
burned alive
197 Io. Baptistae Crispi, De ethnicis philosophis caute legendis disputationum (Rome, 1594), p. [xi].
198 Iacobi Menochij, De arbitrarii iudicum quaestionibus & causis Libri Duo (Frankfurt am Main, 1576), Casus 374; Ioannis Diaz de Luco, Practica
criminalis canonica (Rome, 1581), p. 225; Quintilliani Mandosij, ed.,
Repertorium Inquisitorum pravitatis haereticae (Venice, 1588), p. 676;
Caesare Carena, Tractatus de Officio Sanctissimae Inquisitionis et modo
procedendi in causis fidei (Cremona, 1641), p. 253.
199 ‘Decreto della Congregazione del Sant’Ufficio’, 14 January 1599, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 312.
200 Felice Tocco, Giordano Bruno: Conferenza Tenuta nel Circolo Filológico di Firenze (Florence, 1886), p. 86; Finocchiaro, ‘Philosophy versus Religion and Science versus Religion’, p. 81.
201 Ludovico Madrutius et al., ‘Copia Parziale della Sentenza’, 8 February 1600, Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 340. Rowland, Giordano Bruno, pp. 259–60.
202 Bruno, ‘Sommario’, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 265; he affirmed this belief in his 2nd, 4th and 5th Depositions.
203 Bruno, quoted in ‘Copia parziale della sentenza, destinata al governatore di Roma’, 8 February 1600, in ibid., pp. 340–41.
204 Flaminius Adrianus, ‘Decreto della Congregazione del Sant’Uffizio’, 14 January 1599, in ibid., p. 312.
205 Adrianus, ‘Decreto della Congregazione’, 4 February 1599, in ibid., pp. 314–15.
206 Andrew GrahamDixon, Caravaggio: A Life Sacred and Profane (New York, 2011), pp. 253–4.
207 Alexio de Menezes, Archbishop of Goa, ‘The Acts and Decrees of the Synod of Diamper’, 20 June 1599: Decree 4, in The History of the Church
of Malabar; wih the Synods of Diamper, trans. Michael Geddes (London,
1694), p. 137.
208 Adrianus, notary, ‘Decreto della Congregazione del Sant’Uffizio’, 24 August 1599, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 324. This
same statement is reiterated in another document, the ‘Bella Copia
Sommaria’, 24 August 1599, in ibid., p. 325.
209 Bruno, ‘Epistola esplicatoria scritta al molto illustre, et eccelente caualliero Signor Philippo Sidneo’, in Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante,
p. [xi]: ‘é à punto comme il nocchiero à la nave’. Bruno, De la causa,
principio et uno, p. 43: ‘Questo ne accorda l’istesso Aristotele il qual quantumque neghi l’anima haver quella raggione verso il corpo, che há
il nocchiero alla nave.’ Bruno, Lampas triginta statuarum ( c. 1590–91), first published in Opera latine conscripta, ed. Tocco and Vitelli, iii, p. 253:
‘Animae cum Diis, a quibus non alia differre videntur ratione, quam ut
nauta in navi a nauta extra navem.’
210 Barney et al., eds, Etymologies of Isidore, viii, sec. iii, p. 176.
211 Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 95, 280–81.
212 Lucia Boschetti, ‘Sul processo di Giordano Bruno: Indagini attorno all’eresia Novaziana’, Rinascimento: Rivista dell’Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, 2nd ser., xxxxvi (2006), pp. 93–130; see p. 126.
213 Bruno, De magia mathematica, p. 22.
292
References
214 Novatiani, Liber de Trinitate ( c. 252 ce), in Cæcilii Cypriani, Opera Omnia, ii (Würzburg, 1782), chap. 2, p. 460.
215 Ibid., chap. 8, p. 472.
216 Boschetti, ‘Sul processo di Giordano Bruno’, pp. 120–29.
217 Jacob Pamelius, note 33 on Novatian’s On the Trinity, chap. 7, in Q. Septimii Florentis Tertulliani, Opera Omnia, ed. Iacobi Pamelii, i
(1597; repr. Rouen, 1662), p. 1056. In 1613 Bellarmine mentions having
read Novatian’s On the Trinity, and he says that it had been wrongly
attributed to Tertullian. Bellarmino, De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis liber unus (Lyon, 1613), p. 41.
218 ‘Decreto della Congregazione’, 9 September 1599, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 329.
219 ‘Visita dei Carcerati nel Sant’Uffizio’, 21 December 1599, in ibid., p. 133.
220 For a discussion of differences between heresies and errors, see Spruit,
‘Una rilettura del processo di Giordano Bruno’, pp. 217–34.
221 ‘Decreto della Congregazione’, 20 January 1600, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 338.
222 Gaspar Schoppe to Konrad Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Gaspari Scioppii, ‘Epistola, in qua haereticos jure infelicibus lignis cremari
concludit’ [or ‘Epistola, in qua sententiam de Lutheranis tanquam
haereticis atram Romae fieri asserit & probat’], in Péter Pázmány,
Machiavellizatio (Zaragoza, 1621), pp. 30–35; see also Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 348–51.
223 Bruno, ‘Dialogo Quinto’, De la causa, principio et uno, in Opere di Giordano Bruno Nolano, ed. Adolfo Wagner, i (Leipzig, 1830), p. 283.
224 Regarding the prisons in Rome, see Carlo Cirillo Fornili, Delinquenti e carcerati a Roma a la metà del ’600, opera dei Papi nella riforma carceraria (Rome, 1991). See also Ingrid Rowland, ‘Guilt 1600: Case Study
Caravaggio/Bruno’, available at www.rechtalskultur.de, accessed 5 August 2017.
225 Black, The Italian Inquisition, p. 90.
226 Schoppe, ‘Epistola de variis fidei catholicae dogmatibus’, quoted in Mario D’Addio, Il pensiero politico di Gaspare Scioppio e il machiavellismo
del Seicento (Milan, 1962), p. 26.
227 See John Tedeschi, The Prosecution of Heresy (Binghamton, ny, 1991), p. 104. See also Domenico Orano, Liberi pensatori bruciati in Roma dal
xvi al xviii secolo (Rome, 1904). Orano conjectured that an additional
65 executions should be added to the list, some of which were later
subtracted in Luigi Firpo, ‘Esecuzioni capitali in Roma, 1567–1671’, in
Eresia e riforma nell’Italia del Cinquecento, ed. Albano Biondi (De Kalb, il, 1974), pp. 309–42.
228 ‘Avviso di Roma’, 12 February 1600, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 338.
229 Archivo Storico Capitolino, Roma, Archivo Orsini. I. Corrispondenza, b. 380, n. 385 [Rome, 12 February 1600], excerpt published in Federica
Favino, ‘“Et sta per brugiarsi un relasso ostinato”: Una testimonianza
inedita intorno a la condanna di Giordano Bruno’, Galilæana: Journal
of Galilean Studies, vii (2010), pp. 85–6.
230 Ibid., pp. 91–3.
293
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231 Black, The Italian Inquisition, p. 91.
232 Bruno, La cena delle Ceneri, p. 127.
233 Bruno, ‘Epistola esplicatoria’, in Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante, p. [v].
234 ‘Giornale’ dell’Arciconfraternita di S. Giovanni Decollato in Roma’, 16–17 February 1600, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 348. In the 1500s and 1600s it was common to refer to the marketplace square as
the ‘Campo di Fiore’ or ‘Campo di Fiori’. Now it’s known as ‘Campo de’
Fiori’.
235 ‘Giornale’, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 348.
236 Ordine Nuccio, ‘E il notaio “fotografò” Giordano Bruno sul rogo. In un disegno la prima imagine del filosofo’, Corriere della Sera, Section
‘Archivio Storico’ (17 April 2011), p. 39. Also at http://archiviostorico.
corriere.it, 17 April 2011.
237 Gaspar Schoppe to Johann Wackher, 19 February 1600, in Giordano Bruno, Documents 1: Le Procès, ed. L. Firpo and A. P. Segonds (Paris,
2000), p. 520.
238 Hippolytus, Refutatio, iv, sec. 51, p. 137, and vi, secs 20–21, pp. 228–9.
Irenaei, Adversus haereses, i, chap. 23, pp. 246–8; Epiphanius, Panarion, sec. 2, part 21: ‘Against the Simonians’, 2:6.
239 ‘Avviso di Roma’, 19 February 1600, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 356.
240 ‘Sommario del Processo’, sec. 1, Ioannes Mocenigo, Francisco Gratianus, in ibid., pp. 247–8, 250–51, 252–3.
241 Celestino de Verona, Franciscus Vaia, Gratianus and Matthew de Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 281–2.
242 Mocenigo, Celestino, Iulius de Salodio, Vaia, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 83, 143, 282–3.
243 Mocenigo, Ioannes Baptista Ciotus, Iacobus Brietanus, Celestino and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 247–52.
244 Celestino, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 278–9.
245 Mocenigo and Gratianus, in ibid., p. 279.
246 Mocenigo, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 274–5, 286–7; Schoppe to Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32.
247 Mocenigo, Gratianus and Silvestris, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 288.
248 For example, Iulius, in ibid., pp. 280–81.
249 Mocenigo, in ibid., pp. 279, 292–3.
250 Ciotus, Celestino and Bruno (2nd and 5th Depositions), in ibid., pp. 289–91.
251 Bruno (4th Deposition), in ibid., p. 292.
252 Bruno (5th Deposition), in ibid., p. 291.
253 Celestino, Iulius, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 293–4.
254 Celestino and Gratianus, in ibid., pp. 263, 276.
255 Celestino and Gratianus (12th Deposition), in ibid., pp. 273–4.
256 Mocenigo, Celestino and Bruno (3rd, 4th, 5th and 8th Depositions), in ibid., pp. 253–8.
257 Gratianus, in ibid., p. 261.
258 Mocenigo and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 287–8.
259 Celestino, Iulius, Vaia, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 266–7.
294
References
260 Celestino, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid, pp. 266–7; Gaspar Schoppe to Konrad Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32.
261 Ibid.
262 Ibid.
263 Celestino, Gratianus and Bruno (10th Deposition), in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 274–5; Schoppe to Rittershausen, 17 February
1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32.
264 Gratianus and Celestino, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 260, 275–6.
265 Mocenigo seems to say this: that Christ ‘era un mago, et cosí gl’appostoli’, in ibid., pp. 143, 261, 276; Schoppe to Rittershausen,
17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32.
266 Celestino, Gratianus and Silvestris, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 277–8.
267 For example, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 251–3.
268 Mocenigo, in ibid., p. 289.
269 Mocenigo and Iulius, in ibid., pp. 276–7.
270 Mocenigo, in ibid., pp. 279–80.
271 Gratianus, in ibid., pp. 267, 271.
272 Mocenigo and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 258–9, 262.
273 Mocenigo, Celestino, Vaia and Gratianus, in ibid., pp. 259–62.
274 Schoppe to Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32; Mocenigo and Silvestris, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno,
pp. 259–62.
275 Celestino, Iulius, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 263–4.
276 Mocenigo, Gratianus (quoting Vaia) and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 264–5.
277 Mocenigo, Celestino, Iulius, Vaia, Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 282–3.
278 Mocenigo, Celestino, Iulius, Vaia and Gratianus, in ibid., pp. 262, 282–3.
279 ‘Summarium’: 4th Censured Proposition, including his reply, in ibid., pp. 300–301.
280 ‘Summarium’: 9th Proposition, in ibid., p. 304; Bruno, De la causa, principio et uno, Fifth Dialogue, p. 90.
281 Schoppe to Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32; Silvestris, Mocenigo, Celestino, Iulius and Gratianus, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 268, 272–3.
282 Ibid., pp. 299–300, 269–70.
283 Schoppe to Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32; Mocenigo, Celestino, Iulius, Vaia, Gratianus and Silvestris, in Firpo,
Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 267–9. ‘Summarium’: 10th Proposition, in ibid., p. 304.
284 Celestino and Gratianus, in ibid., pp. 284, 270. ‘Summarium’: 10th Proposition, in ibid., p. 304.
285 ‘Summarium’: 8th Proposition, including Bruno’s reply, in ibid., pp. 285, 304.
286 Schoppe to Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32. Celestino (recalling a conversation with Bruno, Iulium, Vaia and
Matthew de Orio), Gratianus and Silvestris, in Firpo, Il processo di
Giordano Bruno, pp. 284–5.
287 Mocenigo and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 283–5.
295
burned alive
288 Gratianus and Silvestris, in ibid., pp. 284–5.
289 ‘Summarium’: 1st and 7th Propositions, including Bruno’s replies, in ibid., pp. 299, 303.
290 ‘Summarium’: 5th Proposition, including Bruno’s reply, in ibid., pp. 302–3.
291 Ibid., p. 270. Also, ‘Summarium’: 6th Proposition, including Bruno’s reply, in ibid., p. 303.
292 Bruno (3rd and 14th Depositions), in ibid., pp. 254–5; Schoppe to Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, in Macchiavellizatio, p. 32.
293 ‘Summarium’: 3rd Proposition, including Bruno’s reply, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, p. 300.
294 ‘Giornale’ dell’Arciconfraternita di San Giovanni Decollato (Rome), busta 8, num. 16 (5/1/1598–9/1/1602), Archivio di Stato di Roma.
Summaries of records for the missing months and years are available in
the inventory by Luigi De Santis and Giovanni Ricci Parracciani, ‘Nomi
dei Giustiziati assistiti negli ultimi momenti a dall’Archiconfraternita di
S. Giovanni Decollato in Roma’, 285/ii (1878), also titled ‘Repertorio dei
Giustiziati’, Archivio di Stato di Roma.
295 Mercati, Sommario, pp. 10–13.
296 Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, p. 355. Frances Yates,
‘Bruno, Giordano’, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards, i
Burned Alive: Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition Page 40