206 Piero Guicciardini to the Grand Duke Cosimo ii, 4 March 1616, in Favaro, ed., Opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione Nazionale, xii,
p. 242.
207 Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, p. 149.
208 Consultors’ Report, 24 February 1616. There are variations in published translations of this passage, but Finocchiaro rightly pointed out that
the original manuscript includes a semicolon after the phrase ‘foolish
and absurd in philosophy.’ See Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, p. 344.
For discussion, see Christopher Graney, ‘The Inquisition’s Semicolon:
Punctuation, Translation, and Science in the 1616 Condemnation
of the Copernican System’, available at https://arxiv.org, accessed 14 August 2017.
209 For discussion, see Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, pp. 30–31.
210 Cardinal Millini, Inquisition Minutes, 25 February 1616, in ibid., p. 147.
211 Special Injunction, 26 February 1616; see also Inquisition Minutes, 3 March 1616, in ibid., p. 148.
212 For example, see Biagioli, Galileo, Courtier, pp. 31–57.
213 Godman, The Saint as Censor, p. 219.
214 Piero Guicciardini to Curzio Picchena ii, 5 December 1615, Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, xii, p. 207.
215 Galilei to Giacomo Muti, 28 February 1616, in ibid., pp. 240–41. For discussion, see Shea and Artigas, Galileo in Rome, pp. 91–2.
216 Inquisition meeting with the Pope, 3 March 1616, in Mayer, The Trial of Galileo, p. 95.
217 ‘Decretum Sacrae Congregationis’, 5 March 1616, Rome.
218 Galileo, ‘A Madama Cristina’ (1615), in Favaro, ed., Opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione Nazionale, v, p. 321. Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, p. 97, translates ‘setta’ as ‘school’. Galileo referred to ‘the sect’ of Pythagoras
again in his ‘Considerazioni circa l’opinione Copernicana’ (n.d.), in
Favaro, ed., Opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione Nazionale, v, p. 352; and Galileo, Dialogo (1632), p. 3, in Drake, ed., Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, p. 12.
219 For example Bellarmini, De controversiis Christianæ fidei, aduersùs huius temporis hæreticos, ii (Lyon, 1610), Præfatio, pp. 117, 609, 1022–3; Bellarmini, Dispvtationvm Roberti Bellarmini de controversiis Christianæ
fidei, aduersus huius temporis hæreticos, i (Lyon, 1596); on Chrysostom, see pp. 6, 44, 110, 181, 224, 235, 343, etc.; on Hippolytus, see pp. 644, 647,
651, 657, 659, 663, 667. Bellarmine did not know the works of Hippolytus
directly, knowing them through the texts of Tertullian and pseudo
Tertullian, from the De praescriptione haereticorum; see Edward Ryan,
The Historical Scholarship of Saint Bellarmine (Louvain, 1936), p. 113. On Tertullian, see, for example, Bellarmini, De controversiis Christianæ fidei, iii (Paris, 1613), pp. 17, 110, 200, 227, 323.
220 Bellarmino, De aeterna felicitate sanctorum, libri quinque (Cologne, 1616), iii, chap. 6, p. 177. This book was approved for publication on
29 December 1615 and printed in March 1616.
308
References
221 Bellarmino, Sexta controversia generalis, de ecclesia, quae est in Purgatorio (Ingolstadt, 1587), ii, chap. 4, p. 114. See also Luke 16:23.
222 Bellarmini, De controversiis Christianæ fidei, i (1596), chap. 8, p. 170; chap. 12, p. 186. See also Bellarmini, Illvstrissimi et reverendissimi
D. Roberti Bellarmini, s.r.e. Cardinalis, conciones habitæ (Cologne, 1615), p. 135. Bellarmini, De scriptoribvs ecclesiasticis, liber unus (Paris, 1617), p. 491.
223 Bellarmini, De reliquiis et imaginibus sanctorum, chap. 16, in Bellarmino, Septima controversia generalis, de ecclesia triumphante (Ingolstadt, 1587), p. 220.
224 Bellarmini, Iudicium, de libro, quem Lutherani vocant concordiae (Ingolstadt, 1585), p. 141. For the full passage from Against Vigilantius, see Stefan Rebenich, Jerome (New York, 2013), p. 106.
225 Bellarmini, Conciones (Cologne, 1615), Concio vii, pp. 805–6.
226 Epistola Sancti Hieronymi ad Paulinvm ( c. 394 ce), in Biblia, ad vetustisima exemplaria nunc recens castigata (Antwerp, 1570), p. x. Also in Nicene and PostNicene Fathers, 2nd ser., vi, trans. W. Fremantle et al.
(Buffalo, ny, 1893), Letter 53.
227 Philostratus, Life of Apollonius, ii, chaps 26, 28, 43: pp. 185, 189, 228.
228 Bruno, ‘Oratio valedictoria’, Academia Witenbergensi, 15 March 1588, in Bruni, Opera latine conscripta, ed. F. Fiorentino, vol. i/1, p. 22.
229 Lactantius, Divine Institutes, iii, chap. 18, in The Works of Lactantius, xxi/1 of AnteNicene Christian Library (Edinburgh, 1871), pp. 182–3.
230 Bellarmini, Conciones, Concio vii, p. 640.
231 Roberto Bellarmino, De amissione gratiae et statu peccati libri sex (1613); repr. in Disputationum Roberti Bellarmini, de controversiis Christianae
fidei adversus huius temporis haereticos, iv (Naples, 1858), chap. 11, p. 161.
232 For example, see Jerome, letters to Avitus and to Marcellinus and Anapsychia, in St Jerome: Letters, vi of Select Library of Nicene and Post
Nicene Fathers, 2nd ser., pp. 240–41, 252.
233 On Porphyry, see Bellarmini, De controversiis Christianæ fidei, Aduersus huius Temporis Hæreticos, vol. i (1596), pp. 14, 25, 210, 668; Bellarmini, De controversiis Christianæ fidei, vol. iv (Ingolstadt, 1601), p. 357; Bellarmini, Conciones habitae (Cologne, 1615), Concio i, p. 7; Bellarminus, De
scriptoribvs ecclesiasticis philologica et historica dissertatio (Paris, 1660), p. 58.
234 Galileo to the Tuscan Secretary of State, 6 March 1616, in Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, pp. 150, 151.
235 Ibid., p. 150.
236 Bruno to the Venetian Inquisition, Third Deposition, 2 June 1592, in Firpo, Il processo di Giordano Bruno, pp. 167, 269.
237 Bellarmino, 26 May 1616, in Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, p. 152.
238 Galileo to Piero Dini, 23 March 1615, in Favaro, ed., Opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione Nazionale, v, p. 301. Also in Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, pp. 63–4.
239 Favaro, ed., Opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione Nazionale, p. 302: Galileo wrote: ‘[Spiritus Dei] foventem aquas seu incubantem super aquas.’
240 Ibid., p. 305.
241 Galilei to Madama Cristina, 1615, in Favaro, ed., Opere di Galileo Galilei: 309
burned alive
Edizione Nazionale, v, p. 345. See also Dionysius the Areopagite, De divinis nominibus ( c. 500), in PseudoDionysius: The Complete Works, trans.
Colm Luibheid (Mahwah, nj, 1987), pp. 75, 101–2. Ficino had written a
Commentary on De divinis nominibus.
242 Bruno, De gli heroici furori, n.p., end of the Fourth Dialogue.
243 Cardinal Decio Carafa to Cardinal Giovanni Millini, 2 June 1616; Millini to Carafa, 9 June 1616, both in Pagano, ed., I documenti del
processo di Galileo Galilei, p. 104.
3 The Enemies of Galileo
1 Nicolaus Mulerius, Institutionum astronomicarum libri duo: Quibus etiam continentur Geographie principia, nec non pleraque ad artem navigandi
facientia (Groningen, 1616, repr. 1649), pp. x, xi–xii. Mulerius’s preface is dated 6 August 1616 in the Julian calendar, which corresponds to
26 August in the Gregorian calendar.
2 Matthieu Riccius, Histoire de l’expedition Chrestienne au royaume de la Chine entreprinse par les PP. de la compagnie de Iesus, comprinse en cinq
livres, ed. Nicolas Trigault, French trans. S.D.F. de RiquebourgTrigault (Lyon, 1616), p. 176. See also Matthæi Riccii, De Christiana expeditione
apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Ieesu, libri v, ed. Rincolao Trigautio (Lyon, 1616), p. 624.
3 Antonii Ruvio, Commentarii in libros Aristotelis Stagiritæ de coelo & mundo ortu (Cologne, 1617), p. 54.
4 Kepler, ‘Notes on the Dream’, in Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy, ed. Edward Rosen (New York,
1967), p. 38.
6 Ibid., iii, pp. 134–5.
7 Ibid., i, p. 12. By 460 ce the pagan theologian Proclus claimed that Pythagoras had discovered ‘the structure of the cosmic figures’, the
five regular solids. Proclus, A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s
Elements, trans. Glenn Morrow (Princeton, nj, 1970), p. 53.
8 Kepler, Harmony of the World, iv, p. 284.
9 Ibid., p. 304.
10 Kepplero, Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Linz, 1618), p. 125.
11 Ibid., pp. 125–6.
12 Ibid., pp. 109, 124.
13 Bellarmino and Franciscus Capiferreus, ‘Decretum, Sacræ
Congregationis Indicis’, 18 May 1619, in Index librorum prohibitorum
(1664), pp. 310–11.
14 Edictum librorum qui post Indicem felicis recordationis Clementis viii prohibiti sunt (Rome, 1619), quoted in Maurice Finocchiaro, Retrying Galileo, 1633–1992 (Berkeley, ca, 2005), p. 20.
15 Ioannis Tarde, Borbonia sidera, id est planetæ qui Solis limina circvmvolitant motv proprio (Paris, 1620), p. 16. See also Iean Tarde,
Les astres de Borbon, et apologie pour le Soleil (Paris, 1627), p. 19.
310
References
16 Franciscus Capiferreus, ‘Monitum Sacrae Congregationis ad Nicolai Copernici lectorem’ (1620); this document is reprinted in Latin in
William Roberts, The Pontifical Decrees against the Doctrine of the Earth’s
Movement and the Ultramontane Defence of Them (Oxford, 1885), pp.
122–4. One book that carefully analyses the emendations is Finocchiaro,
Retrying Galileo, pp. 20–25.
17 The original page numbers for the censored sentences are: Copernicus, De Revolutionibus (1543), pp. iiij reverso, 3 verso, 6 verso, 7 verso, 9 verso, 10 verso, 122 verso.
18 This point is missing in Finocchiaro, Retrying Galileo. Finocchiaro’s translations use the expression ‘heavenly bodies’ instead of ‘stars’, for
example rendering horum trium siderum as ‘these Three Heavenly
Bodies’, instead of ‘these three stars’.
19 Kepler, Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (1620); or Epitome of Copernican Astronomy and Harmonies of the World, trans. Charles Wallis
(Amherst. ny, 1995), iv, p. 119.
20 Ibid., pp. 56, 119.
21 Ibid., pp. 56–7. Kepler argued that the Sun was probably the seat of the soul of the world, just as the heart is the seat of the human soul. See
Ioannis Kepleri, Pro suo opere Harmonices Mundi apologia (Frankfurt,
1622), p. 24. For discussion, see Patrick Boner, Kepler’s Cosmological
Synthesis: Astrology, Mechanism and the Soul (Leiden, 2013), pp. 160–61.
22 Tommaso Campanella, De sensu rerum et magia (Frankfurt, 1620), pp.
214–15. This book was drafted in Italian as Del senso delle cose e della
magia, in 1604 at the Sant’Elmo prison, and published in Italian in 1625; see Germana Ernst, Tommaso Campanella: The Book and the Body
of Nature, trans. David Marshall (New York, 2010), pp. 114–15, 123.
23 Campanella, De sensu rerum, p. 217.
24 Ibid., p. 167.
25 Ibid., p. 194.
26 Ibid., p. 43.
27 Ibid., pp. 145–6.
28 Ibid., pp. 168–9.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid., p. 231.
31 Io. Lavrentii, De natvra dæmonvm, in Mallei maleficarvm, tractatvs aliqvot novi ac veteres, ii/2 (Lyon, 1620), p. 96.
32 Antonio Rusca, De Inferno, et statv dæmonvm ante mvndi exitivm, libri qvinqve (Milan, 1621), iii, chap. 8, pp. 295–9.
33 Gaspar Schoppe to Konrad Rittershausen, 17 February 1600, printed in Gaspari Scioppii, ‘Epistola, in qua haereticos jure infelicibus
lignis cremari concludit’ [also titled: ‘Epistola, in qua sententiam de
Lutheranis tanquam haereticis atram Romae fieri asserit & probat’],
in Macchiavellizatio (Saragossa, 1621), p. 32.
34 Marta Fattori, ‘“Qua epistola cum nimium utilis, et fructuosa sit, potius laude quam censura est digna” : un nuovo documento sulla lettera di
Gaspare Scioppio’, Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, 1–2 (2003),
pp. 191–200.
35 Hilary Gatti, Essays on Giordano Bruno (Princeton, nj, 2011), p. 313.
311
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36 Christiano Longomontano, Astronomiæ Danicæ appendix de asscititiis coeli phænomenis (Amsterdam, 1622), p. 3.
37 Iulii Caesaris Lagalla, De immortalitate animorum, ex Arist. sententia.
Libri iii (Rome, 1622), pp. 353–4, 485–6.
38 Ibid., pp. 96, 292, 309–10, 313–14, 355, 373–5.
39 Bellarmini, Disputationum, de controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus huius temporis Haereticos. Epitome, ed. I. B. Desbois, i (Paris, 1602), p. 149
reverso.
40 Francisci Collii, De animabus paganorum (Milan, 1622), p. 2.
41 Ibid., p. 371.
42 Ibid., pp. 377–90.
43 Nicolao Romaeo, Iohan Calvini Noviodunensis nova effigies centum coloribus ad vivum expressa (Antwerp, 1622), pp. 588 verso, 682 verso; see also pp. 127 and 247.
44 Ibid., pp. 23, 558 reverso.
45 Barptolomaeo [ sic] Agricola, Symbolum Pythagoricum; sive de justitia in forum reducenda, 2 vols (Naples, 1619). Another book on Pythagorean
matters that had previously been banned was Viti Amerbachii,
Commentaria in Pythagorae et Phocylidis poëmata (Strasbourg, 1539),
censored in Rome in 1564 (and in Spain in 1559); see Jesús Martínez de
Bujanda, ed., Index de l’Inquisition Espagnole: 1583, 1584 (Québec, 1993), p. 557.
46 Agricola, Symbolum Pythagoricum, i, p. 121.
47 Ibid., i, p. 35.
48 Maffeo Barberini and Franciscus Capiferreus, ‘Decretum, Sacræ Congregationis Indicis’, 22 December 1622, Index librorum prohibitorum
(1664), pp. 321–2.
49 Tommaso Campanella, ‘Sopra i colori delle vesti: Sonetto’ (undated), in Gio. Orelli, ed., Poesie filosofiche di Tommaso Campanella (Lugano, 1834), p. 111; I have written ‘metal’ for ‘lead’.
50 Thomæ Campanellæ, Apologia pro Galileo, mathematico Florentino (Frankfurt, 1622); Richard J. Blackwell, ed., Defense of Galileo (Notre
Dame, in, 1994), p. 41.
51 Ibid., p. 43.
52 Ibid, p. 96; and Campanellæ, Apologia pro Galileo, pp. 40–41.
53 Blackwell, ed., Defense of Galileo, p. 48.
54 Ibid., p. 88.
55 Ibid., p. 89.
56 Ibid., p. 105.
57 Gregorius Magnus [Pope Gregory i], Dialogorum libri iv, de vita et miraculis patrum Italicorum, et de aeternitate animarum (Basel, 1496),
iv, chap. 42. I doubt that Campanella referred to Gregory of Nyssa, a
bishop who had written a literal commentary on Genesis ( c. 375 ce).
58 Blackwell, ed., Defense of Galileo, pp. 89–90. Campanellæ, Apologia pro Galileo, p. 36. Campanella referred also to Ovid’s Metamorphoses.
59 Blackwell, ed., Defense of Galileo, p. 96.
60 Ibid., p. 93.
61 Ibid., p. 101.
62 Ibid., p. 118.
312
References
63 Ibid., p. 119.
64 Ibid., p. 45.
65 Ibid., p. 53.
66 Gabriele Pennotto, Generalis totius sacri ordinis clericorum canonicorum historia tripartita (Rome, 1623), pp. 144, 16.
67 Campanellæ, Apologia pro Galileo, pp. 109–10.
68 Ibid., p. 111.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid., pp. 112–13.
71 Ibid., pp. 62–3, 71.
72 Ibid., pp. 83, 85.
73 Ibid., pp. 63–4.
74 Ibid., p. 71.
7
5 Ibid., p. 80.
76 Ibid., pp. 78–9.
77 Ibid., pp. 59, 86.
78 Ibid., p. 49.
79 Ibid.
80 Ibid., p. 120.
81 Ibid., p. 49.
82 Ibid.
83 Galilei, The Assayer (1623); excerpts in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, ed. and trans. Stillman Drake (New York, 1957), pp. 237–8.
84 Raccolta de libri prohibiti (Milan, 1624). This prohibition was included in ‘the Raccolta of 1624, the Elenchus of some years later, and the
succeeding Indexes up to the time of Benedict xiv’, the Index of which
finally omitted it in the 1740s. See George Putnam, The Censorship of the
Church of Rome: and its Influence upon the Production and Distribution of
Literature, i (New York, 1906), p. 129.
85 Cardinal Zollern, quoted in Galileo to Federico Cesi, 8 June 1624, in Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale, ed. Antonio Favaro, 20 vols (Florence, 1890–1909, repr. 1929–38), vol. xiii, p. 182.
86 Urban viii, quoted in ibid.
87 Augustino Oregio, De Deo uno tractatus primus (Rome, 1629), p. 195.
88 Marin Mersenne, L’impieté des déistes, athées, et libertins de ce temps, i (Paris, 1624), pp. 220–21.
89 Ibid., ii, p. 299.
90 Ibid., i, pp. 229–31.
91 Miguel Granada, ‘Mersenne’s Critique of Giordano Bruno’s Conception of the Relation between God and the Universe: A Reappraisal’,
Perspectives on Science, xviii/1 (2010), pp. 33–5.
92 Mersenne, L’impieté des déistes, ii, pp. 363–4.
93 Ibid. , ii, pp. 210, 365–8.
94 Marini Mersenni, Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim (Paris, 1623), col.
1079. Scholars had not realized that Mersenne was wrong; for example,
see the otherwise excellent article by Granada, ‘Mersenne’s Critique’,
p. 30.
95 Mersenni, Quaestiones celeberrimae, col. 1078.
96 Marin Mersenne, La verité des sciences (Paris, 1625), p. 121.
313
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97 In 1615 King James i pressured Donne to enter the Anglican Ministry by declaring that Donne could no longer be employed outside of the
Anglican Church. In 1616 Donne was appointed Royal Chaplain. Despite
his dislike of the Jesuits, Donne sought unity within Christendom. In his
earlier book PseudoMartyr (1610) he insisted that Catholics in England
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