basilica of St Peter, Rome: p. 186; from Antonio Tempesta, Recens prout hodie iacet almæ urbis Romæ cum omnibus viis aedificiis que prospectus accuratissime delineatus [1593] (Rome, 1645): pp. 46, 72, 75, 201 (photos Metropolitan Museum of Art [open access]); Francesco Villamena, Galileo Galilei linceo
filosofo e matematico del Ser.mo Gran Duca di Tosc.a . . . ([Rome], 1613): p. 138
(photo Metropolitan Museum of Art [open access]).
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333
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations
Abelard, Peter 51–2, 103, 134, 153,
atomism 21, 35, 53, 59, 76, 100, 132,
159, 162, 210, 232, 270
138, 180, 193–4, 196, 214, 217
Adam and Eve 81, 92, 125, 143, 217
Augustine, St 17, 169, 171, 179,
Albertus Magnus 98, 115, 162, 234
185, 208, 218, 224, 234, 236,
alien beings see extraterrestrial life
258, 265, 270
Alsted, Johann 242
denied antipodes 217
Alvarez, Sebastian 259–60
on demons on the Moon 100
Anaxagoras 21, 101–2, 131–3, 170,
denied Earth is alive 56
222–3, 230, 235, 238
and Galileo 122, 179, 189
Anaximander 133, 164, 218, 230,
on Hell 94
242
on heresies 59, 61, 91, 95, 123,
Antichrist/antiChristian 16, 118,
152, 216, 219, 230, 262, 272,
128, 181, 243, 257, 263, 271
323, 324
antipodes 60, 97, 188, 216–17, 220,
and Kepler 109, 159
245
against Manichaeans 98, 216,
Apollo 19, 22, 112, 263–4, 281
220–21
Apollonius of Tyana 22, 31, 25, 37,
against Porphyry 20, 57, 185, 266
43, 51, 55–8, 93, 116, 122, 134,
against Pythagoras 20, 266–7
154–5, 159, 168, 184, 266
denied the soul of the world 51,
Aquinas, Thomas 20–21, 28, 57, 82,
56, 159, 222, 224–5
101, 115, 125, 132, 147, 162,
denied transmigration 57, 66,
173, 175, 194, 206, 208, 209,
on worlds 59, 61, 66, 91, 95, 98,
219, 234, 239, 246, 270, 275,
100, 125, 127, 133, 152, 162,
277
217, 219, 230, 241–2, 257,
Archelaus 98, 102, 262
262
Aristarchus 24, 109, 124, 140, 173,
Aventinus 188, 217
187, 189, 202, 218
Aristotle 18, 20–22, 25–6, 28, 33–6,
Barberini, Cardinal Antonio 245
56–63, 85, 101–3, 107, 115, 118, Barberini, Cardinal Francesco
130–33, 147, 152, 161–9, 173–7,
184–6, 186, 193, 196, 199–200,
185, 189, 205–10, 232, 236, 239,
203, 210, 215, 232–3, 245, 253,
241, 245
258, 272, 278
Arrigoni, Celestino 44, 45, 73, 80, 90 Barberini, Maffeo see Pope Urban viii 335
burned alive
Baronio, Cesare 56, 93, 97, 258,
his books burned 71
278
burned alive 7, 15, 28, 72–7, 76,
Basil, St 58, 126, 216, 225, 234–5
88,
88, 90–91, 95, 96–7, 99,
Bellarmine, Robert 144, 249, 250
101, 109, 182–3, 262
and allies 123–6, 130–31, 137,
and Campanella 116–17, 122,
145–6, 151–2, 157, 273
148, 166–7, 171, 176–7, 183,
and Bruno 14, 63–8, 70–73, 95,
200, 205, 210, 216, 231, 235,
123, 133–7, 145–6, 149, 152,
245, 261–2, 269–70
154–9, 163, 166, 169, 201,
censorship of 9, 11, 48–62,
210, 247–8, 268, 273
70–71, 120, 123
and Campanella 166, 176
compared to Copernicus 9–11,
as consultor 47, 63
33, 36, 111–12, 165, 186–7,
criticized 129, 250–51
232, 268
death of 168, 247–51
and Democritus 34, 61, 76, 110,
on Earth’s motion, 135–7,
and demons/daemons 38, 55,
141–2, 153, 157, 196, 240,
57, 81, 93–4, 137, 241, 260,
270, 274
288
and Galileo 14, 130, 133, 136,
on Earth as animal 33–5, 50, 56,
141, 145–6, 149, 151, 157–8,
86, 239
161, 166, 172, 198, 201, 210, on Earth’s motion 9, 33, 49, 54,
246, 273–5
86, 90, 201
on heresies 63–6, 91, 123–4,
said Earth is a star 8, 15, 33–5,
134–5, 144–5, 152–4, 166,
40, 53, 59, 64, 84–5, 88, 141,
184, 219, 228, 236, 240, 248,
153, 158, 165, 232, 238, 267,
258, 268, 275, 278
274
on the Index 56, 124, 150–51,
on exoplanets 10, 15, 40, 59, 88,
158, 248
114, 261
and Kepler 163
on extraterrestrial life 10, 33–4,
on the Pythagoreans 63, 134–5,
50, 59, 85, 108
151–6
compared to Galileo 7–11, 14,
and Schoppe 93, 124
100, 110–14, 164, 169,
on Sun and suns 145, 153–5,
207–9, 254, 261, 264, 270,
247–250
273–9
see also soul of the world
on Hell 36, 45, 57, 67, 80, 85
Beretta, Francesco 214
and heresies 15, 28, 38–9, 43–5,
Berti, Domenico 212–14
62–76, 79–87, 90–91, 94–9,
Blackwell, Richard 203–4, 212, 259
103, 141, 145–6, 150, 156,
Borborites 98, 183
165, 183, 192–3, 208, 242,
Borgia, Cardinal 191–2
259, 267–8, 272–5
Boschetti, Lucia 68–9
on the Holy Spirit 52, 64–5, 68,
Brahe, Tycho 108–9, 189, 221,
80, 86, 92–3, 97, 116, 126,
226–7, 262
159, 168, 242, 246, 268, 271
Bruce, Edmund 106–7, 113–14
and Inchofer 205, 207, 209, 216,
Bruno, Giordano
230–32
accusations against 37–9, 44–95 and Jesus Christ 15, 30, 33, 37,
and Bellarmine 14, 63–73, 95,
39, 45–6, 62, 65, 67, 80, 82–3,
123, 133–7, 144–6, 149, 152,
90, 92, 94, 127, 181, 260
154–9, 163, 166, 169, 201,
and Kepler 9–11, 16, 100, 106,
210, 247–8, 268, 273
108–9, 130, 133–4, 163–4
336
Index
and Lutherans 36–7, 79, 91–2,
103, 134, 170, 182–3, 221, 242,
96, 98–9, 260, 271–2
271–2
on magic
35, 37, 42, 81, 83, 88,
Campanella, Tommaso 119
90, 92
and Bruno 116–17, 122, 148,
on the Moon 10, 64, 110–11
166–7, 171, 176–7, 183, 200,
on moons 10, 34, 110–13, 141,
205, 210, 216, 231, 235, 245,
145, 216, 261
261–2, 269–70
on noncircular orbits 9, 34
on Democritus 118, 167, 175,
‘nothing new under the Sun’ 41,
193–4
49–50, 53–4, 58–62, 84, 156, denounced, 179, 181, 183–4,
231
191, 198, 205–7, 232–7, 263
on Origen 37, 62, 94, 231
on Earth’s motion 122, 147–8,
on Plato 35, 37, 42, 55, 155
166, 171–4, 193, 198, 205,
on Pythagoras 15, 33, 35–7,
234, 243, 269–70, 274
40–44, 46, 50, 53–4, 57–9,
and Galileo 117, 121–3, 147,
61–4, 68, 71, 84–5, 155, 158,
171–8, 183, 189, 193–4, 198,
160
205, 207, 216, 238, 241, 246,
selfdescription 74, 155–6
261–2, 270, 276
and sins 38, 78–80, 270
and the Inquisition 117–20,
on soul of world 40–43, 48–52,
147–9, 183, 198, 200, 233
56, 64, 68, 80, 86–7, 92–3,
on the Pythagoreans 116–18,
97, 116, 133–4, 156, 159,
122–3, 147, 166–7, 173–4,
168, 180, 230–31, 246, 268,
176–8, 183, 193, 207, 210,
270–71
233–5, 238, 242–6, 261–3,
on souls imprisoned in bodies
269–70, 273–4
41, 50, 57–8, 70, 85, 268
on the Sun 118, 120, 167,
statue of 32, 89, 95, 261
175–8, 236, 263, 274
on suns 8–9, 33–4, 50, 53, 59,
tortured 118–20, 171, 183,
73–4, 80, 90, 96, 112–15,
and transmigration 115, 167–8,
141, 145, 152, 171, 247, 261,
178, 183, 231, 244, 269
274
see also soul of the world
on transmigration 35–9, 42–5,
see also worlds
54, 57, 61–2, 74, 85–7, 94,
Camerarius, Ludwig 98, 182–3
99, 157, 180, 231, 267–9
Campo de’ Fiori 75
on transubstantiation 37, 65,
Capella, Martianus 140, 226
71, 83, 200
Capoano, Alessandro 150
on universe 9, 33–5, 40–43,
Castelli, Benedetto 139–40, 142,
51–3, 58, 84, 91, 267–8
144, 150, 150, 186–7
on worlds 30, 33–5, 39, 50,
Castro, Alfonso de 52, 159, 270
59–64, 66, 84–5, 88–9, 92,
Caussin, Nicolas 241
94–9, 110–13, 167, 180–81,
Cerbu, Thomas 203
232, 245, 259, 261
Cesi, Prince Federico 137, 149, 183,
youth of 28, 30, 32
240, 243
Ciampoli, Giovanni 142–3, 150, 192
Caccini, Tommaso 139, 142, 146,
Cicero 23, 35, 95, 135–6, 157, 163,
240
171, 185, 194, 208
Cain and Abel 45–6, 80
Chrysostom, John 17, 19, 28, 66,
Calcidius 134, 235
125–6, 152, 169, 171–2, 176,
Calvin, John 16, 22, 32, 79, 91, 98–9,
208, 224, 234, 241, 266, 277
337
burned alive
Church of Santa Croce 252
118, 130–32, 136, 161, 175,
Church of Santa Maria Sopra
194, 217–18, 230, 232
Minerva 201, 202
and Galileo 110, 114, 193–4,
Clavius, Christopher 130, 194
197, 232
Clement of Alexandria 125, 234–5
as heresy 61, 95, 98, 193–4, 218
Collius, Franciscus 169–70
on worlds 21, 34, 61, 95, 98,
Copernicus
100, 110, 130–32, 136,
as antiChristian 128
161–2, 167, 175, 194,
censured 26, 103, 109, 128, 131, 217–18, 230, 238
140, 151, 162–5, 170, 179,
demons (or daemons)
198, 202, 227–8, 232, 255–6, and Apollonius 22, 31, 51
271, 275
and Bruno 38, 81, 55, 57, 93–4,
compared to Bruno 9–11, 33,
137, 241, 260
36, 111–12, 165, 186–7, 232, and Campanella 118, 167–8,
268
263
criticized 121, 138, 174, 189,
and Kepler 104
303
on the Moon 19, 100, 104, 129,
and Earth’s senses 166, 234
132, 266
and Galileo 109, 111–12, 121,
and Porphyry 185, 266–7
137, 146, 157, 253, 277
and Pythagoras 8, 16, 19–20,
as heretical 109, 124, 128, 136,
27, 31, 55, 100, 153, 167–8,
148, 152, 157, 165, 171, 179,
170, 266–7, 244, 263
188, 210, 228, 246, 274
Devil 19–20, 23, 31, 58, 88, 92–4,
and Inchofer 199, 205, 208, 216,
98, 118, 125, 128–9, 139, 153,
226–8
170, 259–60, 265–6, 278
and Kepler 103–6, 109, 112,
Digges, Thomas 31, 33, 43, 53, 55,
162–3
91, 126, 152, 226
and Pythagoras 17, 23–5, 35–6,
Diogenes Laertius 19, 55–6, 60, 98,
55, 105–6, 112, 136, 140,
124, 131, 168–9, 171, 177, 185,
166, 176–7, 199, 202, 208,
222, 264
267, 271
Dionysius the Aeropagite 36, 63,
as Pythagoras reborn 105–6
159–60
‘soul of the Earth’ 128
Dionysius of Alexandria 217
and worlds 100, 131, 149–50,
Dominicans 20, 26, 28, 76, 78, 79,
174, 261, 267
103, 115, 117, 137, 139, 145,
Corpus of Canon Law 61, 175, 230,
150, 163, 201, 233
234, 242, 244, 262
see also Bruno, Caccini,
Costeus, Joannes 102, 223
Campanella, Capiferreus,
Council of Sens 52, 270
Lorini, Petreto, Tolosani
Council of Trent 26, 61, 139, 141,
Donne, John 127–30, 181–2
242, 246
Earth, as animal 19, 33, 35, 44, 50,
d’Ascoli, Cardinal (Felice Centino)
56, 102, 115–16, 122, 124, 163,
145, 199, 201
166, 177, 188, 223–5, 274–5
Delrio, Juan Martin 174
see also Bruno; Origen;
Democritus
Pythagoras; universe animal
and Bruno 34, 61, 76, 110,
Earth as star
and Campanella 118, 167, 193,
denied by Aristotle 18, 22, 59,
criticized 21, 61, 99–100, 114,
232
338
Index
denied by Barberini 186–7, 200, Campanella on 174–6, 220,
232
262
denied by Bonciani 140
denied by Capoano 150
said Bruno 8, 15, 33–5, 40, 53,
denied by Ciampoli 143
59, 64, 84–5, 88, 141, 153,
Cusa on 25, 262
158, 165, 232, 238, 267, 274
Donne on 128–9, 181–2
said Campanella 174, 176–
7
denied by Emmius 124
denied by censors 64, 84–5,
denied by Fabricius 262
157–8, 164, 187
denied by Froidmont 188
said Copernicus 157, 165, 187,
Galileo on 10–11, 137–8,
232
149–51, 174, 192, 196–7,
said Cusa 24, 238
220, 238, 245, 262
denied by Dante 22
and the Gnostics 98
and Donne 128–9, 182
as a heresy 50, 97, 174, 188,
said Foscarini 141, 232
241–2, 244–5, 262
and Galileo 157, 165, 176,
denied by Hippolytus 59, 194
186–7, 200, 213, 232
denied by Inchofer 208–9, 213,
and Kepler 109, 213
219–20
denied by La Cazre 255–7
on Jupiter 19, 110, 114, 132,
denied by Lagalla 131–2
137–8, 264, 269, 275
denied by Mersenne 180
Kepler on 104, 108–9, 113–14,
and the Pythagoreans 18, 22,
131, 176, 219–20, 238, 262,
26, 30, 40, 59, 158, 218, 274
269
denied by Tolosani 26
denied by La Cazre 255–6
Ecphantus the Pythagorean 54–5,
denied by Lagalla 131–3
136, 140
Lucian on 34, 59, 100, 245
Elizabeth i, Queen 45, 103, 129,
and the Manichaeans 98, 262
132
denied by Mersenne 181,
Emmius, Ubbo 124–5, 272, 302
on the Moon 10–11, 19, 34,
Empedocles 21, 101–2, 173, 243,
59, 100–101, 104, 108–13,
266
121, 128–32, 137–8, 143,
Epicurus 34, 53, 59, 98, 100, 127,
150, 175–6, 181, 192, 196–7,
136, 167, 217–18, 230, 261
219–20, 223, 238, 245, 262,
Epiphanius, St 53, 57, 91, 98–9, 152,
264–6, 275
169, 185, 216, 230, 242, 266
denied by Morhof 261–2
Erasmus of Rotterdam 28–30, 58,
and Orpheus 262
62, 95, 135
Plutarch on 100, 104, 110, 133,
Euclid 18, 112
238
Eusebius 171, 185, 234, 272
Pythagorean belief 34, 59, 91,
extraterrestrial life
100, 110, 131, 209, 238, 269
Anaxagoras on 223
on the Sun 34–5, 59, 132
denied by Augustine 100
Wilkins on 238–9
denied by Maffeo Barberini 143
denied by Baronio 97
Fabricius, Johann 262, 305
Bellarmine on 135, 151
Fantoli, Annibale 199
Brahe on 109, 262
Fattori, Marta 169
Bruno on 10–11, 33–5, 50, 59,
Favino, Federica 73
Burned Alive: Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition Page 47