He was not easy, but after some disagreement that might normally create an enemy, he could laugh and tell a stupid joke, and all was forgiven if never quite forgotten. Bloomberg could be very thoughtful, but he was not soft. “He’s not a warm man, but he’s a good man,” one former aide said. Instead, he projected a kind of confidence and optimism that could be irritating but also infectious. When it was suggested that he must have a very good shrink, Bloomberg dismissed the very idea. “The only therapist I have,” he said, “is the one I see in the mirror when I’m shaving.”10
This book is a journalist’s work, a portrait drawn in part from more than two decades of observing this powerful and complex man. It is not an authorized biography, even though Bloomberg, his staff, and his friends were often very helpful.
During his time as mayor, I was a member of the New York Times editorial board and participated in the Times editorials on Bloomberg’s city. I wrote about many of the events I have described in this book, and I came to know the participants who worked for him and against him. After he left office, I covered him in his new role as a very public private figure. I have also trusted the coverage of Bloomberg by some of the best journalists in the business, and their work for the Times has often framed my own recollections. Above all, I found that Michael Bloomberg could not be confined by his public image, and those omissions helped make this work possible.
1
BORN TO RUN, EVERYTHING
“I thought of myself as the hero patriot, sticking it to old George III—a maverick role I still try to emulate.”1
Even today, the working-class community of Medford outside Boston looks like the perfect set for a 1950s sitcom. Ozzie and Harriet could have lived right down the road. Soft hills, modest homes, public schools where everybody knew your grandparents. For the Bloombergs in 1945, it must have seemed like the ideal nest for an ordinary little family.
When Charlotte and William H. Bloomberg chose the small house at 6 Ronaele Road, they were much like millions of young couples who wanted a normal, sedate life. The ugly memories of the Depression and war and especially the Holocaust were still agonizingly raw, and most families craved something quiet and comforting. The Bloombergs selected an Irish and Italian neighborhood where they undoubtedly hoped that Jews might be just another religious group, another ethnic strain in the all-American mix.
It was not that easy, not at first. Charlotte had carefully chosen the house—which was affordable and near William’s job as bookkeeper at a dairy in Somerville—only to be told that it was off-limits. The realtors would not sell to Jews. Others might have looked elsewhere. Not Charlotte Rubens Bloomberg. She convinced the family’s Irish lawyer, George McLaughlin, to buy the house.2 He then quickly resold it to the Bloombergs—a transaction that Bloomberg used years later as an example of the insidious ways discrimination works. But as the Medford tale was told and retold in the Bloomberg family, it offered another lesson about how to succeed in a tough world. If you’re blocked in this direction, go in that direction. Get over it. Go around. Find another way. Mike Bloomberg learned that lesson extremely well. Throughout his life, a failure meant it was time to try plan B in business, politics, and his personal life.
Young Mike’s parents offered what every child needs—one parent who sees only the perfect offspring and the other parent who does all the hard work of managing and coaching a smart child into adulthood. Bloomberg’s father was the soft one. His mother was the rock, the disciplinarian, the religious beacon who kept a Kosher house, the guide who eventually had to keep repeating one phrase to her son as he grew more and more successful. “Don’t let it go to your head,” she would say, tucking her pride beneath that motherly warning.3 Their story, the story of Bloomberg’s parents and grandparents, is the fundamental story of America, the reason so many distressed people leave whatever homes they had and start from scratch in a new country.
Mike Bloomberg, who would later champion the cause of immigration in the face of growing anti-immigrant pressures in his America, explained his background this way: “Three of my grandparents, and six of my great-grandparents were immigrants. All placed education and reverence for the United States at the core of our family values . . . and they made my story possible.”4
* * *
Bloomberg’s father, William Henry Bloomberg, was born in 1906, near Boston and grew up in the relative safety of Massachusetts. He was the son of Lithuanian immigrants, and his father, Elick Bloomberg, taught Hebrew in an immigrant neighborhood near Boston. When Elick filed his intention to become an American citizen in 1898, he declared that he was “renouncing allegiance to foreign sovereigns, especially and particularly to Nicholas II Czar of Russia.”5 Russia’s czars and their orthodox Christians had in many ways fed the vicious anti-Semitism that would result in repeated pogroms against Jews living in their empire. America meant the freedom to criticize the czar, on an official document no less.
Bloomberg’s father worked most of his adult life as an accountant, earning just enough to support his family. (His son estimated his dad’s salary at $6,000.) If there is one memory of Mike’s father that made its most durable mark, William Bloomberg took some of those scarce dollars and donated them every year to the NAACP. When asked why, he said simply that “discrimination against one group is really discrimination against all groups.”6
Mike Bloomberg’s mother, Charlotte “Lottie” Rubens, was born into a more comfortable family in New Jersey in 1909. She was the child of strong parents, especially her mother, Ettie, who pushed her four children to take every advantage of America’s free education system. Ettie’s husband, Max Rubens, was born in what is now Belarus, and when his family fled to England, they struggled to survive in the hard, industrial port of Liverpool. The Bloomberg family would later describe that period as being “as bleak as a Dickens story.”7 When Max finally came to America, he flourished in the wholesale grocery business, carrying around his samples in a gladstone bag and making enough money to buy five brick houses in a German neighborhood of Jersey City. If there is a peddler’s DNA, Mike Bloomberg inherited it from his grandfather Max.
Max was suddenly hospitalized in May of 1922 with a lung disorder and died nearly a month later,8 leaving Ettie to take command of her four children, including Lottie, who was barely a teenager.9 With the help of her strong mother, Charlotte Pearl “Lottie” Rubens weathered her father’s early death and became an unusually independent woman for her day. Her high school graduation photo nearly three years later shows a very determined-looking young woman, and besides being “as bright as a sunbeam,” as the 1925 yearbook for Dickinson High School announced, she was a member of the fencing club.10 (At the time, fencing for women was extremely popular because New Jersey native Adeline Gehrig became a national champion and was chosen to represent America in the 1924 Olympics as a member of the first-ever women’s foil event.)11
After graduating from high school, Lottie worked in New York City while she also earned a bachelor’s degree from New York University’s School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance. There were 430 men in the class and 21 women.12 Obviously, it would have been tough for a girl in her late teens fighting her way in a man’s world: night and day, no whining, no excuses. Just set the goal and go for it. It was that personal manifesto of hard work and no complaints that she would pass on to her son.
Lottie soon became an assistant auditor at a dairy company in New York City where she grew to admire another employee, William Bloomberg. Charlotte and William were married in 1934, and soon moved to Boston—first to the neighborhood of Allston, then to the town of Brookline, and finally outside the city to Medford, where she would stay in the same house for the next sixty-six years.13
Nearly eight years after Charlotte and William’s wedding, Michael Rubens Bloomberg was born at 3:40 p.m. on Valentine’s Day 1942 at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Boston. The baby’s parents were on the older side by the day’s standards. His father was thirty-six, and his mother, thirty-three.14 The
y moved quickly to make the family complete with a second child, Marjorie Rubens Bloomberg, born two years later.
Mike Bloomberg began early testing the standards and limits of Medford’s small, confining world. His public version of these early years would concentrate on the science museum in Boston, the Boy Scouts, and evening dinners with his parents, when his mother always used the good silver and every member of the family told about their day.
Friends and associates described a far more complicated youngster. Sure, he could be patriotic and good to his mother, they remembered. Yes, he quickly learned how to be funny, if you were swift enough to get the joke. But he was also a rascal, a smarty-britches who didn’t, or couldn’t, restrain an urge to show off his brainpower. And underneath all that combustible energy, there was always the ambition—to do something big, to be a force somewhere.15
On occasion, even Bloomberg himself would admit that, as a boy, he was a classic handful.
“I had discipline problems. I threw erasers. I dipped pigtails into inkwells—I was totally bored.”16
William Bloomberg especially loved to indulge his son’s mischief and his untapped curiosity. On Saturdays, he would take young Mike for a bacon and egg, greasy spoon, non-Kosher breakfast and then to the science museum in Boston. “It changed my life,” Bloomberg said years later. Starting at age ten, the boy who was so bored with the rote learning in Medford during the week would be allowed to hold snakes, porcupines, and an owl named Snowy on Saturdays in Boston.17 He would learn a few of the basic laws of physics and peek into other corners of the mysterious scientific world.
One day the instructor asked his listeners to give “the age of a redwood tree,” pointing to the rings on a stump nearby. Members of the class carefully counted and recounted the rings, and yet with each answer, the teacher kept saying no, wrong. Bloomberg loves to recall what happened next. As he put it, “I don’t know what possessed me, but I said it was not a redwood, it was a giant sequoia.” Right, the professor said, to Bloomberg’s great pride. Even decades later, when he would tell this story, Bloomberg always looked immensely pleased with himself for getting the right answer. But he also gave the museum credit for helping him realize that he needed to “listen, question, test [and] think.”18
In a very similar way, Bloomberg would talk about his strongest memory of television, which was just becoming a household item in the 1950s. For either financial or educational reasons, probably both, the Bloombergs were among the last in the neighborhood to add TV. What shows did he watch? Bloomberg recalled that one of his favorites was John Cameron Swayze’s Camel News Caravan.19
The Swayze news show—fifteen minutes, five times a week—barely covered the days’ headlines from 1949 to 1956.20 What Bloomberg remembered best were the commercials for Camel cigarettes, which featured a large picture of the company’s elegant mascot. Bloomberg, with his head full of Saturday’s visits to the science museum, said that he quickly realized that the camel in the commercial was not a camel. It was a dromedary with one hump instead of two. Young Bloomberg could not let such a travesty go unnoticed, so he wrote Mr. Swayze to alert him to the error, thus forcing some feckless aide to write the kid back and explain that, yes, he was right, but the company insisted that the dromedary looked better on the screen (and the package) than the double-humped camel. The dromedary on Camel cigarettes never became a real camel, but much like the sequoia versus redwood story, Bloomberg loved to show how he could be right.
He could also admit, at least occasionally, when he was wrong. Bloomberg often told a family story about how politics entered his world. The Bloombergs were solidly Democratic back then, and he recalled how the family went to see Harry Truman giving a speech from the back of a train as part of a whistle-stop campaign tour in 1948. Years later, a family photo surfaced of the event that Bloomberg had described.The problem—it wasn’t Truman giving that speech to the Massachusetts crowd. It was Adlai Stevenson—probably in 1952, he said a few years later to correct the record.
If the museum piqued his scientific interest, the Boy Scouts became an obsession. Going to the scouts’ summer camp became such a powerful goal that young Bloomberg sold Christmas tree wreaths around Medford in order to pay his own way. He studiously collected the small embroidered patches that scouts wear like medals on their official uniforms, but one badge was particularly hard to get.
“In the sixth grade I went to Mrs. Kelly—this old battle-ax who I’m sure has since gone on to meet her maker—and I had to get her to sign a paper that I was a good student, for my Boy Scout merit badge. And I remember she looked at me and started laughing.
“We made a deal: that if I stayed out of the principal’s office for a month, she’d sign it.”
Bloomberg was disciplined enough to behave, at least for a month, since he not only got that merit badge, he also went on to become one of the youngest Eagle Scouts in the country.21
If the scouts taught him how to tie knots and make a fire, they also gave him a taste for food that would never touch his mother’s table. Food in Bloomberg’s youth was often little more than fuel for the day, the Betty Crocker basics that fed most of America in the postwar era. He once wrote in a birthday card to Kitty Carlisle, a noted singer, actress, and advocate for the arts, that his mother’s advice for longevity was to “never eat anything that tastes good.”22
What tasted good to young Mike was junk food. He liked Chinese takeout, and he especially adored the basics served at Boy Scout camp: hot dogs, beans, macaroni and cheese, and particularly the grape-flavored punch called “bug juice.”23 He would later dine at the best gourmet restaurants and enjoy four-star chefs doing their best to impress him. But his tastes still tended toward very thin pizza and Cheez-its and overcooked bacon (burnt, actually), sometimes with peanut butter. When his guests came to dine at one of his many homes, they could easily find an entrée of old-fashioned basics like meat loaf or roast beef.
Bloomberg’s parents, who wanted their children to fit in easily in America, also wanted them to keep a solid connection to their Jewish heritage. Religion and his Jewish history were part of his upbringing, of course, but Bloomberg’s parents were not overly strict. Although his mother cooked proper Kosher food, she sometimes had a side dish for her son’s Chinese favorites. They sent him to Hebrew school, strict enough to keep him in line but not strict enough for his religious grandfather Elick.24 And Saturdays were as much for science in Boston as religion in Medford.
As a candidate for mayor years later, he startled some members of New York’s Jewish community by suggesting that he saw nothing wrong with public school children saying the Lord’s Prayer the way he did when he was growing up in Massachusetts.
“Nobody was uncomfortable,” Bloomberg snapped at a reporter who had asked him to elaborate. “Only people today would ask a question like that. That is the difference. You want today to find fault in everything that is good and wonderful about America.”25
His Jewish classmates in Medford were not surprised by the Lord’s Prayer comment. Several of them said they could not remember witnessing anti-Semitism firsthand. One former classmate said that maybe it was there, certainly the Bloomberg’s roundabout way of buying a house was early evidence, but as young people “we didn’t feel it.”26
Bloomberg’s mother, Lottie, tried to describe her rambunctious son as an ordinary boy who, for example, liked to scare his sister with his collection of snakes. (“Have you seen my snake?” his sister remembered with a shudder.)27 Even years later, he would explain to a reporter how you could trap a snake in the woods near his home by setting up a kind of cave with a piece of cardboard or metal and then catch them when they went inside to sleep.28 He also attempted to impress his school friends with his skills as a ham radio operator and later his expertise with a slide rule. But, more important, he wanted to take control of everything around him. As his mother explained, “He wanted to be the boss of whatever we were working on. He wanted to run everything.”29
; What his mother once described as young Mike’s unusual self-assurance, others in Medford saw as arrogance. He ran with a crowd of older boys, which did not endear him with his own age group, but he managed the bigger friends because he was supremely self-confident. He always wanted to be the one chosen to give a speech. As his mother put it, “It never seemed to bother him to get out in front of an audience and talk.”30
That love of being noticed did not translate into a passion for being at the top of his class. He barely passed French (his later attempts to learn Spanish made it clear that he could remember words and the grammar, but not the music). At one point he made an A in one math class and a D in another. His version was that he did the answers in his head, and one teacher thought he cheated.31
Another school would have noticed that this kid was deeply frustrated, and young Mike rocked along with half an ear tuned to school and the other half focused elsewhere. His favorite book was Johnny Tremain,32 the Esther Forbes novel about the poor boy who becomes a runner and spy for Paul Revere. According to his count, he read it “at least 50 times” or, later he said 100 times.33
“I thought of myself as the hero patriot, sticking it to old George III—a maverick role I still try to emulate,” he recalled, not missing a chance for a little self-promotion. “I developed a sense of history and its legacy, and remain annoyed at how little people seem to learn from the past: how we fight the same battles over and over; how we can’t remember what misguided, shortsighted policies led to depression, war, oppression and division. As citizens, we continually let elected officials pander for votes with easy, flawed solutions to complex problems. As voters, we repeatedly forget the lessons of others who didn’t hold their chosen officials accountable.”34
The Many Lives of Michael Bloomberg Page 2