1Congressional Record, 104th Congress, 2nd Session, September 25, 1996.
2W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America : Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880, New Brunswick: Routledge, 2012, 10.
3Daniel J. Tichenor, Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002, 89; Mark Kanazawa, “Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California,” The Journal of Economic History 65(3), 2005, 779–805.
4Aziz Rana, The Two Faces of American Freedom, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010, 183, 186–89.
5Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 24.
6Laura Grattan, Populism’s Power: Radical Grassroots Democracy in America, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016, 79–80.
7Rana, Two Faces of American Freedom, 196–200, 215–18.
8Kerry Abrams, “Polygamy, Prostitution, and the Federalization of Immigration Law,” Columbia Law Review 641, 2005, 695–96.
9Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 106.
10Ibid., 115.
11Janice Fine and Daniel J. Tichenor, “A Movement Wrestling: American Labor’s Enduring Struggle with Immigration, 1866–2007,” Studies in American Political Development 23(2), 2009, 84–95; Justin Akers Chacón, Radicals in the Barrio: Magonistas, Socialists, Wobblies, and Communists in the Mexican American Working Class, Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018; Devra Anne Weber, “Mexican Workers in the IWW and the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM),” IWW History Project, depts.washington.edu, 2016.
12Paul Heideman, “The Rise and Fall of the Socialist Party of America,” Jacobin, Fall 2016.
13Douglas Massey et al., Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2003, 27–31.
14Rebecca Onion, “America’s Lost History of Border Violence,” slate.com, May 5, 2016.
15The Immigration Commission, Abstract of the Report on Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911, 76.
16Abraham Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican-Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929–1939, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974, 10.
17William A. Kandel, “The Trump Administration’s ‘Zero Tolerance’ Immigration Enforcement Policy,” Congressional Research Service, crsreports.congress.gov, February 26, 2019.
18Kelly Lytle Hernández, City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion, and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771–1965, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017, 137–38.
19Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodríguez, Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006, 136–51.
20Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 174; Pam Belluck, “Settlement Will Allow Thousands of Mexican Laborers in U.S. to Collect Back Pay,” New York Times, October 15, 2008.
21Marc R. Rosenblum et al., “Mexican Migration to the United States: Policy and Trends,” Congressional Research Service, crsreports.congress.gov, June 7, 2012, 7.
22Hiroshi Motomura, Immigration outside the Law, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, 40.
23Douglas S. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, 73.
24Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 158–66.
25Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 152.
26Ibid., 174.
27Kelly Lytle Hernández, Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, 171–95.
28Massey et al., Beyond Smoke and Mirrors, 36–37; Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 153; Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 225.
29Arnold R. Weber, “The Role of the US Department of Labor in Immigration,” International Migration Review 4(3), 1970, 31.
30Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 258–64.
31Jack Jones, “Mexican-American Group Objects to Use of ‘Wetbacks,’” Los Angeles Times, August 29, 1967; Homer Bigart, “Unions Deplore Influx of Mexican Laborers along the Border,” New York Times, May 4, 1969; Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 226.
32Joseph Nevins, “The Boycott Legend Sacrifices the Movement: Cesar Chavez and the Renewed Case for Radical Democracy,” nacla.org, January 14, 2014.
33Robert Lindsey, “Criticism of Chavez Takes Root in Farm Labor Struggle,” New York Times, February 7, 1979.
34United States Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, “Report of the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization,” hathitrust.org, 1973.
35Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, xi–xii.
36Melinda Cooper, Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and the New Social Conservatism, New York: Zone Books, 2017, 27–29.
37Lane Windham, Knocking on Labor’s Door: Union Organizing in the 1970s and the Roots of a New Economic Divide, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.
38Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 53, 63–64.
39Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, December 13, 1968.
40Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
41Adlai E. Stevenson, last statement before a United Nations body to the Economic and Social Council, Geneva, July 9, 1965, available at archive.org/details/UNFinal.
42Garrett Hardin, “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Helping the Poor,” Psychology Today, September 1974, available at garretthardinsociety.org.
43Garrett Hardin, “Lifeboat Ethics,” Bioscience, October 1974, 561–68.
44Missing Migrants Project, “Latest Global Figures,” missingmigrants.iom.int.
45Sara Terry, “America’s Welcome: Wearing Thin?,” Christian Science Monitor, June 25, 1981.
46Leslie Aldridge Westoff, “A Nation of Immigrants: Should We Pull Up the Gangplank?,” New York Times Magazine, September 16, 1973.
47Otis L. Graham, Immigration Reform and America’s Unchosen Future, Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2008, 45.
48The Garrett Hardin Society, “Garrett Hardin Oral History Project: Tape 11,” accessed September 9, 2019, available at garretthardinsociety.org; Nicholas Kulish and Mike McIntire, “Why an Heiress Spent Her Fortune Trying to Keep Immigrants Out,” New York Times, August 14, 2019.
49Robert Scheer, “Law Part of the Problem: Illegal Aliens’ Half-Life,” Los Angeles Times, November 12, 1979; “For the Record,” Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1979.
50William Trombley, “Prop. 63 Roots Traced to Small Michigan City,” Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1986.
51Kulish and McIntire, “Why an Heiress Spent Her Fortune Trying to Keep Immigrants Out.”
52Brendan O’Connor, “The Eugenicist Doctor and the Vast Fortune behind Trump’s Immigration Regime,” splinternews.com, July 5, 2018.
53The Garrett Hardin Society, “Garrett Hardin Oral History Project: Tape 11,” accessed September 9, 2019, available at garretthardinsociety.org.
54Nicholas Kulish, “Dr. John Tanton, Quiet Catalyst in Anti-Immigration Drive, Dies at 85,” New York Times, July 18, 2019; Southern Poverty Law Center, “John Tanton’s Network,” available at splcenter.org.
55Kulish and McIntire, “Why an Heiress Spent Her Fortune Trying to Keep Immigrants Out.”
56William Branigin, “Immigration Policy Dispute Rocks Sierra Club,” Washington Post, March 7, 1998; Felicity Barringer, “Sierra Club Revisits Issue of Immigration,” New Yo
rk Times, April 13, 2005.
57Otis L. Graham, Immigration Reform and America’s Unchosen Future, Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2008, 44.
58Charles Kamasaki, Immigration Reform: The Corpse That Will Not Die, Simsbury, CT: Mandel Vilar Press, 2019, 94.
59Ibid., 267.
60Tucker Carlson, “The Intellectual Roots of Nativism,” Wall Street Journal, October 2, 1997.
61Tim Weiner, “Pleas for Asylum Inundate System for Immigration,” New York Times, April 25, 1993.
62Kamasaki, Immigration Reform, 268.
63Carly Goodman, email to author, August 8, 2019.
64Kamasaki, Immigration Reform, 355.
65Associated Press, “Wetbacks Flock to Dallas Area,” Austin Statesman, February 14, 1969.
66Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 224–27.
67Fine and Tichenor, “A Movement Wrestling,” 97–104.
68Kitty Calavita, “California’s ‘Employer Sanctions’ Law: Now You See It, Now You Don’t,” Politics and Society 12(2), 1983, 205–30.
69Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 208–9.
70Marjorie Hunter, “James O. Eastland Is Dead,” New York Times, February 20, 1986.
71“Eastland Protest Halted ’72 Raids on Cotton Gins,” New York Times, December 31, 1974.
72David G. Gutiérrez, “‘Sin Fronteras?’: Chicanos, Mexican Americans, and the Emergence of the Contemporary Mexican Immigration Debate, 1968–1978,” Journal of American Ethnic History 10(4), 1991, 28–29.
73Fine and Tichenor, “A Movement Wrestling,” 123; Gutiérrez, “‘Sin Fronteras?,’” 17–26.
74M. A. Farber, “Million Illegal Aliens in Metropolitan Area,” New York Times, December 29, 1974; Roger Sanjek, “Color-Full before Color Blind: The Emergence of Multiracial Neighborhood Politics in Queens, New York City,” American Anthropologist 102(4), 2000, 762–72; James Nevius, “The Transformation of Jackson Heights: From Planned Community to Neighborhood,” curbed.com, April 19, 2017.
75M. A. Farber, “Unlawful Aliens Use Costly City Services,” New York Times, December 30, 1974.
76Ari L. Goldman, “Illegal Aliens Living in Queens Are Assailed at Hearing,” New York Times, November 24, 1974.
77Sanjek, “Color-Full before Color Blind,” 764.
78Lee A. Daniels, “Troubled Lefrak City Turning the Corner,” New York Times, March 11, 1984.
79Kim Phillips-Fein, Fear City: New York’s Fiscal Crisis and the Rise of Austerity Politics, New York: Metropolitan Books, 2017, 8.
80Farber, “Unlawful Aliens Use Costly City Services.”
81Farber, “Million Illegal Aliens in Metropolitan Area.”
82Kelly Lytle Hernández, Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, 215.
83John Kendall, “Influx of Illegal Aliens Termed ‘Out of Control,’” Los Angeles Times, January 9, 1977; Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 229.
84William K. Stevens, “Millions of Mexicans View Illegal Entry to U.S. as Door to Opportunity,” New York Times, February 12, 1979.
85Kendall, “Influx of Illegal Aliens Termed ‘Out of Control.’”
86Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 230; Muzaffar Chishti et al., “At Its 25th Anniversary, IRCA’s Legacy Lives On,” migrationpolicy.org, November 6, 2011.
87Pradnya Joshi and Binyamin Appelbaum, “A History of Fed Leaders and Interest Rates,” New York Times, December 16, 2015; Samir Sonti, “The World Paul Volcker Made,” jacobinmag.com, December 20, 2018; Cooper, Family Values, 25–27.
88Ronald Reagan, “Republican National Convention Acceptance Speech,” reaganlibrary.gov, July 17, 1980.
89Ronald Reagan, “Ronald Reagan’s Announcement for Presidential Candidacy,” reaganlibrary.gov, November 13, 1979.
90Congressional Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, “U.S. Immigration Policy and the National Interest: The Final Report and Recommendations of the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy with Supplemental Views by Commissioners,” March 1, 1981, 3, 12.
91Ibid., 11, 62, 74.
92Mary Thornton, “Raids Nab High-Pay Aliens, Make Jobs, Outrage Clergy,” Washington Post, May 2, 1982.
93Frank H. Wu, “Why Vincent Chin Matters,” New York Times, June 22, 2012.
94James Reston, “Mondale’s Tough Line,” New York Times, October 13, 1982.
95Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 255–6.
96Jon Margolis, “Reagan Breaks GOP Tradition, Woos Chicanos,” Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1980.
97Kamasaki, Immigration Reform, 189, 295.
98Carla N. Argueta, “Border Security: Immigration Enforcement between Ports of Entry,” Congressional Research Service, fas.org, April 19, 2016.
99Michael E. Miller, “Diversity Visa Lottery, Criticized after New York Terrorist Attack, Was Invented to Help the Irish,” Washington Post, November 1, 2017; Julia Gelatt, “The Diversity Visa Program Holds Lessons for Future Legal Immigration Reform,” Migration Policy Institute, migrationpolicy.org, February 2018.
100Dolores Acevedo and Thomas J. Espenshade, “Implications of a North American Free Trade Agreement for Mexican Migration into the United States,” Population and Development Review 18(4), 1992, 729–44; “Report of the Commission for the Study of International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development,” hathitrust.org, July 24, 1990.
101Gil Klein, “Courts Are Next Battleground for Immigration Policy Fight,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, October 19, 1986; Kamasaki, Immigration Reform, 295.
102Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 261–5.
103George Ramos, “For Some on INS Bus to Tijuana, It’s a Round Trip,” Los Angeles Times, January 1, 1990; Massey et al., Beyond Smoke and Mirrors, 138–40.
104Graham, Immigration Reform and America’s Unchosen Future, 97–98.
105Carlos Marichal, “The Vicious Cycles of Mexican Debt,” NACLA Report on the Americas, May 31, 2016, 26–28.
106Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 273.
107Alan K. Simpson, “Will America Control Its Borders?,” Washington Post, December 5, 1982.
108Mike Davis, “The Social Origins of the Referendum,” NACLA Report on the Americas 29(3), 1995; Robert Reinhold, “Welcome for Immigrants Turns to Resentment,” New York Times, August 25, 1993; James Sterngold, “A Changing California Emerges from Recession,” New York Times, March 29, 1995.
109Jeffrey S. Passel et al., “Population Decline of Unauthorized Immigrants Stalls, May Have Reversed,” pewhispanic.org, September 23, 2013.
110Robert Reinhold, “A Welcome for Immigrants Turns to Resentment,” New York Times, August 25, 1993.
111Ibid.
112Leo Chavez, The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013; Cooper, Family Values, 130–2.
113Hernández, City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion, and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771–1965, 40, 49.
114Eduardo Obregón Pagán, “Los Angeles Geopolitics and the Zoot Suit Riot, 1943,” Social Science History 24(1): 223–4.
115Matthew D. Lassiter, “Pushers, Victims, and the Lost Innocence of White Suburbia: California’s War on Narcotics during the 1950s,” Journal of Urban History 41(5), 2015, 787–9, 795.
116Scheer, “Illegal Aliens’ Half-Life.”
117Ibid.
118“Voter Information Guide for 1994, General Election,” repository, uchastings.edu; Patrick J. McDonnell and Robert J. Lopez, “L.A. March against Prop. 187 Draws 70,000,” Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1994.
119“Voter Information Guide for 1994, General Election,” repository, uchastings.edu, 91.
120Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, 162–7.
121Ibid., 166.
122Ibid., 178.
123Ibid., 191; Marilyn Kalfus, “Pro-Prop. 187 Group Admits It,” Orange County Register, October 26, 1994; Paul Feldman, “Group’s Funding of Immigration Measure Assailed,” Los A
ngeles Times, September 10, 1994.
124Kenneth Jost, “Cracking Down on Immigration,” CQ Researcher, February 3, 1995.
125“Pete Wilson 1994 Campaign Ad on Illegal Immigration,” YouTube video, posted by PeteWilsonCA, February 15, 2010.
126HoSang, Racial Propositions, 172–3; Glenn F. Bunting and Alan C. Miller, “Feinstein Raises Immigration Profile,” Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1993.
127George Skelton, “Feinstein Takes Immigration out of Closet,” Los Angeles Times, July 12, 1992.
128Bunting and Miller, “Feinstein Raises Immigration Profile.”
129HoSang, Racial Propositions, 192.
130Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 258–64.
131HoSang, Racial Propositions, 197.
132Ibid., 180–1.
133McDonnell and Lopez, “L.A. March against Prop. 187 Draws 70,000”; Nicole Hemmer, “Republican Nativism Helped Turn California Blue. Trump Could Do the Same for the Whole Country,” vox.com, January 20, 2017.
134HoSang, Racial Propositions, 187.
135Reuters, “Reno Aims to Control Immigration,” New York Times, September 18, 1994; John Hurst and Sebastian Rotella, “U.S. Weighing Controversial Border Crossing Fee, Reno Says,” Los Angeles Times, September 18, 1994.
136Kitty Calavita, “The New Politics of Immigration: ‘Balanced-Budget Conservatism’ and the Symbolism of Proposition 187,” Social Problems 43(3), 1996, 287–9.
137Ibid., 296.
138Ibid., 286.
139Ibid., 284–5.
140Mike Davis, “The Social Origins of the Referendum”; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles, London: Verso, 2018,164–70.
141HoSang, Racial Propositions, 196.
142Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics and the Sunbelt South, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006, 8–11.
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