by Rafe Sagarin
23 Ratnieks, Francis L. W., and Tom Wenseleers. “Altruism in Insect Societies and Beyond: Voluntary or Enforced?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, no. 1 (2007): 45–52.
24 Choi, J. K., and S. Bowles. “The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War.” Science 318, no. 5850 (2007): 636–640.
25 Gavrilets, S., E. A. Duenez-Guzman, and M. D. Vose. “Dynamics of Alliance Formation and the Egalitarian Revolution.” PLOS One 3, no. 10 (2008); Svensson, E. I. “Understanding the Egalitarian Revolution in Human Social Evolution.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, no. 5 (2009): 233–235.
26 De Quervain, D. J. F., U. Fischbacher, V. Treyer, M. Scheltham-mer, U. Schnyder, A. Buck, and E. Fehr. “The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment.” Science 305, no. 5688 (2004): 1254–1258.
27 Wallace, B., D. Cesarini, P. Lichtenstein, and M. Johannesson. “Heritability of Ultimatum Game Responder Behavior.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 40 (2007): 15631–15634.
28 Axelrod, Robert. “The Evolution of Cooperation.” New York: Basic, 1984.
29 Sigmund, K. “Punish or Perish? Retaliation and Collaboration Among Humans.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22, no. 11 (2007): 593–600.
30 Leventhal, A., A. Ramlawi, A. Belbiesi, and R. D. Balicer. “Regional Collaboration in the Middle East to Deal with H5N1 Avian Flu.” British Medical Journal 333 (2006): 856–858.
31 Gresham, Louise, Assad Ramlawi, Julie Briski, Mariah Richardson, and Terence Taylor. “Trust Across Borders: Responding to 2009 H1n1 Influenza in the Middle East.” Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 7, no. 4 (2009): 399–404.
32 Leventhal, A., A. Ramlawi, A. Belbiesi, and R. D. Balicer. “Regional Collaboration in the Middle East to Deal with H5N1 Avian Flu.” British Medical Journal 333 (2006): 856–858.
33 Fischhoff, Baruch, Scott Atran, and Marc Sageman. “Mutually Assured Support: A Security Doctrine for Terrorist Nuclear Weapon Threats.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 618 (2008): 160–167.
34 “Trench warfare.” http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Trench_warfare . Accessed August 12, 2010.
35 The Carter Center. “Historic Cease-Fire Enables Health Workers to Attack Guinea Worm and Other Diseases in Sudan.” June 17, 1995. http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc169.html. Accessed August 12, 2010.
36 Bronstein, Judith L. “Mutualism and Symbiosis.” Pp. 233–238 in Simon Levin, ed., The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
37 Kiers, E. T., R. A. Rousseau, S. A. West, and R. F. Denison. “Host Sanctions and the Legume-Rhizobium Mutualism.” Nature 425, no. 6953 (2003): 78–81.
38 Bronstein, Judith L. “Mutualism and Symbiosis.” Pp. 233–238 in Simon Levin, ed., The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
39 Personal communication from Richard Cudney Bueno, September 2010.
40 Allee, W. C. “Where Angels Fear to Tread: A Contribution from General Sociology to Human Ethics.” Science 97, no. 2528 (1943): 517–525.
CHAPTER TEN
1 McDougall, C. Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, p. 176.
2 Ibid., p. 177.
3 Matthews, Robert. “The Heat Is On.” NewScientist, July 31, 2010, pp. 42–45.
4 The Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance and A Public Health Action Plan to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/actionplan/index.htm. Facts About Antibiotic Resistance. http://www.idsociety.org/Content.aspx?id=5650. Both accessed May 6, 2010.
5 Nesse, R. M., and G. C. Williams. Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. New York: Vintage, 1994.
6 Nesse, R. M., and S. C. Stearns. “The Great Opportunity: Evolutionary Applications to Medicine and Public Health.” Evolutionary Applications 1 (2008): 28–48.
7 Ostfeld, R. S., and F. Keesing. “Biodiversity and Disease Risk: The case of Lyme Disease.” Conservation Biology 14 (2000): 722–728.
8 Dobson, A., et al. “Habitat Loss, Trophic Collapse, and the Decline of Ecosystem Services.” Ecology 87 (2006): 1915–1924.
9 Ibid. In addition, see Keesing, F., R. D. Holt, and R. S. Ostfeld. “Effects of Species Diversity on Disease Risk.” Ecology Letters 9 (2006): 485–498; and Pongsiri, M. J., J. Roman, V. O. Ezenwa, T. L. Goldberg, H. S. Koren, S. C. Newbold, R. S. Ostfeld, S. K. Pattanayak, and D. J. Salkeld. “Biodiversity Loss Affects Global Disease Ecology.” BioScience 59 (2009): 945–954. These are all good reviews of the relationship between biodiversity and infectious disease.
10 United Nations. Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity—Power, Poverty, and the Global Water Crisis. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2006.
11 Buttice, A. L., J. M. Stroot, D. V. Lim, P. G. Stroot, and N. A. Alcan-tar. “Removal of Sediment and Bacteria from Water Using Green Chemistry.” Environmental Science and Technology 44 (2010): 3514–3519.
12 Davis, M. Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster. New York: Vintage, 1999.
13 Gumprecht, B. The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
14 Ibid.
15 Friends of Vast Industrial Concrete Kafkaesque Structures. http://seriss.com/people/erco/fovicks/. Accessed April 29, 2010.
16 The White House. “The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned.” Washington, DC, 2006.
17 Day, J. W., et al. “Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.” Science 315 (2007): 1679–1684.
18 The White House. “The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned.” Washington, DC, 2006.
19 Day, J. W., et al. “Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.” Science 315 (2007): 1679–1684.
20 Granek, E. F., and B. Ruttenberg. “The Protective Capacity of Mangroves During Tropical Storms: A Case Study from Wilma and Gamma in Belize.” Western Society of Naturalists Annual Meeting. Ventura, CA, 2007.
21 “Mangroves Shielded Communities Against Tsunami.” October 28, 2005. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051028141252.htm. Accessed May 7, 2010. Danielsen, F., et al. “The Asian Tsunami: A Protective Role for Coastal Vegetation.” Science 310 (2005): 643.
22 The White House. “The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned.” Washington, DC, 2006.
23 “Preparing the Ike Dike Defense.” Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB124407051124382899-lMyQjAxMDI5NDE0OTAxNzkwWj.html. Accessed May 7, 2010.
24 “Migrants Finding Ways to Climb 18-Foot-Tall Border Fence.” Arizona Republic, November 15, 2008. http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/ss/related/102700. Accessed June 3, 2010.
25 “Napolitano Bludgeons Border-Fence Proposal.” WorldNet-Daily. com. December 21, 2005. http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=34017. Accessed August 10, 2010. Also see ibid.
26 Wulf, William. Cyber Security Panel. Institute on Science for Global Policy Conference. Tucson, AZ, December 8, 2009.
27 Wulf, William A., and Anita K. Jones. “Reflections on Cybersecurity.” Science 326 (2009): 943–944.
28 Gordon, Deborah. Ant Encounters: Interaction Networks and Colony Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
29 Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team. “USB Drives Commonly Used as an Attack Vector Against Critical Infrastructure.” 2010.
30 “Recommendations for Appropriate Shoreline Stabilization Methods for the Different North Carolina Estuarine Shoreline Types.” North Carolina Estuarine Biological and Physical Processes Work Group and North Carolina Division of Coastal Management, 2006.
31 Dorsey, J., P. M. Carter, S. Bergquist, and R. Sagarin. “Reduction of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) in the Ballona Wetlands Salt-water Marsh (Los Angeles Cou
nty, California, USA) with Implications for Restoration Actions.” Water Research 44, no. 15 (2010): 4630–4642.
32 Margulis, Lynn. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. New York: Basic, 1998.
33 Daily, Gretchen, ed. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997.
34 “High Economic Value Set on Threatened Mexican Mangroves.” Science Daily, July 23, 2008. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080721173757.htm. Accessed May 4, 2010.
CONCLUSION
1 “Pollution Prevention Pays.” http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Sustainability/Global/Environment/3P/. Accessed May 16, 2011.
2 Sobel, Dava. Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time. New York: Penguin, 1996.
3 Lincicome, Bernie. “Maybe Sitting Bull Had A Power Forward.” Chicago Tribune, June 12, 1996.
4 Skeets, J. E. “Phil Jackson: Rodman Is the Greatest Athlete I’ve Ever Coached.” Sports.yahoo.com.
5 “Online gamers enlisted by University of Washington deliver big-time scientific results.” Published: Sunday, September 18, 2011, 10:00 AM. Updated: Wednesday, September 21, 2011, 3:33 PM by Joe Rojas-Burke, The Oregonian.
6 Turnipseed, M., R. Sagarin, et al. “Reinvigorating the Public Trust Doctrine: Expert Opinion on the Potential of a Public Trust Mandate in U.S. and International Environment Law.” Environment 52, no. 5 (2010): 6–14.
7 Turnipseed, M., S. E. Roady, et al. “The Silver Anniversary of the United States’ Exclusive Economic Zone: Twenty-Five Years of Ocean Use and Abuse, and the Possibility of a Blue Water Public Trust Doctrine.” Ecology Law Quarterly 36, no. 1 (2009): 1–70.
8 Barnes, Peter. Who Owns the Sky? Our Common Assets and the Future of Capitalism. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001.
9 Foster, Mary, and Holbrook Mohr. “La. Spillway to Open, Flooding Cajun Country.” Associated Press, May 13, 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110513/ap_on_re_us/us_mississippi_river_flooding. Accessed May 13, 2011.
INDEX
A
Abdulmutallab, Umar
Adaptability
description
price of
“Red Queen hypothesis,”
speeds in nature
traits of adaptable organizations
See also Learning adaptively; specific examples
Adaptable cascade
challenges and
creative redundancy and
decentralized organizations and
description
environmental protection and
Google example
learning and
public trust doctrine and
symbiotic partnerships
Adolescents
belief systems and
brains of
Afghanistan war (U.S.)
IEDs and
MRAPs and(fig.)
Ospreys and
simplifying U.S. strategy chart
warfare changes with
weaker side winning in
Afghanistan war with Soviets
Airline security
behavioral screening
changing responses of terrorists
shoe-bomber and
single vs. multiple entities and
statistics on
uncertainty and
See also 9/11 attacks
Al-Awlaki, Anwar
Al-Qaeda
adaptability of
bin Laden’s death and
information use
as “leaderless jihad,”
organization structure/changes
publicity and
resources and
risks from sharing information
See also specific events; specific individuals
Alarm systems/problems
false alarms and
re-sampling
smoke detectors
tsunami warning systems
uncertainty and
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Alcorta, Candace
Algae
physical threats to
symbiotic relationships
Alhumaidan, Khaled
“Allee effects,”
Allee, Warder
background
competition leading to cooperation
cooperation vs. competition
cooperative relationships
observation and
Ricketts and
on warfare/peace
Alvarez, Luis/Walter
Anemone, sea
Anthrax attacks (2001)
Apartheid end
Army Corps of Engineers
Arquilla, John
Asian tsunami. See Tsunami, Asia
Associative learning
Atran, Scott
jihadists recruitment
sacred values
terrorism and publicity
B
Bacteria
symbiotic relationships
viruses and
See also specific diseases
Baker, David
Barabasi, Albert-László
Barnacles
Barnes, Peter
Bass, Edward
Beaufort, North Carolina NOAA facility
Beckstrom, Rod
Beetles
Behavioral recognition
Behavioral screening
Berlow, Eric
Bin Laden, Osama
Biology
applications to society (overview)
humans’ similarities to other species
molecular biology status
natural history education and
nested quality of
recursive processes
See also specific components
Bioluminescence
Biomimicry
Biosphere 1 and 2,
Blink (Gladwell)
Blumstein, Dan
Born to Run (McDougall)
Boxer, Barbara
Boyd, John
Brafman, Ori
Brains (human)
adolescents
organization of information
uncertainty and
British Petroleum
Bush, George W.
Bycatch reduction devices
Bycatch, Sea of Cortez (1940)
C
Campbell, Joseph
Cannery Row (Steinbeck)
“Cap and trade” programs
Carroll, Lewis
Carson, Rachel
Carter, Jimmy
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
Centipedes
Central control
assumptions on
organization failure and
organizations and (fig.)
See also Osprey
Challenges
3M’s Pollution Prevention Pays program
adaptable cascade and
bycatch reduction devices example
DARPA
decentralized organizations and
lost camera and
oil cleanup example
orders vs.
Toyota cars sudden acceleration
university class example
Chattanooga Free Press
Cicadas, periodical
Circadian rhythms
Climate change
effects
ignoring evidence of
manipulative experiments and
Clinton, Bill
Closed systems
Coexistence
Cold War
escalation concept and
missile defense shield
“missile gap” concept
“mutually assured destruction” (MAD)
Commensalism
Conflicts
adapting to changes in
Westphalia era of
See also specific conflicts; Stability-inducing conflicts
Conflicts with weaker side winning
“coming s
warm” and
mass sacrifice and
reasons for
resource differences and
security problems today and
“Toyota Horde, The” and
See also Afghanistan war; Iraq war
Convergent evolution
Cooperation
Allee studies and
competition and
examples in Allee’s studies
global peace and
higher primates and
“intractable” conflicts and
punishment and
World War I example
See also Symbiosis
Cooperation origins
competition leading to
game theory studies
kin selection
past cooperative behavior and
reciprocity and
symbiogenesis
twin studies
Cooperative networks
examples
features of
obligate symbiosis and
success with
Cosco Busan oil spill
Crabs, blue
Crabs, fiddler
Crabs, hermit
Crowdsourcing
Crows
human facial recognition
learning abilities
Cullins, Douglas
Cuttlefish
Cyberattacks
Cybersecurity
Cystic fibrosis
D
DARPA
challenges
“terrorism futures market,”
Darwin, Charles
Beagle voyage
behavioral recognition
evolution process
finches
learning/research method
misinterpretation of his work
On the Origin of Species
Darwinian medicine
Davis, Mike
Dawkins, Richard
Decentralized organization
adaptable cascade and
al-Qaeda and
critical ingredients for
environmental protection and
individuals scaling up and
infectious disease detection and
information filter
international bureaucracies vs.
marines in Iraq example
music file-sharing networks
social justice and
See also Challenges
Decentralized organization in nature
adaptability reasons