6. Ibid., pp. 12–17.
7. M. and R. Humphrey, Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954).
8. T. Dantzig, Henri Poincaré, Critic of Crisis (New York: Scribner, 1954), p. 11.
9. H. Poincaré, The Foundations of Science (Lancaster, PA: Science Press, 1946), p. 42.
10. Ibid., pp. 208, 321.
11. C. P. Snow, ‘Einstein’ [1968], in M. Goldsmith et al., eds, Einstein: The First Hundred Years (Oxford: Pergamon, 1980), p. 111.
12. J. A. Coleman, Relativity for the Layman (New York: William-Frederick, 1954), is an entertaining introduction. R. W. Clark, Einstein (New York: Abrams, 1984), and W. Isaacson, Einstein’s Universe (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), are indispensable biographies. J. R. Lucas and P. E. Hodgson, Spacetime and Electromagnetism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), illuminates the physics and philosophy involved. D. Bodanis, Einstein’s Greatest Mistake (Boston: Houghton, 2015), and M. Wazeck, Einstein’s Opponents (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), explain the decline of his influence.
13. W. James, Pragmatism (New York: Longman, 1907), p. 51.
14. R. B. Perry, The Thought and Character of William James, 2 vols (London: Oxford University Press, 1935), ii, p. 621.
15. James, Pragmatism, p. 115.
16. C. S. Peirce, Collected Papers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), and James, Pragmatism, are the fundamental texts. G. Wilson Allen, William James (New York: Viking, 1967), is the best biography, and J. P. Murphy, Pragmatism from Peirce to Davidson (Boulder: Westview, 1990), the best survey.
17. The essential guide is C. Saunders, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Saussure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
18. J. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1998), p. 2.
19. F. Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man (New York: Macmillan, 1911), pp. 113, 208–9.
20. B. Kapferer and D. Theodossopoulos, eds, Against Exoticism: Toward the Transcendence of Relativism and Universalism in Anthropology (New York: Berghahn, 2016). Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man, is the fundamental text; G. W. Stocking, A Franz Boas Reader (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), is a useful collection. J. Hendry, An Introduction to Social Anthropology (London: Macmillan, 1999), is a good basic introduction.
21. F. Crews, Freud: The Making of an Illusion (New York: Metropolitan, 2017).
22. S. Freud, Totem and Taboo (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 171.
23. H. F. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious (New York: Basic, 1981). P. Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: Norton, 2006), should be contrasted with J. M. Masson, The Assault on Truth (New York: Harper, 1992), and F. Forrester, Dispatches from the Freud Wars (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), as well as Crews, Freud.
24. E. Key, The Century of the Child (New York: Putnam, 1909).
25. J. Piaget, The Child’s Conception of Physical Causality (New York: Harcourt, 1930), is fundamental. M. Boden, Piaget (New York: Fontana, 1994), is an excellent short introduction. P. Bryant, Perception and Understanding in Young Children (New York: Basic, 1984), and L. S. Siegel and C. J. Brainerd, Alternatives to Piaget (New York: Academic Press, 1978), are outstanding revisionist works. P. Ariès and G. Duby, A History of Private Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987–91), is a challenging, long-term, wide-ranging exploration of the background of the history of family relationships. De Mause, ed., The History of Childhood, is a pioneering collection of essays.
26. P. Conrad, Modern Times, Modern Places (New York: Knopf, 1999), p. 83.
27. M. Foot, Aneurin Bevan: A Biography, Volume 1: 1897–1945 (London: Faber, 1963), p. 319.
28. E. Nolte, Der europäische Burgerkrieg (Munich: Herbig, 1997), is a brilliant history of modern ideological conflict. M. Blinkhorn, Fascism and the Far Right in Europe (London: Unwin, 2000), is a good brief introduction. S. J. Woolf, ed., Fascism in Europe (London: Methuen, 1981), is a useful compendium. C. Hibbert, Benito Mussolini (New York: Palgrave, 2008), is still the liveliest biography, but D. Mack Smith, Mussolini (New York: Knopf, 1982), is enjoyable and authoritative.
Chapter 10: The Age of Uncertainty: Twentieth-Century Hesitancies
1. M. J. Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control the World’s Population (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); I. Dowbiggin, The Sterilization Movement and Global Fertility in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
2. We now have a good history of the consumption explosion: F. Trentmann, Empire of Things (London: Penguin, 2015).
3. The term was originally Alvin Toffler’s: see Future Shock (New York: Random House, 1970).
4. Fernández-Armesto, A Foot in the River, p. 197.
5. H. von Hofmannsthal, Ausgewählte Werke, ii: Erzählungen und Aufsätze (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1905), p. 445.
6. R. L. Carneiro, Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History (Boulder: Westview, 2003), pp. 169–70.
7. ‘Prof. Charles Lane Poor of Columbia explains Prof. Albert Einstein’s astronomical theories’, New York Times, 19 November 1919.
8. D. R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach (New York: Basic, 1979).
9. G. Boolos, ‘Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem explained in words of one syllable’, Mind, ciii (1994), pp. 1–3. I have benefited from conversations on Quine with Mr Luke Wojtalik.
10. Plato, Republic, X, 603.
11. R. Goldstein, Incompleteness: The Belief and Paradox of Kurt Gödel (New York: Norton, 2005), p. 76; see also L. Gamwell, Mathematics and Art (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 93. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach, deals brilliantly with Gödel, albeit in service of an argument for artificial intelligence. M. Baaz et al., eds, Kurt Gödel and the Foundations of Mathematics: Horizons of Truth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), is now the leading work.
12. P. Levi, Survival in Auschwitz and the Reawakening (New York: Summit, 1986), p. 11.
13. A. Kimball Smith, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists’ Movement in America (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971), pp. 49–50.
14. J. P. Sartre, Existentialism and Human Emotions (New York: Philosophical Library, 1957), pp. 21–3.
15. C. Howells, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Sartre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), and S. Crowell, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Existentialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), track origins and effects. N. Mailer, An American Dream (New York: Dial, 1965), recounts the horrors of an existential antihero who wreaks destruction in every life he touches except his own.
16. L. E. Hahn and P. A. Schlipp, eds, The Philosophy of W. V. Quine (Peru, IL: Open Court, 1986), pp. 427–31.
17. A. Orenstein, W. V. Quine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), is the best introduction. R. Gibson, ed., The Cambridge Companion to W. Quine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), makes it possible to trace all influences and effects. H. Putnam provides a telling critique in Mind, Reality and Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 33–69.
18. B. Russell, Autobiography, 3 vols (London: Methuen, 1967), i.
19. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G. Anscombe et al. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), is the best edition. A. C. Grayling, Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), combines succinctness, readability, and scepticism.
20. F. de Saussure, Premier cours de linguistique générale (1907), d’après les cahiers d’Albert Riedlinger, ed. and trans. E. Komatsu and G. Wolf (Oxford: Pergamon, 1996), is the starting point. Of Grammatology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), is perhaps the clearest statement by the usually opaque J. Derrida; a good collection is Basic Writings (New York: Routledge, 2007).
21. This paragraph and the next two are adapted from F. Fernández-Armesto, ‘Pillars and post: the foundations and future of post-modernism’, in C. Jencks, ed., The Post-Modern Reader (Chichester: Wiley,
2011), pp. 125–37.
22. J. Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961).
23. I. Hassan, The Postmodern Turn (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1987), p. 211.
24. H. Foster, The Return of the Real: The Avant-Garde at the End of the Century (Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 1996), pp. 205–6.
25. J. Monod, Chance and Necessity (New York: Vintage, 1972), pp. 169–70.
26. J. V. Mallow, Science Anxiety (Clearwater: H&H, 1986).
27. D. R. Griffin, The Reenchantment of Science: Postmodern Proposals (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988).
28. J. Prest, The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981); R. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
29. J. McNeill, Something New under the Sun (New York: Norton, 2001).
30. A. Bramwell, Blood and Soil: Richard Walther Darré and Hitler’s ‘Green Party’ (London: Kensal Press, 1985).
31. D. Worster, Nature’s Economy (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1977), is a brilliant history of environmentalist thinking, supplemented by A. Bramwell, Ecology in the Twentieth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). McNeill, Something New under the Sun, is a wonderful, worrying history of twentieth-century environmental mismanagement.
32. T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions [1962] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), is fundamental. A. Pais, Niels Bohr’s Times (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), is an outstanding biography. Zukav, The Dancing Wu-Li Masters, is a controversial but suggestive attempt to express modern physics in the terms of Eastern philosophy.
33. P. W. Anderson, More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon (Singapore: World Scientific, 2011). J. Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (New York: Viking, 1987), is the brilliant, classic statement of chaos theory. J. Horgan, The End of Science (New York: Basic, 1996), cleverly depicts science’s successes as evidence of its limitations, on the basis of revealing interviews with scientists.
34. B. Hoff, The Tao of Pooh (London: Penguin, 1983).
35. D. Wilson, Mao: The People’s Emperor (London: Futura, 1980), p. 265.
36. S. A. Smith, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 29.
37. Mao Zedong, Selected Works, 5 vols (Oxford: Pergamon, 1961–77), ii, p. 96.
38. P. Short, Mao: The Man Who Made China (London: Taurus, 2017), is the best study. J. Chang, Wild Swans (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991) is a fascinating personal memoir by a participant in and survivor of the Cultural Revolution.
39. ‘Songs of the Great Depression’, http://csivc.csi.cuny.edu/history/files/lavender/cherries.html, accessed 25 November 2017.
40. F. Allen, The Lords of Creation (New York: Harper, 1935), pp. 350–1.
41. R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes (New York: Penguin, 2005), is a grand biography. R. Lechakman, The Age of Keynes (New York: Random House, 1966), and J. K. Galbraith, The Age of Uncertainty (Boston: Houghton, 1977), are tributes to Keynes’s influence. J. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1942), was an interesting and influential early answer to Keynes.
42. W. Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: HMSO, 1942), para. 458.
43. J. Harris, William Beveridge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), is a good biography. D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (New York: Palgrave, 2009), traces the relevant traditions in modern social and political thought. F. G. Castles and C. Pirson, eds, The Welfare State: A Reader (Cambridge: Polity, 2009), is a useful anthology. J. C. Scott, Seeing Like a State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), is a brilliant, partisan indictment of state planning generally.
44. J. M. Keynes, The End of Laissez-Faire (London: Wolf, 1926), p. 6.
45. E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London: Dent, 1910), para. 403, p. 242.
46. Ibid., p. 69.
47. J. Gray, Hayek on Liberty (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 59.
48. C. Kukathas, Hayek and Modern Liberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), and R. Kley, Hayek’s Social and Political Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), are helpful. Gray, Hayek on Liberty, is brilliant and insightful; G. R. Steele, The Economics of Friedrich Hayek (New York: Palgrave, 2007), is outstanding in its field. On the Chicago School, there are helpful essays in R. Emmett, ed., The Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics (Northampton, MA: Elgar, 2010). J. van Overfeldt, The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business (Evanston: Agate, 2008), is interesting on the formation of the school.
49. A. M. Turing, ‘Computing machinery and intelligence’, Mind, lix (1950), pp. 433–60.
50. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach, is the most brilliant – though ultimately unconvincing – apologia for ‘artificial intelligence’ ever penned. K. Hafner, Where Wizards Stay Up Late (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), is a lively history of the origins of the Internet. J. M. Dubbey, The Mathematical Work of Charles Babbage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), is probably the best book on Babbage.
51. F. Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul (New York: Scribner, 1994), pp. 6–7.
52. J. D. Watson, The Double Helix (New York: Atheneum, 1968), is the unabashedly personal account of one of the discoverers of DNA; it should be read alongside B. Maddox, Rosalind Franklin (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), which tells the fascinating story of Crick and Watson’s rival. J. E. Cabot, As the Future Catches You (New York: Three Rivers, 2001), is brilliant on ‘genomics’ and ‘genotechnics’.
53. I draw my account from my A Foot in the River.
54. E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 547.
55. Ibid., p. 548.
56. Wilson, Sociobiology, is the classic statement. R. Hernstein and C. Murray, The Bell Curve (New York: Free Press, 1994), divided opinion by its chillingly reductionist logic. C. Jencks, Inequality (New York: Basic Books, 1972), is a good summary of the traditional liberal position.
57. N. Chomsky, Knowledge of Language (Westport: Praeger, 1986), p. 55.
58. Ibid., p. 272.
59. Ibid., p. 273.
60. Armstrong, The Battle for God, pp. 135–98.
61. M. E. Marty and R. S. Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), and G. M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), are stimulating studies.
62. R. Rolland, The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1953), is a sympathetic introduction to the swami.
63. E. Hillman, The Wider Ecumenism (New York: Herder and Herder, 1968), broaches the subject of interfaith ecumenism. M. Braybrooke, Interfaith Organizations (New York: Edwin Mellen, 1980), is a useful history.
64. G. Davis, Aimé Césaire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), is a study of the poet’s thought. L. W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), is an interesting history of the movement in the United States. A. Haley, Roots (New York: Doubleday, 1976), was, in its day, an influential, ‘factional’ pilgrimage by a black American, reconciling African identity with the American dream.
65. I. Berlin, in New York Review of Books, xlv, no. 8 (1998); H. Hardy, ed., The Power of Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), pp. 1–23.
66. A. Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), is a thoughtful, cogent, hopeful study of the problems. J. Gray, Isaiah Berlin (Glasgow: HarperCollins, 1995), is a stimulating and discerning study of the great apologist of modern pluralism. R. Takaki, A Different Mirror (New York: Little, Brown, 1993), is a vigorous and engaging history of multicultural America.
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br /> Prospect: The End of Ideas?
1. M. Kaku, The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond (London: Allen Lane, 2018).
2. S. Greenfield, Tomorrow’s People: How 21st-Century Technology Is Changing the Way We Think and Feel (London: Allen Lane, 2003).
A Oneworld Book
First published in Great Britain, the Republic of Ireland and Australia by Oneworld Publications, 2019
This ebook edition published 2019
Copyright © Felipe Fernández-Armesto 2019
The moral right of Felipe Fernández-Armesto to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988
Out of Our Minds Page 58