66. Secularization Thesis: Inglehart & Welzel 2005; Voas & Chaves 2016.
67. Correlation of irreligion with income and education: Barber 2011; Lynn, Harvey, & Nyborg 2009; WIN-Gallup International 2012.
68. WIN-Gallup International 2012. Other minority-religious countries in the sample are Austria and the Czech Republic, and those in which the percentage just squeaks past 50 percent include Finland, Germany, Spain, and Switzerland. Other secular Western countries such as Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom were not surveyed. According to a different set of surveys from around 2004 (Zuckerman 2007, reproduced in Lynn, Harvey, & Nyborg 2009), more than a quarter of respondents in fifteen developed countries say they don’t believe in God, together with more than half of Czechs, Japanese, and Swedes.
69. Pew Research Center 2012a.
70. The Methodology Appendix to Pew Research Center 2012a, particularly note 85, indicates that their fertility estimates are current snapshots, and are not adjusted for anticipated changes. Muslim fertility decline: Eberstadt & Shah 2011.
71. Religious change in the Anglosphere: Voas & Chaves 2016.
72. American religious exceptionalism: Paul 2014; Voas & Chaves 2016. These numbers are from WIN-Gallup International 2012.
73. Lynn, Harvey, & Nyborg 2009; Zuckerman 2007.
74. American secularization: Hout & Fischer 2014; Jones et al. 2016b; Pew Research Center 2015a; Voas & Chaves 2016.
75. The preceding figures are from Jones et al. 2016b. Another sign of the underreported decline in religion in the United States is that the proportion of white Evangelicals in the PRRI surveys fell from 20 percent in 2012 to 16 percent in 2016.
76. Younger irreligious more likely to stay irreligious: Hout & Fischer 2014; Jones et al. 2016b; Voas & Chaves 2016.
77. Blatant nonbelievers: D. Leonhard, “The Rise of Young Americans Who Don’t Believe in God,” New York Times, May 12, 2015, based on data from Pew Research Center 2015a. Little nonbelief in the 1950s: Voas & Chaves 2016, based on data from the General Social Survey.
78. Gervais & Najle 2017.
79. Jones et al. 2016b, p. 18.
80. Explanations for secularization: Hout & Fischer 2014; Inglehart & Welzel 2005; Jones et al. 2016b; Paul & Zuckerman 2007; Voas & Chaves 2016.
81. Secularization and declining trust in institutions: Twenge, Campbell, & Carter 2014. Trust in institutions peaked in the 1960s: Mueller 1999, pp. 167–68.
82. Secularization and emancipative values: Hout & Fischer 2014; Inglehart & Welzel 2005; Welzel 2013.
83. Secularization and existential security: Inglehart & Welzel 2005; Welzel 2013. Secularization and the social safety net: Barber 2011; Paul 2014; Paul & Zuckerman 2007.
84. Main reason Americans leave religion: Jones et al. 2016b. Note also that belief in the literal truth of the Bible among respondents in the Gallup poll described in note 53 above has decreased over time, from 40 percent in 1981 to 28 percent in 2014, while belief that it is a book of “fables, legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by man” rose from 10 percent to 21 percent.
85. Secularization and rising IQ: Kanazawa 2010; Lynn, Harvey, & Nyborg 2009.
86. “Total eclipse”: From a quote by Friedrich Nietzsche.
87. Happiness: See chapter 18, and Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs 2016. Indicators of social well-being: See Porter, Stern, & Green 2016; chapter 21, note 42; and note 90 below. In a regression analysis of 116 countries, Keehup Yong and I found that the correlation between the Social Progress Index and the percentage of the population not believing in God (taken from Lynn, Harvey, & Nyborg 2009) was .63, which was statistically significant (p <.0001) holding constant GDP per capita.
88. Unfortunate American exceptionalism: See chapter 21, note 42; Paul 2009, 2014.
89. Religious state, dysfunctional state: Delamontagne 2010.
90. Though more than a quarter of the world’s 195 countries are Muslim-majority, none are found among the thirty-eight ranked as “Very High” and “High” on the Social Progress Index (Porter, Stern, & Green 2016, pp. 19–20) or among the twenty-five happiest (Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs 2016). None is a “full democracy,” just three are “flawed democracies,” and more than forty are “authoritarian” or “hybrid” regimes: The Economist Intelligence Unit, https://infographics.economist.com/2017/DemocracyIndex/. For similar assessments, see Marshall & Gurr 2014; Marshall, Gurr, & Jaggers 2016; Pryor 2007.
91. Wars in 2016: See chapter 11, note 9; and Gleditsch & Rudolfsen 2016. Terrorism: Institute for Economics and Peace 2016, using data from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, http://www.start.umd.edu/.
92. Precocious scientific revolution: Al-Khalili 2010; Huff 1993. Tolerance in the Arab and Ottoman Empires: Lewis 2002; Pelham 2016.
93. Regressive passages in the Quran, Hadith, and Sunna: Rizvi 2017, chap. 2; Hirsi Ali 2015a, 2015b; S. Harris, “Verses from the Koran,” Truthdig, http://www.truthdig.com/images/diguploads/verses.html; The Skeptic’s Annotated Quran, http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/quran/int/long.html. Recent discussion by journalists include R. Callimachi, “ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape,” New York Times, Aug. 13, 2015; G. Wood, “What ISIS Really Wants,” The Atlantic, March 2015; and Wood 2017. Recent scholarly discussions include Cook 2014 and Bowering 2015.
94. Alexander & Welzel 2011, pp. 256–58.
95. Alexander and Welzel cite the Bertelsmann Foundation’s Religious Monitor. See also Pew Research Center 2012c; WIN-Gallup International 2012, for comparable figures (though with regional variation).
96. Quotes from Pew Research Center 2013, pp. 24 and 15, and Pew Research Center 2012c, pp. 11 and 12. The countries asked about interpreting the Quran word for word were the United States and fifteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which probably bracket the range. The exceptions to wanting sharia as national law include Turkey, Lebanon, and formerly communist regions.
97. Welzel 2013; see also Alexander & Welzel 2011 and Inglehart 2017.
98. Alexander & Welzel 2011. See also Pew Research Center 2013, which found higher support for sharia law among devout Muslims.
99. Religious stranglehold: Huff 1993; Kuran 2010; Lewis 2002; United Nations Development Programme 2003; Montgomery & Chirot 2015, chap. 7; see also Rizvi 2017 and Hirsi Ali 2015a for first-person accounts.
100. Reactionary Islam: Montgomery & Chirot 2015, chap. 7; Lilla 2016; Hathaway & Shapiro 2017.
101. Western intellectuals apologizing for repression in the Islamic world: Berman 2010; J. Palmer, “The Shame and Disgrace of the Pro-Islamist Left,” Quillette, Dec. 6, 2015; J. Tayler, “The Left Has Islam All Wrong,” Salon, May 10, 2015; J. Tayler, “On Betrayal by the Left—Talking with Ex-Muslim Sarah Haider,” Quillette, March 16, 2017.
102. Quoted in J. Tayler, “On Betrayal by the Left—Talking with Ex-Muslim Sarah Haider,” Quillette, March 16, 2017.
103. Al-Khalili 2010; Huff 1993.
104. Sen 2000, 2005, 2009; see also Pelham 2016, for examples in the Ottoman Empire.
105. Esposito & Mogahed 2007; Inglehart 2017; Welzel 2013.
106. Islamic modernization: Mahbubani & Summers 2016. Cohort replacement: See chapter 15, especially figure 15-7; Inglehart 2017; Welzel 2013. Inglehart notes, however, that while thirteen of the Muslim-majority countries in the World Values Survey show a generational shift toward gender equality, fourteen do not; the reasons for the split are unclear.
107. J. Burke, “Osama bin Laden’s bookshelf: Noam Chomsky, Bob Woodward, and Jihad,” The Guardian, May 20, 2015.
108. Extramural drivers of moral progress: Appiah 2010; Hunt 2007.
109. Nietzsche’s famous works, many of whose titles have become highbrow memes, include The Birth of Tragedy, Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spake Zarathustra, The Genealogy of Morals, Twilight of the Idols,
Ecce Homo, and The Will to Power. For critical discussion, see Anderson 2017; Glover 1999; Herman 1997; Russell 1945/1972; Wolin 2004.
110. The first three quotations are taken from Russell 1945/1972, pp. 762–66, the last two from Wolin 2004, pp. 53, 57.
111. Relativismo e Fascismo, quoted in Wolin 2004, p. 27.
112. Rosenthal 2002.
113. Nietzsche’s influence on Rand and her cover-up: Burns 2009.
114. From The Genealogy of Morals and The Will to Power, quoted in Wolin 2004, pp. 32–33.
115. Tyrannophilia: Lilla 2001. The syndrome was first identified in The Treason of the Intellectuals by the French philosopher Julian Benda (Benda 1927/2006). More recent histories include Berman 2010; Herman 1997; Hollander 1981/2014; Sesardić 2016; Sowell 2010; Wolin 2004. See also Humphrys (undated).
116. Scholars and Writers for America, “Statement of Unity,” Oct. 30, 2016, https://scholarsandwritersforamerica.org/.
117. J. Baskin, “The Academic Home of Trumpism,” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 17, 2017.
118. Nietzsche influenced not only Mussolini but the Fascist theoretician Julius Evola, discussed below. He also influenced the philosopher Leo Strauss, a major influence on the Claremont school and reactionary theoconservatism; see J. Baskin, “The Academic Home of Trumpism,” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 17, 2017; Lampert 1996.
119. Nationalism and counter-Enlightenment Romanticism: Berlin 1979; Garrard 2006; Herman 1997; Howard 2001; McMahon 2001; Sternhell 2010; Wolin 2004.
120. Rediscovery of early Fascists: J. Horowitz, “Steve Bannon Cited Italian Thinker Who Inspired Fascists,” New York Times, Feb. 10, 2017; P. Levy, “Stephen Bannon Is a Fan of a French Philosopher . . . Who Was an Anti-Semite and a Nazi Supporter,” Mother Jones, March 16, 2017; M. Crowley, “The Man Who Wants to Unmake the West,” Politico, March/April 2017. Alt-right: A. Bokhari & M. Yiannopoulos, “An Establishment Conservative’s Guide to the Alt-Right,” Breitbart.com, March 29, 2016, http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2016/03/29/an-establishment-conservatives-guide-to-the-alt-right/. Nietzsche’s influence on the alt-right: G. Wood, “His Kampf,” The Atlantic, June 2017; S. Illing, “The Alt-Right Is Drunk on Bad Readings of Nietzsche. The Nazis Were Too,” Vox, Aug. 17, 2017, https://www.vox.com/2017/8/17/16140846/nietzsche-richard-spencer-alt-right-nazism.
121. Naïve evolutionary-psychological explanation of nationalism, and its problems: Pinker 2012.
122. Theoconservatism: Lilla 2016; Linker 2007; Pinker 2008b.
123. Written under the pseudonym Publius Decius Mus; see Publius Decius Mus 2016. See also M. Warren, “The Anonymous Pro-Trump ‘Decius’ Now Works Inside the White House,” Weekly Standard, Feb. 2, 2017.
124. The reactionary mindset: Lilla 2016. For more on reactionary Islam, see Montgomery & Chirot 2015 and Hathaway & Shapiro 2017.
125. A. Restuccia & J. Dawsey, “How Bannon and Pruitt Boxed In Trump on Climate Pact,” Politico, May 31, 2017.
126. Cognitive flexibility of “tribe”: Kurzban, Tooby, & Cosmides 2001; Sidanius & Pratto 1999; see also Center for Evolutionary Psychology, UCSB, Erasing Race FAQ, http://www.cep.ucsb.edu/erasingrace.htm.
127. Manipulating group intuitions: Pinker 2012.
128. Tribalism and cosmopolitanism: Appiah 2006.
129. Diamond 1997; Sowell 1994, 1996, 1998.
130. Glaeser 2011; Sowell 1996.
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