by Li Feng
Fan Ye 范曄, History of the Eastern Han Dynasty 318
Fang 方 enemies, Shang state 109–110
Fangcheng 方城 (“Square Wall”) 185
farmers
poor see peasantry
Spring and Autumn period 171, 173–174
Warring States period 192, 194, 198
farming
in 6000–4000 BC North China 24
Neolithic communities 22–25
see also agriculture; farmers
Feizi 非子, secondary son of Daluo 230
Fen 汾 River valley
state of Jin 165
Taosi 陶寺 32
Feng 豐
archaeology 124
pottery assemblage 127
Zhou capital 120
Zhou royal city network 123–124, 155
Feng 灃 River 120
Feng Yu-lan 馮友蘭 216, 217
Selected Reading 228
“Fengjian” 封建, Western Zhou state 128–132, 142, 260–261
feudalism, inaccuracy re Western Zhou state 129, 154
“Filial and Incorrupt” 287
Filial Piety, philosophy concept 218
fines as punishment 293
First Emperor of China see Ying Zheng; First Emperor of China
Fiskesjö, Magnus, Selected Reading 40
“Five Announcements” 158
Five Conducts, text from Guodian 222
“Five Elements” theory 227, 305
cardinal directions 305
color scheme 305
composition of external world 305
Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 310
five dynasties 305
phases in circle of time 305
“Five Emperors” 48
“Five Cities,” Zhou administration 123
“Five-Family Units,” Qin 236
five-generation rule 142, 146
“Five Ranks,” Western Zhou 167
floodplains in early China 2
Florus, Roman historian 279
forces see armies; warfare
fortified Longshan “towns” 30–32
“Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor” 306–307
Franke, Herbert, selected reading 14
frontiers, Han Empire 298, 300
Fu Sheng 伏生 311
Fu Su 扶蘇 258
Fuxi 伏羲 and Nüwa 女媧 323
Gan Ying 甘英 281
Gansu
partial occupation by Qin 241
site of Qin 229, 230
“Gatherer of Fuel for the Spirits”
on Han social scale 291–292
as punishment 293
geometric patterns, mid Western Zhou bronzes 127
Gobi Desert 265, 275
God see High God of Shang Dynasty; High God of Zhou religion
gold inlay in bronze 204
Gong Fang 方 110
Gongsun Hong 公孫泓 309
Gongsun Long 公孫龍 227
Good Government, philosophy concept 215, 216
government
mid Western Zhou 147–152
Shang Dynasty 106–107
Graham, A.C., Selected Reading 228
“Grain Pounder”
on Han social scale 291–292
as punishment 291, 293
Grand Chancellor (Xiang 相), Warring States period 195
Grand Commandant, Han Empire 284
Grand Scribe’s Records (Shiji 史記)
composition of 316
importance of 315–317
motives for 316–317
Sima Qian 司馬遷 315
Grand Secretariat, mid Western Zhou government 147–148
“Great Families”
economic power in Han Empire 298
Liu Kang 劉康, King of Jinan 濟南 297
origins in Han Empire 297–298
vs. peasantry in Han Empire 295–298
Great One Gives Birth to Water (Taiyi sheng shui 太一生水) 222–224, 305
Great Wall, Qin Empire 246, 250
Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛, “Doubting Antiquity” movement 10, 13
gu 觚 wine vessel 124
Gui Fang 鬼方 110, 135
defeat by Zhou 267
gui 簋 tureen 124–125, 127
Guo 虢 (Henan), Zhou regional state 132
Guo Moruo 郭沫若, refuge in Japan 11
Guodian 郭店 221
philosophical texts discovery 221–222, 224
texts re Confucianism 222
guoren 國人, Spring and Autumn period 176
Han 漢 Dynasty
dynastic transition 276–279
founding of Eastern 279
founding of Western 257–260
Han 漢 Empire
administration 284–285
“Ancient Texts” 312, 314–315
army innovations 271
border control 300
bureaucracy 265, 283–285, 287
burial sites 318–322
cavalry 271, 273, 275
Censor-in-Chief 284
Central Asia 299
Chancellor 284
Chinese intellectual history 304
civil and military service 288
commanderies 285
Confucian university curriculum 312
Confucianization 308–311
counties 285
defense system 299–300
discovery of ancient texts 311–312
emperors’ in-laws 301–302
end of 302
eunuchs 301–302
“Extending Imperial Favor” 265
frontier
record-keeping 300
society 298–300
Grand Commandant 284
“Great Families”
economic power 298
origins 297–298
vs. peasantry 295–298
imperial kinsmen 265
intellectual trend outline 304
law 288–294
legal statutes 289–294
maternal uncles’ role 276
military strategy against Xiongnu 271, 273
“Modern Texts” 312–314, 315
“Nine Ministers” 284–285
number of officials in service 285, 287
passports 300
“Peace and Affinity” policy 269
peasantry 276, 294, 295–297
population 283, 295–297
punishment 289, 291, 293
Qin input 283, 308
as rank society 283, 292–293
regional kingdoms 262–264
regionalism vs. centralization 260
Roman Empire 279–282, 285–286
salaries of officials 286
scribes 318
Shanyu 單于 relations 269
social problems 295–298
society 291–293
succession rules 300–301
“Three Excellencies and Nine Ministers” 283–285
university 312, 313
Zhang Qian 張騫 271–273
Zhou vs. Qin ruling system 260–261, 265
Han Fei 韓非
“Authority” (Shi 勢) 225
history 226
human nature 225
importance of punishment 225–226
Legalism 224, 225–226
source of legitimacy of political power 225
“Statecraft” 225–226
Han 漢 River, Zhou military defeat 138
Hangzhou Bay, early rice cultivation 24
Hann 韓, state of
army size 199
enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268
Supervisor of Lawsuit 195
Hao 鎬
archaeology 124
pottery assemblage 127
Zhou capital 155
Zhou royal city network 123–124
Hao 好, Lady 75–78
Harper, Donald, selected reading 324
He Jin 何進 302
Heaven and God, Zhou religion 145, 208<
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Heaven (Tian 天), a Zhou discovery 143, 208
Heaven’s Mandate 143–144, 154, 208, 209, 309
Qin 234–235
Hegemon, Duke Huan 桓 of Qi 165
hegemon, institution of 166–167
hegemony
state of Chu 166
state of Jin 晉 165–166
state of Wei 魏 188
state of Wu 吳 166
state of Yue 越 166
Hemudu culture in Yangzi Delta 27
High God
of Shang Dynasty 99–100, 143
of Zhou religion 144–145
historiography in China 7, 9, 10–12, 167
Han historians re First Emperor 255–256
“Well Field” system 190
history
depicted in mortuary art 322–323
Han Fei’s view of 226
History of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fan Ye 318
History of the Western Han Dynasty (Hanshu 漢書)
Ban Gu 班固 315, 318
composition 317–318
importance of 318
motives for 317
officials in service 285
Honey, David, Selected Reading 14
Hongshan 紅山 culture 27
“Horizontal Alliance,” Warring States period 189
Houma covenant tablets 174, 177, 178–179
house remains, Jiangzhai 姜寨 27, 29
households, Han stipulations 293
Hu Fang 虎方 110, 138
Hua 華 Mountain 182
“Huai 淮 Barbarians” 121
Huai 淮 River
groups threatening Western Zhou 160
wars with Zhou 138, 160
Huan 洹 River 69, 73
Huanbei 洹北 Shang City
archaeological finds 81–82
discovery 81
size 81
time-frame 82–83
Huang-Lao 黃老 philosophy 306–308
compared with Legalism 307, 308
early Han period 306, 307
Huangdi 皇帝 Ying Zheng 249
Huangpi 黃陂, Zhou culture 138
Huaxia 華夏 nation, formation of 182
Huayuanzhuang 花園莊 oracle bones
discovery 96–97
distinctiveness 97–98
importance 98
non-royal divination 97–98
Huhanye 呼韓邪, the Left Shanyu 275
Hui Shi 惠施 227
Hui, Victoria, Selected Reading 206
human life-size bronze statue, Sanxingdui 三星堆 87
Human Nature, philosophy concept
Dong Zhongshu 310
Han Fei 225
Mencius 214–215
human sacrifices, Shang Dynasty 102–103
“Hundred Schools of Philosophy” 227
Hunye 昆邪, King 273
Huo Guang 霍光 276
Huo Qubing 霍去病 273, 275, 276, 299
imperial university, Han Empire 312, 313
incision, bronze culture 203–204
Individualism, philosophy concept 217
inlaying gold and silver in bronze 204
Inner Mongolia, topography of China 2
Inter-state conferences, Spring and Autumn period 165, 166–167, 181
iron
introduction to China 168, 169
weaponry 197, 199
jade garment, King of Zhongshan 中山 319
jade production, Longshan culture 34
Japan, a birthplace of modern sinology 11–12
Jaspers, Karl 209–210
Ji 紀, state of 165
jia 斝 wine vessel 124
Jiahu 賈湖 24
Jiang Yuan 姜嫄 145
Jiangzhai 姜寨
compared to Pingliangtai 30–31
domestication of animals 27
matrilineal society 27–29
Yangshao 仰韶 village 27–29
Jin Midi 金日禪, Xiongnu prince 276, 323
Jin 晉 rulers, burial remains 133
Jin 晉, state of
counties 168, 171
end of lineage system 172–173
legal codes 192
legal statutes 176
overview 165–166
political struggle 172–173
standing army 199
as Zhou regional state 132–133, 180
Jinan 濟南, Bronze Age center 64
Jing Ke 荊軻 244
Jing 涇 River valley 113, 115, 161, 163
Jixia 稷下 Academy, Mencius 214
jue 爵 wine vessel 124
Jüyan 居延
defense system 299–300
strips 299–300
Karlgren, Bernhard, Swedish sinologist 8
Keightley, David 12
divination inscriptions 96
late Shang writing 91
Selected Reading 111
Shang governance 106
Shang proto-bureaucracy 147
Kern, Martin, Selected Reading 256
King Cheng 成 121–123
eastern military campaigns 120, 121
Zhou regional states 135
King Kang 康
expansion in Shandong peninsula 136
temple 145–146
Zhou geographical perimeter 135
King Mu 穆, change in Zhou ritual tradition 153
King Wen 文
Book of Poetry 117
break from Shang regime 119–120
construction of Feng 123
death 120
highlights of rule 120
recipient of Heaven’s Mandate 143, 144, 154
King Wu 武 of Chu 168
King Wu 武 (the Marshal King)
battle of Muye 120–121, 123
construction of Hao 123
death 121
King Xuan, 宣 political struggle with King You 161
King You 幽
factual end of Western Zhou Dynasty 161
mythical end of Western Zhou Dynasty 160–161
King Zhao 昭
expansion in Shandong peninsula 136
legacy 138
middle Yangzi region warfare 138
King Zhuangxiang 莊襄 of Qin (249–247 BC) 242
kings
in Shang Dynasty 104–105
in Warring States period 196–197
Kinney, Anne Behnke, Selected Reading 303
Kuai 鄶, state of 163
Kuiqiu 葵丘, inter-state conference 165, 166–167
Kurakichi, Shiratori 白鳥庫吉 11
Lady Hao 好 75–78
tomb 76–77
Lai 萊, state of 165
Lajia 喇家, Neolithic earthquake site 38–39
land ownership
lineage 191
private 191–192
Qin 239
land tax
Han Empire 295
Qin 239–240
Warring States period 194
language spoken in Anyang 92
Lao-Ai 嫪毐 242
Laozi 老子 217
late Shang period 107–110
Laufer, Berthold 12
law
codified 175, 176, 188
Han Empire 288–294
Qin 237
Spring and Autumn period 175–177
see also “Treatise of Law”
legal statutes
bronze inscriptions 176
Han Empire 289–294
pre-Qin Empire 192–193
Qin 237
state of Chu 176
state of Jin 176
state of Zheng 176
“Legal Statutes,” Zi Chan 子產 176
legal system
lineage-based 175–176
Spring and Autumn period 175–177
Western Zhou 175–176
Legalism
Han Fei 224, 225–226
and Huang-Lao philosophy 307, 308
law and punishment 289
philosophy concept 224–22
6, 228
legislation, pre-Qin Empire 192–193
Lewis, Mark Edward, Selected Reading 256, 282
Li Cang 利倉, family tomb 320
Li Feng, Selected Reading 139, 161, 256
Li gui 利簋, bronze vessel 120
Li Kui 李悝, Wei statesman 188, 191, 194
“Canon of Law” 192, 193
Li Si 李斯 225, 244
“li 鬲 tripod + guan 罐 jar” 127
Liang 梁 family massacre 302
Liangzhu 良渚 culture
archaic states 37
disappearance of 34
Yangzi Delta 34
Linduff, Katheryn, Selected Reading 139, 161
lineage system 141–143
decline of 171–174, 176
land management 191
legal system 175–176
primary and derivative lineages 142–143
sacrificial bronzes 146
segmentary 21, 29
segmentation
five-generation rule 142, 146
Zhou elite 142
temples 146–147
warfare 197
Lishan 驪山 complex 251–255, 258
armory 253
bronze chariot 251–252
design 254
layout 251–254
“Retiring Hall” 251
stable 252
temples 252
tombs 252
underground river system 253–254
Yigong 252
literacy
Shang Dynasty 90–92
Western Zhou Dynasty 140, 156–160
Zhou Dynasty 112
Liu Bang 劉邦
“King of Han” 259–260
rebel against Qin 259
Liu Bang, Emperor of Han Dynasty 260, 263, 269
rules of succession 301
Liu E 劉鶚 67
Liu Kang 劉康, King of Jinan, “Great Families” 298
Liu Li 65
Selected Reading 40
Liu Xiu 劉秀, Han Emperor 301
land survey 295
Liulihe 琉璃河 133
Liye 里耶, writing systems evidence 249
Loehr, Max 77
Loess Plateau, topography of China 2
Loewe, Michael 287
Selected Reading 161, 256, 282, 302
“Long Wall” (Changcheng 長城) of Qi 185
Longqiu 龍虯 pottery shard, early writing 36–37
Longshan 龍山 culture
discovery 17
influences on Erlitou culture 47–48
pottery 30
Longshan millennium 30
fortified “towns” 30–32
high-quality pottery 35
metallurgy 36
social stratification 34–35
societies
as archaic states 37
as chiefdoms 37–40
“town” culture 30–37
lost-wax technology, bronze culture 203
Lower Erligang 二里崗 Phase 58, 59
Lower Ordos
bronze culture 89
contact with Shang culture 89
migrations after collapse of 135
Loyalty, philosophy concept 218
Lü Buwei 呂不韋 242, 244–245
Lu 魯, state of 164, 172
Confucius 211