by Li Feng
shamanistic power, Shang Dynasty 106
Shandong region
Shang military campaigns 120
Zhou expansion in 120, 136–137
Shang 商 Dynasty 6
alcohol 83
Anyang see Anyang
architectural alignment 60
bronze
casting advancements 77–78
production end 127
styles compared with Zhou 124–125, 126
vessel types 47
wine vessels 124–125
cosmology 99
cults
royal ancestors 100–103
winds 100
dates of 51
deities of Earth, River, and Mountain 100
divination 92–99
Document Maker 147
founding of 54
government 106–107
human sacrifices 102–103
kings
mainline and collateral 104
names 104–105
oracle-bone divination records 67–68
shamanistic power 106
tombs at Xibeigang 71–73
literacy 90–92
oracle bones 51, 54, 56
kings’ divination records 67–68
mention of Huan River 73
mention of Zhou 113
pottery in Western Zhou period 127, 134
power retention by king 102
primogeniture 103, 104
religion 99–103
religious offerings 100–103
relocation of capital 54–56
royal
genealogy 54, 67
lineage 103–106
sacrifices 99–103
succession rules 103–104, 105–106
sacrificial activities 71
“sacrificial cycle” = one year 102–103
shamanistic power of king 106
Shang Jia 上甲 54
Tang 湯 (Da Yi 大乙) 54, 60
temperature drop 3
Wang Hai 王亥 54
Zhong Ding 仲丁 60
see also Anyang; Shang state
Shang Jia 上甲, Shang Dynasty 54
Shang 商 state
conquests by Zhou 117–123
cultural network 83–85, 89, 109
Fang enemies 109–110
the “Four Lands” 107–109
geographic area 109
hunting trips 108–109
military campaigns 109–110, 120
political network 83, 85
proto-bureaucracy 147
relationship with Zhou 117
Shandong region campaigns in bronze inscriptions 120
see also Shang Dynasty
Shang Yang 商鞅, Qin reformer 189, 191
Chancellor of Qin reforms 235–240
counties reform 236–239
death of 240–241
early life 235–236
land reform in Qin 239
Legalism 224
reform in Warring States period 224
reforms’ importance 240–241, 249
Shang–Zhou transition 143–144
Shanxi Longshan culture, Taosi 31–32
Shanyu 單于 relations, Han Empire 269
Shaughnessy, Edward, Selected Reading 139, 161
shaving as punishment
beard 291
hair 291, 293
Shen Buhai 申不害, Legalism 224, 226
Shen Dao 慎到, Legalism 224
Shi 士
good nature 214
intellectual developments 207
leaders of society in Spring and Autumn period 175
lower elites in Spring and Autumn period 172, 175
as a social group 175
status explained 174–175
Shu 蜀, conquered by Qin 241
Shuihudi 睡虎地 legal texts
discovery 192–193
Qin “Five-Family Units” 236
Qin law 237
Qin officials’ appointment/dismissal 248
Shun 舜, last of the “Five Emperors” 48
Sichuan Basin, conquered by Qin 241
Sidun 寺墩, burial remains 34
Silk Road in early times 5
silver inlay in bronze 204
Sima Qian 司馬遷 49
assassination attempt on Ying Zheng 244
genesis of Qin people 230
Grand Scribe’s Records 48, 54, 67, 103, 250
Grand Scribe’s Records (Shiji) 315
his life 315
life of Confucius 210
Lü Buwei 242
motives for writing Grand Scribe’s Records 316–317
Selected Reading 324
Shang Yang’s policies 240
sinology
China, Japan, the West 13–14
digitalization and electronic publication 13
French and Swedish influence 7–8
Japanese influence 11–12
Marxist influence 11
“Sixteen Classics” (Shiliu jing) 306
slaves on Han social scale 291–292
Small Seal scripts 249
social
groupings in Han Empire 291–293
history
changes in social standing of farmers 190–192
legislation on size of peasant families 191–192
organization in Yangshao village 27–29
problems in Han Empire 295–298
stratification
in Longshan millennium 34–35
in Taosi 32
transformation in Spring and Autumn period 172
sociology, meaning of “state” 42
Socrates 209, 210
solar observatory at Taosi 32, 33
soldiers see armies; military service; warfare
Song ding 頌鼎, example of “appointment inscriptions” 150
Song 宋, state of 164, 172
Sophists 227
South Asia, early contacts 5
South China, climate in early times 3–4
Spring and Autumn Annals 162, 211, 312
Spring and Autumn period
balance of power 166
concept of Chinese (Huaxia) nation 182
creation of guoren 176
decline of lineage system 171–174
ethnical relations 180–181
farmers 171, 173–174
importance of historical development 166–167
influence of Zhou periphery states 164–166
interstate conferences 165, 166–167, 181
legal system 175–177
military forces 197–199
nature of warfare 197
“Oath of Alliance” 177
political contracts 177
rise of ministerial families 172
rise to office of lower society members 172
Shi
as leaders of society 175
as lower elites 172, 175
as a social group 175
social transformation 172
transition from Western Zhou 162–163, 166–167
wars and civil strife 171–172
“Square Wall” (Fangcheng) 185
state
establishment of royal state system 49
formation questions 42
meanings of 41–42
“territorial state” concept 184–187
“Statecraft,” Han Fei 225–226
states
ascendancy over chiefdoms 41, 53
see under states by their names; territorial states
statutes see legal statutes
“Statutes on Household,” Han Empire 293
“Statutes on Murder,” Han Empire 291, 293
“Statutes on Reduction of Punishments,” Han Empire 293
Stein, Aurel, Dunhuang strips 7
steppe region, extent of 265
stone
chimes 234
classics 313
tool workshop 22
“Straight Road,” Q
in Empire highway system 246
stratigraphy, Dasikong village 78
Su Binqi 蘇秉琦 17
succession see circulating succession; Eastern Han Empire, succession; Han Empire, succession rules; Shang Dynasty
see under royal succession rules
Sun Bin 孫臏, Qi commander 189, 200
The Art of War 202
Sun Wu 孫武
land tax 194
The Art of War 201–202
Supervisor of Lawsuit, state of Hann 195
Supervisors see mid Western Zhou, administrative officials; Warring States period; functional offices
Taiwan, Austronesian people 4
Taixi 台西, Hebei 83
Tang 湯 (Da Yi 大乙), founder of Shang Dynasty 54, 60
Tang Jigen 唐際根, discovery of Middle Shang 82
Tang Lan 唐蘭 306
Taosi 陶寺
burial remains 32
copper bell discovery 36
social stratification 32
solar observatory 32, 33
town of Shanxi Longshan culture 31–32
waning of power 41
tattooing face as punishment 291
taxation, Qin 239–240
taxation in counties 171, 173
temples
clusters in Zhou Dynasty 145–146
five-temple group 145–146
Grand Temple 145
Kang Temple 145
lineage 146–147
Lishan complex 252
Temple of Zhou 145
Zhou 145–146
Ten Heavenly Stems 104–105
Teng 滕 (Shandong), Zhou regional state 132
terracotta warriors 254–255
“territorial state” concept 184–187
territorial states
border walls 185–186
bureaucracy 195
main objective of 187–188, 197
transition to 187
warfare 187–188, 197
The Art of War
Sun Bin 202
Sun Wu 201–202
The Way see philosophy concepts, Dao; philosophy concepts, Daoism
Thorp, Robert, Selected Reading 65, 89
“Three Articles,” Liu Bang’s rules for conduct 288
“Three Excellencies and Nine Ministers” 283–285
Three Supervisors, mid Western Zhou government 147
“Three-style Stone Classics” 313
Tian Guang 田廣 244
tombs
Baoshan bamboo strips 193
burial of Duke Jing of Qin 233
contents in Western Han period 318–320
Erlitou 45–46
Guodian 220
King of Zhongshan 319
Li Cang family tomb 320
Lishan complex 252
lost-wax casting bronzes 203
luxury contents decline 320–321
Mawangdui 211, 221, 306, 319–320
mountain 319
nobles of Eastern Han 321–322
nobles of Western Han 319–320
Qin and Jin territories 181
Shang kings at Xibeigang 西北崗 71–73, 106
Shuihudi legal texts 192–193
steppe culture 267
Western Han social elites 318–319, 320–322
Yimencun 益門村, Wei River valley 181
Yinqueshan 銀雀山 military texts 201–202
Zhangjiashan 289, 293–294
Zhou elite bronze vessels 152–153
Tongling 銅嶺, copper mining 63, 64
Tonglushan 銅綠山, ancient mining site 63–64
topography of China 1–2
Inner Mongolia 2
Loess Plateau 2
Manchurian Plain 2
North China Plain 2
Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau 1–2
“Treatise of Law”
Han society 291
origin of Han law 288
tribal organization 21
troops see armies; warfare
turtle shells, divination 92–93
Twitchett, Denis, Selected Reading 282, 302
“Two Peaches Killing Three Warriors” 323
Underhill, Anne, Selected Reading 40
unification of China 244–245
Universal Love, philosophy concept 227
universal taxation, counties 171
university of Han Empire 312, 313
“Vertical Alliance,” Warring States period 189
Virtue (De), philosophy concept 208, 217
“Wall Builder”
on Han social scale 291–292
as punishment 291, 293
walls bordering territorial states 185–186
Wang Guowei 王國維 8–9, 10, 67
Wang Hai 王亥, Shang Dynasty 54
Wang Jian 王翦, General 244, 245
Wang Mang 王莽, Emperor of New Dynasty 276–279, 295
Wang Yirong 王懿榮, inscribed bones 66–67
Wang Zang 王臧 308
Wang Zhongshu 王仲舒, Selected Reading 282, 324
warfare
army composition in Warring States period 199
battle-ready male population 199
changes during Warring States period 197–202
commandership changes 200
fighting methods 199–200
frequency of wars during Warring States period 187–188
goals of war changes 200
lineages 197
soldiers’ composition in Warring States period 198–199
Spring and Autumn period 197
Western Zhou 197
Warring States period
agriculture 190–192
alliances 189
“Annual Report” 196
bureaucratization 195–197
composition
of army 199
of soldiers 198–199
diplomacy 189–190
farmers 190–192, 194, 198
frequency of war 187–188
functional offices 195–196
“Horizontal Alliance” 189
kings’ absolute power 196–197
land tax 194
Legalism 224–226
military
service 194–195
texts 201–202
overview 183
philosophy 304, 305
Qin’s rise to superpower 188–189
small farmer households 190–192
state control of farmers 192
supremacy of state of Wei 188
territorial states see territorial states
“Vertical Alliance” 189
warfare changes 197–202
Zhou states list 131
“Way of Earth” 307
“Way of Heaven” 307
“Way of Human” 307
Wei 魏 Dynasty, founding of 302
Wei Liao 尉繚, Commandant of Qin army 243–244
Wei Qing 衛青 273, 275
Wei 渭 River plain
Zhou city network 123–124
Zhou lineage centers 142
Wei 渭 River valley
elites relocation 163
Han army reconquest 279
Han Empire heartland 260
population transfer from 154
pottery 127, 134
Qin rebel attacks 258, 259
Qin’s original center 231
Rong group occupation 180
Yimencun tomb 181
Zhou people 113–117, 120, 141
Wei 魏, state of
agricultural production 188
battles, fourth-century BC 188, 189
border walls 185
hegemony 188
legal codes 192
Li Kui see Li Kui, Wei statesman
Mencius 214
Qin conquest 245
supremacy in Warring States period 188
Xiongnu forces enlistment 268
“Weighing” (Cheng 稱) 306
Weld, Susan Roosevel
t, selected reading 182
“Well Field” system 190–191
Wenxian 溫縣 covenant tablets 177
Western Han
tombs
of nobles 319–320
of social elites 318–319, 320–322
Western Han Empire 6
administrative documents 7
Western Zhou
bronze
culture changes 126–127
inscribed objects dispersal 156–157
inscriptions 129, 140, 144, 175
styles compared with Shang 124
wine vessels 124–125, 126
cultural development 134
end of 160–161
“Five Ranks” 167
founding of Dynasty 121
legal matters 175–176
literacy 140, 156–160
pottery 127
regional rulers 154–155
regional states 129, 184
social order 147
temperature drop 3
texts 49
threats
from Huai River groups 160
from Xianyun people 160, 161
transition
to Spring and Autumn period 162–163
to Warring States period 186–187
war and warfare 138, 197
Western Zhou state 154–156
central Shaanxi royal domain 155–156
“Fengjian” 128–132, 260–261
geopolitical description 155
government and society developments 153–154
security 132
weakening of 132
Wey 衛, state of 132, 164, 165, 180
“White-rice Sorter”
on Han social scale 291–292
as punishment 293
winds, Shang Dynasty 100
wine vessels see bronze vessels
Wisdom (Zhi 智), philosophy concept 214, 222–223
writing
Dinggong pottery shard 36–37
Dunhuang 700 bamboo strips 7–8
early 36–37
Longqiu pottery shard 36–37
Neolithic marks 36
on perishable materials in Western Zhou 157
religious role 91
social contexts 91–92
see also literacy; scripts
writing systems
“Ancient Texts” 312
Liye evidence 249
Qin Empire 249, 311
see also scripts
written evidence, importance of 90
Wu Ding 武丁, Shang king 75, 76, 104, 109
oracle bones/shells 96
Wu 武 Family cemetery, Jiaxiang 嘉祥 322–323
Wu Hung 322
Selected Reading 324
Wu Liang 武梁, shrine of 322–323
Wu Qi 吳起 188
Wu 吳, state of 121, 166
Wucheng 吳城 culture 64
influenced by Erligang 86
Wugeng 武庚 121
Wuwei 無為 308
Xia 夏 Dynasty
debate about 48–53
kings list 49–51
origin of 48
relation with Erlitou culture 51–53
Xi’an 西安, Bronze Age center 65
Xian 縣 system see “County–Commandery” system
Xiang Liang 項梁