Kaku, Michio, and Jennifer Trainer Thompson. Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe. Revised ed. New York: Anchor, 1995.
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Lloyd, G. E. R. Greek Science after Aristotle. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973.
Lucretius. On the Nature of the Universe. Translated by R. E. Latham. London: Penguin Books, 2005.
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Index
For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.
absolute zero, 23–24, 66
Achilles (paradox), 87, 90–91, 93
adaptation, 27–28, 108–9
air, 42–43, 109
as Empedocles’s element, 6, 99–100, 102–3
in Empedocles’s experiment, 106–7
as primary substance (in Anaximenes philosophy), 27, 30–31, 32, 34
amphibia, 28
Anaxagoras, 6, 16, 75, 98, 100, 109, 110–19passim, 120–21, 134, 138n.9
and the Copenhagen interpretation, 111–13
and fractals, 114–16
and the many-worlds interpretation, 113–14
Anaximander, 5, 17, 18–29passim, 33, 55, 108–9, 155–56
and apeiron (as primary substance), 18
on cosmology, 25–26
and energy and the apeiron, 19
on evolution, 27
and the Higgs Particle, 22–23
on neutrality, 23
and why matter is more than antimatter, 24–25
Anaximenes, 5–6, 27, 29, 30–34passim, 99–100, 106–7
and the atomic theory of matter, 32–34
anti-earth, 45
antielectrons, 19. See also positron (s)
antigravity, 128–29. See also repulsive gravity
antileptons, 21
antimatter. See also antiparticle (s)
and Anaximander’s philosophy, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22–25
and energy, 77–78
and Heraclitus’s philosophy, 57
in the observable universe, 10, 18, 24–25
antiparticle (s), of antimatter, 19, 20, 21, 22–23, 128. See also antimatter
antiquarks, 21
Antisthenes the Cynic, 88
apeiron (Anaximander’s primary substance), 17, 18, 21, 25–26, 27, 29, 109
and energy, 19, 22
and Higgs particle, 22–23
aphelion, and Kepler’s harmonic law, 39
Apollo (Greek god), 2, 14
Aristarchus, and the heliocentric model, 25–26, 46–47
Aristotle, 1, 5, 8–9, 25–26, 36–37, 38–39, 42–43, 53, 87, 90, 92–93, 96, 99–100, 121–22, 140, 146–47n.26, 156, 157–60
on atomic theory, 137–38
on the cause of motion, 121n.2
arrow paradox, 41, 61–62, 91–92, 93, 94, 95, 96
arrow of time, 103–4
asceticism, 36–37
Asia (Minor), 27
asymmetry between matter and antimatter, 25
atomic theory, 35, 109, 118–19, 120, 135
and ancient atoms, 120–21
and force, 100
and mass, 132
and Parmenides’s Being and Not-Being, 76, 77
of Plato, 43
and rarefaction and condensation, 32, 33
and Richard Feynman, 125
atom (s), 1, 10, 12–13, 30
ancient, 120–23
and Bohr, 39
chemical, 123
D-atoms (ancient atoms) and QL-atoms (quarks and leptons): similarities and differences, 123–26
and gravity, 129–30
of Leucippus and Democritus, 120
and motion, 27
and Parmenidean Being, 77
and rarefaction and condensation, 32
of space, 12–13, 98, 135–51passim (see also quantum space)
of time, 12–13, 98, 135–51passim (see also quantum time)
and void, 33, 77, 120
axiom (s), 31, 40, 86, 89–90, 121, 129, 162
babies (human), and Anaximander’s evolution of the species, 28
Babylonians, and eclipses, 16
Bacon, Francis, 3
Being (s) (Parmenidean), 71, 72–86passim, 99–100, 104–5, 124–25, 126, 133, 138
and the Copenhagen interpretation, 112–13
and
Einstein’s block universe, 73–75
and the many-worlds interpretation, 113–14
Bell’s inequality, 82
Bergson, Henri, 141
big bang, 10–11, 64–65, 66, 83, 84, 86, 99, 104–5, 107, 108, 116, 140–41
and Empedocles’s cosmology, 103–4
big crunch, 103–4
black hole (s), 13–14, 79, 155–56, 159
block universe (Einstein’s), 73–75, 93, 141
Bohr, Niels
on the atom, 39, 137, 159
on reality, 133
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 159
Boscovich, Roger Joseph, 158
Boyle, Robert, 157–58
Bruno, Giordano, 157–58
Burnet, John, on Anaximander’s worlds, 26
calculus, 33, 63
and Zeno’s dichotomy paradox, 89–90
carbon-14, 154–56
causality, 8, 85–86
in classical and quantum theory (physics), 95
and special relativity, 48, 81–82, 143
cave art, 106
Central Fire, in Pythagorean cosmology, 5, 45–46
centrifuge, 130
chance
for Empedocles, 102
and necessity, 102
in quantum theory, 80–81, 153–54 (see also probability)
change, in Heraclitus’s philosophy, 54–71passim
Chaos (or chaos), 114–16, 135
chemistry, and Empedocles’s philosophy, 99, 101–2
Chios (Greek island), 15–16
Chronos, 141–43
Chrysippus, 135
cinematography
and apparent motion, 93–95
in observing, 62
classical physics, 58–59, 60–61, 80–81, 82, 93, 95–96. See also Newton, Isaac (or Newtonian)
claustrophobia, 149
clepsydra, 6
in Empedocles’s experiment, 106–7
color charge, 23
comet (s), 16
condensation (in Anaximenes philosophy), 30–35passim
consciousness, 86, 141–42
conservation, laws, 20, 24–25, 26, 57, 69–70, 100–1, 123–24
of electric charge, 20
of energy, 19–20
of momentum, 80
Copenhagen (interpretation), 80–81, 82, 97, 133. See also many-worlds (interpretation)
and Anaxagoras’s philosophy, 110, 111–14
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 25–26, 46–48, 51–52, 157–58
cosmic calendar, 104–6
Cosmic Dark Ages, 105, 108
cosmic direction, 144, 146, 147
cosmic inflation, 104–5
cosmic microwave background, 23–24, 105, 106
cosmic speed, 48, 142–44, 151
cosmology. See also big bang
for Anaximander, 25–26
cycles in modern, 103–4
for Empedocles, 102–3, 108
fractal (or hierarchical), 114
Pythagorean, 36, 44–45
cosmos, for Pythagoras, 38–39
Croesus, King, 14
Croton, southern Italy, 36–37
Dalton, John, 159
Dante (Alighieri), 15
dark energy, 10, 128–29
dark matter, 10, 128–29. See also matter, ordinary
deductive reasoning, 40
Delphi, 1, 14
Democritus, 5, 12–13, 16, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 75, 76, 98, 100, 109, 116–17, 118–19, 120–34passim, 135, 136, 138, 151, 152, 157, 159, 162
on atoms and the void, 33
Descartes, René, 72–73, 157–58
determinism (classical), 11–12, 60–61, 74, 135, 141, 152–53, 154, 155–56. See also chance; indeterminism; probability
deuterium, 65
dialectic, 1, 6
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Galilei), 47–48
dichotomy (paradox), 87–90, 149–50
dimensions, in string theory, 12
Dionysus (Greek god), 2
Dirac, Paul, 159
diversity, in Einstein’s block universe, 75
earth
in Anaximander’s cosmology, 25–26
as a primary substance, 42–43, 99
eclipse (s)
moon (or lunar), 14, 44–45
solar, 14–15, 60–61
and Thales, 14–15
Ecphantus, 51–52
Einstein, Albert, 10. See also relativity
and the block universe, 73–75
and Mach’s principle, 52
and quantum entanglement, 80
and relative motion, 51–52
and theory of everything, 11–12
Elea, 72, 87
electric charge, 9–10
electric force, 9–10, 100, 105, 131
electromagnetic (force), 9–10, 20, 56, 100–1, 159. See also forces
electromagnetism, 9–10, 57, 76
electrons (as leptons), 7
electroweak (force), 10–11, 53
elements (of Empedocles [earth, water, air, fire]), 99
Elements (Euclid’s geometry book), 144–45
emergentism, 102–3. See also reductionism
Empedocles, 6, 75, 98, 99–109passim, 110, 116–17, 120–21, 131–32, 155–56
and natural selection, 108–9
and Olbers’s paradox, 107–8
and the standard model, 100–2
empty space, 19, 32, 34, 76, 77, 108, 118–19, 120, 122, 126, 127–28, 129, 130–31, 133, 142, 146. See also vacuum; void
energy. See Anaximander; antimatter; conservation; dark energy; equivalence of mass and energy; fire; vacuum energy
entropy, 2n.8, 67, 103–4. See also thermodynamics, second law of
Epicurus, 5, 12–13, 53, 90, 92–93, 98, 135–51passim, 152, 153–54, 157–58, 159–60
Episteme (knowledge), 1, 6
EPR, a thought experiment, 80
equivalence of mass and energy, 50
ether (a purer kind of air), 38, 42–43
Europe, 157–58
event horizon, 13–14
evolution (biological)
in Anaximander’s philosophy, 27
in Empedocles’s philosophy, 108–9
exclusion principle (Pauli), 42, 127–28, 147–48
Fate, in Stoic philosophy, 153–54
Feynman, Richard, 3, 27, 125, 159
field (s), in science, 22–23
fire, in Heraclitus’s philosophy, 69–70
forces, the four fundamental forces of nature, 7, 11
Forms (Plato’s theory of), 42–44
fractal (s), 114–16
free will, 5, 61, 83, 135, 141, 145, 152–56
Furley, David J, 92–93
fusion, 105
Galilei, Galileo, 47–48, 51–52, 80–81, 118, 121, 157–58
gamma rays, 65
Gassendi, Pierre, 157–58
general relativity. See relativity
geocentric (model), 36, 44–45, 46–48, 51, 118, 157–58
geodesic, 131
geometric series, 89
geometrical-arithmetical duality, 42. See also wave-particle duality
geometry (or geometrical), 12
of the Epicurean atom, 136
Euclidean, 144–45, 160, 162
for Plato, 44
as property of the universe, 41–42, 43, 86, 104–5
quantum, 139
Riemannian, 145, 147
and space, 63–64, 129, 131
George Washington Bridge, 93–94
Glashow, Sheldon, 10
gluons (the particles of strong force), 56, 101–2, 124
god (s), and science, 7, 85–86
Grand Unified Theory, 10–11
gravitational constant, 71, 151
graviton (s) (hypothetical particles of gravity), 56, 124, 125–26, 131
gravity (or gravitation), 7, 10, 56, 57, 71, 76, 100–1, 103–4, 105–6, 125, 129, 130–31, 151. See also forces; loop quantum gravity; qu
antum gravity
in Democritean philosophy, 129–30
in general relativity, 11–12, 13, 42, 49, 50, 63–64, 79–80, 104–5, 128–29, 131, 139, 159
in Newtonian physics, 25–26, 39, 50, 52, 55–56, 81–82, 100, 130, 131
Greene, Brian, 39–40, 127–28
Halys River, 14
harmonic law (of Kepler), 39
Hawking, Stephen, 2, 3
Heisenberg, Werner, 27, 32n.5, 133, 159
on Heraclitean fire, 70
and the uncertainty principle, 54, 57, 58, 60, 66, 91–93, 127–28, 135–36, 146–47, 148–49, 152, 153–54, 156
on the universal substance, 21–22
heliocentric (model), 25–26, 36, 44–45, 46–48, 51, 118, 157–58
Heraclides Ponticus, 46–47
Heraclitus, 5–6, 20, 31, 54–71passim, 94–95, 96
Herodotus, 16
Hesiod, 135
Hicetas, 51–52
hierarchy (in cosmology, fractal universe), 114
Higgs, boson, 22, 125–26, 129
and Anaximander’s apeiron, 18, 22–23
and mass, 10, 22, 128, 132
and neutrality, 23–24
and the standard model, 10, 22, 23–24, 125–26
and universal substance, 23, 125
Higgs mechanism, 132, 142. See also mass: in quantum physics
Higgs, Peter
and the standard model, 22–23
Hippasus of Metapontum, and the square root of two, 41
Homer (or Homeric), 31, 54–55, 162
hominid (s), 28, 117
Homo sapiens, 106, 117
Hubble Space Telescope, 128–29
Hubble’s law, 64–65, 106
Hubble, Edwin, 64–65
Hume, David, 158
hylozoism, 14, 27
Iliad (Homer), 54–55
indeterminism (quantum), 60, 61, 141, 152–56. See also chance; determinism; probability
inertia, the law of, 61–62, 121, 132
information paradox, 14
Inquisition, 118, 157–58
integers, 37, 39, 40–41
intellect and the senses (a hypothetical dialogue), 133
interconnectivity (in the universe), 83
Internet, 106
irrational, number (s), 40, 41, 42–43, 89–90, 160. See also rational, number (s)
Isis (Egyptian goddess), 16
isotropy (or isotropic, as property of the universe), 23–24, 47–48, 65, 121
Italy, 36–37, 157
Ithaca, 162
Jefferson, Thomas, 158
Jupiter, 45
Kepler, Johannes, 39
kinematics, 129
Large Hadron Collider, 10
In Search of a Theory of Everything Page 24