Rathbone, Henry, 406
Rawlins, John, 333
Raymond, Henry, 252
reading, 3–4, 12–14, 15–23, 41–43, 154–56
Reagan, Ronald, 425
Reavis, Isham, 153–54
reconstruction, 385–88, 390–91, 402–5
Reeves, Owen, 17
Remini, Robert, 89
Republican National Convention (1860), 254–59
Republican National Convention (1864), 370–72, 400
Revolutionary War, 19, 26, 293, 421
Richardson, Joseph, 22
Richardson, William, 342
Richmond, 297, 379, 386, 395–97
Richmond Dispatch, 268
Rivers and Harbors Bill, 112–13, 124
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 12
Rollins, James, 384–85
Roosevelt, Franklin, 417, 424–25
Roosevelt, Theodore, 417, 424
Rule of Three, 14
Rutgers College, 182
Sandburg, Carl, 14
Sangamo Journal, 51, 61, 64, 66, 70, 76, 81–82
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 103, 105, 106
Scott, Dred, 219–20. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford
Scott, John, 211–12
Scott, William, 22
Scott, Winfield
Civil War, 264, 294, 306, 308–10, 354
election of 1852, 189–90, 254
election of 1856, 252
Mexican War, 103–4, 105–6, 144, 293
Scripps, John Locke, 22, 58–59
secession, 1, 5, 6, 122, 175–76, 181–82, 297–98, 307
Compromise of 1850, 175–82
Cooper Union Speech (1860), 251–52
First Inaugural Address (1861), 276–82
Second Inaugural Address (1865), 389–93
“self-made man,” 5, 6, 47–48, 55, 152, 162, 202, 263, 361, 422
Seminole Wars, 7, 30, 43, 104, 309, 345
Senate Committee on Territories, 190
Senate election of 1855, 203–4, 212
Senate election of 1858, 224, 226–28, 244, 245, 247
Senate Finance Committee, 373
Seneca, 70
Seward, Frederick, 319
Seward, William, 401, 403
Cabinet crisis of 1862, 319–21, 322
carriage accident, 399
Civil War, 291, 293–97, 316, 329–30, 364, 386–88, 399
election of 1838, 80
election of 1848, 273
election of 1856, 215
election of 1860, 248, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258–59, 262, 271–72, 369
Emancipation Proclamation, 329–30, 331
governor of New York, 113
New York Senator, 138
president-elect’s transition, 273, 274, 276, 282
secretary of state, 273, 285–87, 291, 293–97, 312, 313, 314, 319–21, 322, 329–30, 331, 369, 375, 386–88
slavery question, 173, 176, 202, 243, 251
Taylor and, 171, 273
Shakespeare, William, 22, 41, 71, 154–55, 277, 332, 352–53, 397–99, 405
Sheridan, Philip, 378–79
Sherman, William, 367, 379, 393–94, 395, 406, 414
Shields, James, 81–83, 205
siege of Petersburg, 377, 393–94, 395
Simpson, Matthew, 410
Singleton, James, 242–43, 385, 386, 407
Slade, William, 351, 406
slavery
Compromise of 1850, 173–82, 189, 190, 198, 208, 267
Cooper Union Speech (1860), 247–52
Dred Scott case, 219–23, 225, 229, 237, 299, 323, 328–29
election of 1860. See election of 1860
Emancipation Proclamation, 329–32, 334, 335–36, 357, 388, 411
House-Divided Speech (1858), 227–30
Kansas-Nebraska Act. See Kansas-Nebraska Act
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 234–42
Lincoln’s eulogy of Clay, 186–88
Lincoln’s letters to Speed, 206–7, 284, 330
Missouri Compromise, 30–31, 47, 186, 190–200, 207, 219, 220, 221, 249
Northwest Ordinance, 194–95, 198, 219, 249
Peoria Speech (1854), 194–200
Second Inaugural Address (1865), 389–93
Thirteenth Amendment, 360, 361–62, 383–88, 395
Slidell, John, 102–3, 315
Smith, Caleb, 134, 257–58, 287, 294, 341
Smith, Jean Edward, 365
Smith, Joseph, 108
Sons of Confederate Veterans, 414
South Carolina
Battle of Fort Sumter, 296–98, 303–4
Ordinance of Nullification, 52–53, 212
secession threat, 264, 265, 274, 277, 290
Spanish Florida, 27, 30, 35
Specie Circular, 65
Spectator, The, 20
Speed, James, 401, 402
Speed, Joshua, 84, 330, 401, 402
Lincoln’s letters on slavery, 206–7, 284, 330
spoils system, 80, 138, 143, 311–12
Sprigg, Ann, 120, 128
Springfield, Illinois, 2, 40, 43, 62, 63–64
Springfield Debates (1839), 74
Springfield Speech (1857), 222–23
Springfield Washington Temperance Society, 163
Springfield Young Men’s Lyceum Speech (1837), 67–71, 129
Stanbery, Henry, 418
Stanton, Edwin, 422
assassination of Lincoln, 406
Civil War, 317–18, 322, 336, 382, 394–95
McCormick Reaper Trial, 2, 161–62
secretary of war, 78, 313–15, 317–18, 322, 373–74, 382, 418
State of the Union Address
1861, 307
1862, 331–32
1863, 355–56
1864, 383–84
Stephens, Alexander, 121–22, 129–30, 134, 385, 387–88
Stevens, Thaddeus, 401, 411–12
Stewart, William Morris, 407
Stoddard, William, 290
Stuart, J.E.B., 377
Stuart, John Todd
assassination of Lincoln, 409
background of, 44, 63
Black Hawk War, 6–7, 44–45, 59, 63
debates with Douglas, 230
election of 1834, 57–61, 255
election of 1838, 64–67, 109
Illinois House, 53
Illinois’s 8th District, 353–54, 369, 384, 401
Illinois Senator, 111–12
later life and death, 418, 419–20
law partnership with Lincoln, 63–64, 75–76, 77, 156–60
Lincoln wrestling match, 40, 315
Mary Todd and, 84, 85
mentorship and friendship with Lincoln, 6–7, 48, 51, 53, 54, 81, 111–12, 142, 149, 208, 341, 361, 384, 402
nickname of, 64–65
presidency of Lincoln, 341, 342, 354, 356, 369, 384
slavery question, 154, 208, 384
Sub-Treasury Speech (1839), 71–74, 78
suffrage. See black suffrage; women’s
suffrage Sullivan, John Louis, 99
Sumner, Charles, 213, 381, 392
Supreme Court, 218–23
Dred Scott case, 219–23, 225, 229, 237, 299, 323, 328–29
Lincoln’s appointments to, 338–43, 381–83
suspension of habeas corpus, 5, 298–302
Swayne, Noah, 339, 341
Swett, Leonard, 75, 149, 157, 202, 203, 227, 232, 255, 257, 259, 341, 354
Taney, Roger, 132, 147
death of, 381, 382–83
Dred Scott case, 219–20, 221, 223, 299
education of, 263
Jackson and Bank War, 36–37
Lewis v. Lewis, 148
Merryman decision, 298–99
Prize Cases, 343
“tar heels,” 380–81
Tariff of 1824, 31, 32, 37–38, 52
tariffs, 52, 88, 98–99, 101, 110, 135, 211, 275
Taylor, Sarah Knox, 170
Taylor, Zachary
backg
round of, 104, 133–34
Black Hawk War, 6–7, 43, 44, 104, 359
death of, 170–72, 178
election of 1848, 2, 6, 95, 115, 129, 132–40, 144, 242, 254, 262, 269, 273
election of 1850, 95
Grant and, 365–67, 378
Inaugural Address of, 164
Land Office and, 2, 141–44
as a mentor, 5–6, 360, 416–18
Mexican War, 5–6, 103–6, 168–70, 306, 365
presidency of, 140–44, 145, 164–70, 252, 265, 268–69, 282–83, 417–18
as “self-made man,” 6
Seminole Wars, 43, 104, 309
War of 1812, 104, 133–34
Tennessee, 27, 297–98
Tennessee Supreme Court, 27
ten percent plan, 355–57
Tenure in Office Act, 314–15, 418
Texas annexation, 88–90, 92, 99–104
Thirteenth Amendment, 360, 361–62, 383–88, 395
Thomas, Lorenzo, 366
Thornton, Seth, 104–5, 154
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 87
Tod, David, 373
Todd, John Stuart, 157
Todd, Polly, 160
Todd, Robert Smith, 85, 114, 160
Todd Heirs v. Wickliffe, 160
Toombs, Robert, 122
Topeka Constitution, 212–13
Trail of Tears, 417
Transylvania University, 85, 340
treaty of 1818, 99
Treaty of Ghent, 300
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 106
Trent Affair, 315–16
Truman, Harry, 425
Trumbull, John, 119
Trumbull, Lyman, 205, 206, 209, 215, 226, 303
Trump, Donald, 414, 425–26, 461–62n
Truth, Sojourner, 411
Turney, James, 40
Turnham, David, 25
Twelfth Amendment, 33–34
Twenty-Second Amendment, 92
Tyler, John, 88, 92, 263, 311–12, 400
Ullman, Daniel, 268
Unionist Party, 260, 302, 354, 384
Union League, 370, 416, 428
United States Telegraph, 120
University of North Carolina, 263
Van Buren, Martin, 4, 55, 286
ambassador to Britain, 275–76
death of, 336–37
election of 1828, 34–35
election of 1832, 34–35, 36, 52, 275–76
election of 1840, 72, 78, 89–90, 368
election of 1848, 135–36, 140
Lincoln’s meeting with, 337
military experience of, 305
presidency of, 65–66, 97, 99, 417
secretary of state, 36, 275
vice presidency of, 276, 400
Vanderlyn, John, 119
Van Dorn, Earl, 333
Vázquez de Coronado, Francisco, 88
Villard, Henry, 265–68, 287
Vincennes University, 24
Virginia Court of Chancery, 27
Virginia secession, 297–98
voting age, 61
voting rights, 80. See also black suffrage; women’s suffrage
Wade, Benjamin, 320, 356–57, 374
Wade-Davis Bill, 356–57, 374
War Aims Resolution, 323–24, 327
War of 1812, 29–30, 104, 300, 305
Washburne, Elihu, 333, 335, 363, 401
Washington, George, 263, 352
biographies, 17–19, 417
French and Indian War, 293
Northwest Ordinance, 249
Revolutionary War, 19, 105, 119, 293
Supreme Court appointments, 338
Washington Globe, 89–90
Washington Intelligencer, 25
Watts, Isaac, 172
Webster, Daniel, 136, 288
Clay and, 52, 71, 124
Compromise of 1850, 173–74, 177–78, 180–82, 235
death of, 188
oratory of, 71, 87, 147, 175–76, 212, 228, 272, 278, 346, 348–49, 350–51
secretary of state, 313
Winthrop and, 124
Webster, Edward, 125
Webster’s Speller, 13
Weed, Thurlow, 113, 273, 285, 375, 393, 401
election of 1848, 139, 173
election of 1860, 256, 262
Weems, Mason “Parson Weems,” 17–19
Weik, Jesse, 420–21
Welles, Gideon, 422
background of, 286
Blair’s dismissal, 374–76
Civil War, 295–96, 298, 313, 389
election of 1860, 264–65
secretary of the Navy, 285, 286, 287, 291, 292, 293, 295–96, 313, 401
Wentworth, John, 226–27
Western Register, 25
West Point, 288, 307, 310, 332, 345, 362
Whig Party, 2, 7, 25, 271. See also Illinois Whig Party
Clay and, 25, 183, 185, 206
election of 1848, 132–33, 137–39, 144
Jackson and, 86–87
Taylor and, 164–65, 166–67
Whitman, Walt, 423
Whitney, Henry Clay, 24, 86, 159
Wickham, Williams Carter, 414
Wickliffe, Robert, 160
Widmer, John, 154
William, Herndon, 231
Wilmot, David, 116, 121, 130–31, 136
Wilmot Proviso, 116, 121, 131, 136, 137, 166, 167, 179, 198–99, 207, 243, 306
Wilson, Robert, 108, 262
Wilson, Robert L., 62–63
Wilson, Woodrow, 424
Winkle, Kenneth, 130, 145, 415
Winthrop, Robert, 124, 131
women’s suffrage, 61
Woodbury, Levi, 296
Worcester v. Georgia, 300–301
Wright, Horatio, 377
Wythe, George, 27, 42
Yates, Richard, 303
Photo Section
Abraham Lincoln relied heavily on books and his mentors for guidance or support, as shown here in a lighter moment in a photograph taken in the midst of the Civil War (1863). Alexander Gardner
Lincoln was ten at the time of this first-known portrait of Henry Clay, then a member of the House of Representatives. Transylvania University
John Todd Stuart in his prime as a Whig leader and successful lawyer. Northern Illinois University
Cartoon from 1832 election lampooning Andrew Jackson for acting like a king trampling the Constitution (1832). Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-15771
Jackson subduing Clay in the 1832 election and sewing his mouth shut (1834). Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ds-00856
Jackson’s 1832 proclamation against South Carolina’s threatened nullification and secession. Law Library of Congress
Portrait of Jackson by Edward Dalton Marchant (1840). Courtesy of the Union League Legacy Foundation
Cartoon depiction of Jackson thrashing his would-be assassin (1835). Library of Congress, from “Shooting at the President!: The Remarkable Trial of Richard Lawrence, for an Attempt to Assassinate the President of the United States”
Portrait of William Henry Harrison by Thomas Wilcocks Sully (1840). Courtesy of the Union League Legacy Foundation
Portrait of Clay by John Neagle (1843). Courtesy of the Union League Legacy Foundation
Clay’s inscription on a set of his speeches given to Lincoln. Courtesy of Ashland, the Henry Clay Estate, Lexington, Kentucky
Famous depiction of Clay enthralling the Senate with his defense of the Compromise of 1850, with Millard Fillmore presiding as president of the Senate (1855). Library of Congress, LC-DIG-pga-05850
Portrait of Zachary Taylor by Robert Street (1850). Courtesy of the Union League Legacy Foundation
Portrait of Fillmore by unknown artist (1850). Courtesy of the Union League Legacy Foundation
A report on the Lincoln-Douglas debates printed on October 23, 1858, in the National Intelligencer, the Republican-leaning and leading newspaper published in the nation’s capital. National Intelligencer
Painted to show the widespr
ead support of national leaders for the Compromise of 1850, this group portrait did not originally include Lincoln. On the eve of the Civil War, it was redone to insert Lincoln at the center in place of John Calhoun but kept Clay, who had died nearly a decade before, seated directly to Lincoln’s right to reflect his significant influence on the new president (circa 1861). U.S. Senate Collection
The two known photographs of Orville Browning, one taken in the late 1850s or early 1860s (left), and the other when he was a senator from Illinois (right). Courtesy of the Lincoln Museum, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Reference Number: 2578 (left). Library of Congress, LC-DIG-cwpbh-01588 (right).
Browning’s audacious September 17, 1861, letter to President Lincoln. Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Abraham Lincoln Papers
A drawing of Lincoln showing his draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his Cabinet, with the official portrait of Jackson in the background (1864). Library of Congress, LC-DIG-pga-02502
Portrait of Lincoln by Edward Dalton Marchant (1863). Courtesy of the Union League Legacy Foundation
Drawing of Taylor (circa 1848). Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-71730
Photograph of Ulysses Grant (June 1864). Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-1770
Lincoln’s October 24, 1864, meeting with the abolitionist Sojourner Truth, who had waited for hours to meet the president and recalled of Lincoln, “I never was treated by anyone with more kindness and cordiality than were shown to me by that great and good man.” Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-16225
Lincoln’s second inaugural, with John Wilkes Booth among those looking down upon Lincoln from a White House portico over Lincoln’s left shoulder. Library of Congress, LC-USA7-16837
About the Author
MICHAEL J. GERHARDT is Burton Craige Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 2019, he was one of four constitutional scholars called by the House Judiciary Committee during President Trump’s impeachment proceedings. He has testified more than twenty times before Congress, has been special counsel to the Senate Judiciary Committee for five Supreme Court nominations, and has served twice as CNN’s impeachment expert. His op-eds have appeared in the New York Times, The Atlantic, and the Washington Post. He lives with his wife, Deborah, and their three sons in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Copyright
LINCOLN’S MENTORS. Copyright © 2021 by Michael J. Gerhardt. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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