by Bede
The monks of Hii, at the teaching of Egbert, adopted the catholic manner of conversation, under Abbot Dunchad, about eighty years after they had sent Bishop Aidan to preach to the English nation. The man of God, Egbert, remained thirteen years in the aforesaid island, which he had thus consecrated to Christ, as it were, by a new ray of the grace of fellowship and peace in the Church; and in the year of our Lord 729, in which Easter was celebrated on the 24th of April, when he had celebrated the solemnity of the Mass, in memory of the Resurrection of our Lord, that same day he departed to the Lord and thus finished, or rather never ceases endlessly to celebrate, with our Lord, and the Apostles, and the other citizens of heaven, the joy of that greatest festival, which he had begun with the brethren, whom he had converted to the grace of unity. And it was a wonderful dispensation of the Divine Providence, that the venerable man passed from this world to the Father, not only at Easter, but also when Easter was celebrated on that day, on which it had never been wont to be celebrated in those parts. The brethren rejoiced in the sure and catholic knowledge of the time of Easter, and were glad in that their father, by whom they had been brought into the right way, passing hence to the Lord should plead for them. He also gave thanks that he had so long continued in the flesh, till he saw his hearers accept and keep with him as Easter that day which they had ever before avoided. Thus the most reverend father being assured of their amendment, rejoiced to see the day of the Lord, and he saw it and was glad.
CHAP. 23
Anno dominicae incarnationis DCCXXV, qui erat annus septimus Osrici regis Nordanhymbrorum, qui Coenredo successerat, Uictred filius Ecgberecti, rex Cantuariorum, defunctus est nono die Kalendarum Maiarum; et regni, quod per XXXIIII semis annos tenebat, filios tres, Aedilberctum, Eadberctum, et Alricum, reliquit heredes.
Anno post quem proximo Tobias Hrofensis ecclesiae praesul defunctus est, uir, ut supra meminimus, doctissimus. Erat enim discipulus beatae memoriae magistrorum Theodori archiepiscopi, et abbatis Hadriani; unde, ut dictum est, cum eruditione litterarum uel ecclesiasticarum uel generalium, ita Grecam quoque cum Latina didicit linguam, ut tam notas ac familiares sibi eas quam natiuitatis suae loquellam haberet. Sepultus uero est in porticu sancti Pauli apostoli, quam intro ecclesiam sancti Andreae sibi ipse in locum sepulchri fecerat. Post quem episcopatus officium Alduulf, Berctualdo archiepiscopo consecrante, suscepit.
Anno dominicae incarnationis DCCXXVIIII apparuerunt cometae duae circa solem, multum intuentibus terrorem incutientes. Una quippe solem praecedebat, mane orientem; altera uespere sequebatur occidentem, quasi orienti simul et occidenti dirae cladis praesagae;
uel certe una diei, altera noctis praecurrebat exortum, ut utroque tempore mala mortalibus inminere signarent. Portabant autem facem ignis contra Aquilonem, quasi ad accendendum adclinem; apparebantque mense Ianuario, et duabus ferme septimanis permanebant. Quo tempore grauissima Sarracenorum lues Gallias misera caede uastabat, et ipsi non multo post in eadem prouincia dignas suae perfidiae poenas luebant. Quo anno sanctus uir Domini Ecgberct, ut supra commemorauimus, ipso die paschae migrauit ad Dominum; et mox, peracto pascha, hoc est VIIa Iduum Maiarum die, Osric rex Nordanhymbrorum uita decessit, cum ipse regni, quod XI annis gubernabat, successorem fore Ceoluulfum decreuisset, fratrem illius, qui ante se regnauerat, Coenredi regis, cuius regni et principia et processus tot ac tantis redundauere rerum aduersantium motibus, ut, quid de his scribi debeat, quemue habitura sint finem singula, necdum sciri ualeat.
Anno dominicae incarnationis DCCXXXI, Berctuald archiepiscopus longa consumtus aetate defunctus est die Iduum Ianuariarum; qui sedit annos XXXVII, menses VI, dies XIIII; pro quo anno eodem factus est archiepiscopus, uocabulo Tatuini, de prouincia Merciorum, cum fuisset presbyter in monasterio, quod uocatur Briudun. Consecratus est autem in Doruuerni ciuitate a uiris uenerabilibus Danihele Uentano, et Ingualdo Lundoniensi, et Alduino Lyccitfeldensi, et Alduulfo Hrofensi antistitibus, die decima Iunii mensis, dominica;
uir religione et prudentia insignis, sacris quoque litteris nobiliter instructus.
Itaque in praesenti ecclesiis Cantuariorum Tatuini et Alduulf episcopi praesunt. Porro prouinciae Orientalium Saxonum Inguald episcopus; prouinciae Orientalium Anglorum Aldberct et Hadulac episcopi; prouinciae Occidentalium Saxonum Danihel et Fortheri episcopi; prouinciae Merciorum Alduini episcopus; et eis populis, qui ultra amnem Sabrinam ad occidentem habitant, Ualchstod episcopus; prouinciae Huicciorum Uilfrid episcopus; prouinciae Lindisfarorum Cyniberct episcopus praeest. Episcopatus Uectae insulae ad Danihelem pertinet episcopum Uentae ciuitatis. Prouincia Australium Saxonum iam aliquot annis absque episcopo manens ministerium sibi episcopale ab Occidentalium Saxonum antistite quaerit. Et hae omnes prouinciae ceteraeque australes ad confinium usque Hymbrae fluminis cum suis quaeque regibus Merciorum regi Aedilbaldo subiectae sunt.
At uero prouinciae Nordanhymbrorum, cui rex Ceoluulf praeest, IIII nunc episcopi praesulatum tenent; Uilfrid in Eburacensi ecclesia, Ediluald in Lindisfaronensi, Acca in Hagustaldensi, Pecthelm in ea, quae Candida Casa uocatur, quae nuper, multiplicatis fidelium plebibus, in sedem pontificatus addita ipsum primum habet antistitem.
Pictorum quoque natio tempore hoc et foedus pacis cum gente habet Anglorum, et catholicae pacis ac ueritatis cum uniuersali ecclesia particeps existere gaudet. Scotti, qui Brittaniam incolunt, suis contenti finibus nil contra gentem Anglorum insidiarum moliuntur aut fraudium. Brettones, quamuis et maxima ex parte domestico sibi odio gentem Anglorum, et totius catholicae ecclesiae statum pascha minus recto, moribusque inprobis inpugnent; tamen et diuina sibi et humana prorsus resistente uirtute, in neutro cupitum possunt obtinere propositum; quippe qui quamuis ex parte sui sint iuris, nonnulla tamen ex parte Anglorum sunt seruitio mancipati.
Qua adridente pace ac serenitate temporum, plures in gente Nordanhymbrorum, tam nobiles, quam priuati, se suosque liberos, depositis armis, satagunt magis, accepta tonsura, monasterialibus adscribere uotis, quam bellicis exercere studiis. Quae res quem sit habitura finem, posterior aetas uidebit.
Hic est inpraesentiarum uniuersae status Brittaniae, anno aduentus Anglorum in Brittaniam circiter ducentesimo octogesimo quinto, dominicae autem incarnationis anno DCCXXXI; in cuius regno perpetuo exsultet terra, et congratulante in fide eius Brittania, laetentur insulae multae, et confiteantur memoriae sanctitatis eius.
Chap. XXIII.
Of the present state of the English nation, or of all Britain. [725-731 a.d.]
In the year of our Lord 725, being the seventh year of Osric, king of the Northumbrians, who had succeeded Coenred, Wictred, the son of Egbert, king of Kent, died on the 23rd of April, and left his three sons, Ethelbert, Eadbert, and Alric, heirs of that kingdom, which he had governed thirty-four years and a half. The next year Tobias, bishop of the church of Rochester, died, a most learned man, as has been said before; for he was disciple to those masters of blessed memory, Theodore, the archbishop, and Abbot Hadrian, wherefore, as has been said, besides having a great knowledge of letters both ecclesiastical and general, he learned both the Greek and Latin tongues to such perfection, that they were as well known and familiar to him as his native language. He was buried in the chapel of St. Paul the Apostle, which he had built within the church of St. Andrew for his own place of burial. After him Aldwulf took upon him the office of bishop, having been consecrated by Archbishop Bertwald.
In the year of our Lord 729, two comets appeared about the sun, to the great terror of the beholders. One of them went before the sun in the morning at his rising, the other followed him when he set in the evening, as it were presaging dire disaster to both east and west; or without doubt one was the forerunner of the day, and the other of the night, to signify that mortals were threatened with calamities at both times. They carried their flaming brands towards the north, as it were ready to kindle a conflagration. They appeared in January, and continued nearly a fortnight. At which time a grievous blight fell upon Gaul, in that it was laid waste by the Saracens with cruel bloodshed; but not long after in that country they received the due reward
of their unbelief. In that year the holy man of God, Egbert, departed to the Lord, as has been said above, on Easter day; and immediately after Easter, that is, on the 9th of May, Osric, king of the Northumbrians, departed this life, after he had reigned eleven years, and appointed Ceolwulf, brother to Coenred, who had reigned before him, his successor; the beginning and progress of whose reign have been so filled with many and great commotions and conflicts, that it cannot yet be known what is to be said concerning them, or what end they will have.
In the year of our Lord 731, Archbishop Bertwald died of old age, on the 13th of January, having held his see thirty-seven years, six months and fourteen days. In his stead, the same year, Tatwine, of the province of the Mercians, was made archbishop, having been a priest in the monastery called Briudun. He was consecrated in the city of Canterbury by the venerable men, Daniel, bishop of Winchester, Ingwald of London, Aldwin of Lichfield, and Aldwulf of Rochester, on Sunday, the 10th of June, being a man renowned for piety and wisdom, and of notable learning in Holy Scripture.
Thus at the present time, the bishops Tatwine and Aldwulf preside in the churches of Kent; Ingwald is bishop in the province of the East Saxons. In the province of the East Angles, the bishops are Aldbert and Hadulac; in the province of the West Saxons, Daniel and Forthere; in the province of the Mercians, Aldwin. Among those peoples who dwell beyond the river Severn to the westward, Walhstod is bishop; in the province of the Hwiccas, Wilfrid; in the province of Lindsey, Bishop Cynibert presides; the bishopric of the Isle of Wight belongs to Daniel, bishop of the city of Winchester. The province of the South Saxons, having now continued some years without a bishop, receives episcopal ministrations from the prelate of the West Saxons. All these provinces, and the other southern provinces, as far as the boundary formed by the river Humber, with their several kings, are subject to King Ethelbald.
But in the province of the Northumbrians, where King Ceolwulf reigns, four bishops now preside; Wilfrid in the church of York, Ethelwald in that of Lindisfarne, Acca in that of Hagustald, Pecthelm in that which is called the White House, which, as the number of the faithful has increased, has lately become an episcopal see, and has him for its first prelate. The Pictish people also at this time are at peace with the English nation, and rejoice in having their part in Catholic peace and truth with the universal Church. The Scots that inhabit Britain, content with their own territories, devise no plots nor hostilities against the English nation. The Britons, though they, for the most part, as a nation hate and oppose the English nation, and wrongfully, and from wicked lewdness, set themselves against the appointed Easter of the whole Catholic Church; yet, inasmuch as both Divine and human power withstand them, they can in neither purpose prevail as they desire; for though in part they are their own masters, yet part of them are brought under subjection to the English. In these favourable times of peace and calm, many of the Northumbrians, as well of the nobility as private persons, laying aside their weapons, and receiving the tonsure, desire rather both for themselves and their children to take upon them monastic vows, than to practise the pursuit of war. What will be the end hereof, the next age will see. This is for the present the state of all Britain; about two hundred and eighty-five years after the coming of the English into Britain, and in the 731st year of our Lord, in Whose kingdom that shall have no end let the earth rejoice; and Britain being one with them in the joy of His faith, let the multitude of isles be glad, and give thanks at the remembrance of His holiness.
CHAP. 24
Uerum ea, quae temporum distinctione latius digesta sunt, ob memoriam conseruandam breuiter recapitulari placuit.
Anno igitur ante incarnationem dominicam sexagesimo Gaius Iulius Caesar primus Romanorum Brittanias bello pulsauit, et uicit, nec tamen ibi regnum potuit obtinere.
Anno ab incarnatione Domini XLVI, Claudius secundus Romanorum Brittanias adiens, plurimam insulae partem in deditionem recepit, et Orcadas quoque insulas Romano adiecit imperio.
Anno incarnationis dominicae CLXVII, Eleuther Romae praesul factus XV annos ecclesiam gloriosissime rexit, cui litteras rex Brittaniae Lucius mittens, ut Christianus efficeretur, petiit et inpetrauit.
Anno ab incarnatione Domini CLXXXVIIII, Seuerus imperator factus XVII annis regnauit, qui Brittaniam uallo a mari usque ad mare praecinxit.
Anno CCCLXXXI, Maximus in Brittania creatus imperator, in Galliam transiit, et Gratianum interfecit.
Anno CCCCVIIII, Roma a Gothis fracta, ex quo tempore Romani in Brittania regnare cessarunt.
Anno CCCCXXX, Palladius ad Scottos in Christum credentes a Caelestino papa primus mittitur episcopus.
Anno CCCCXLVIIII, Marcianus cum Ualentiniano imperium suscipiens, VII annis tenuit, quorum tempore Angli a Brettonibus accersiti Brittaniam adierunt.
Anno DXXXVIII, eclypsis solis facta est XIIII. Kalendas Martias, ab hora prima usque ad tertiam.
Anno DXL, eclypsis solis facta XII. Kalendas Iulias, et apparuerunt stellae pene hora dimidia ab hora diei tertia.
Anno DXLVII, Ida regnare coepit, a quo regalis Nordanhymbrorum prosapia originem tenet, et XII annis in regno permansit.
Anno DLXV, Columba presbyter de Scottia uenit Brittaniam, ad docendos Pictos, et in insula Hii monasterium fecit.
Anno DXCVI, Gregorius papa misit Brittaniam Augustinum cum monachis, qui uerbum Dei genti Anglorum euangelizarent.
Anno DXCVII, uenere Brittaniam praefati doctores, qui fuit annus plus minus CL aduentus Anglorum in Brittaniam.
Anno DCI, misit papa Gregorius pallium Brittaniam Augustino iam facto episcopo, et plures uerbi ministros, in quibus et Paulinum.
Anno DCIII, pugnatum ad Degsastana.
Anno DCIIII, Orientales Saxones fidem Christi percipiunt sub rege Sabercto antistite Mellito.
Anno DCV, Gregorius obiit.
Anno DCXVI, Aedilberct rex Cantuariorum defunctus est.
Anno DCXXV, Paulinus a Iusto archiepiscopo ordinatur genti Nordanhymbrorum antistes.
Anno DCXXVI, Eanfled, filia Aeduini regis, baptizata cum XII in sabbato pentecostes.
Anno DCXXVII, Eduini rex baptizatus cum sua gente in pascha.
Anno DCXXXIII, Eduine rege peremto, Paulinus Cantiam rediit.
Anno DCXL, Eadbald rex Cantuariorum obiit.
Anno DCXLII, Osuald rex occisus.
Anno DCXLIIII, Paulinus, quondam Eboraci, sed tunc Hrofensis antistes ciuitatis, migrauit ad Dominum.
Anno DCLI, Osuini rex occisus, et Aidan episcopus defunctus est.
Anno DCLIII, Middilangli sub principe Peada fidei mysteriis sunt inbuti.
Anno DCLV, Penda periit, et Mercii sunt facti Christiani.
Anno DCLXIIII, eclypsis facta; Earconberct rex Cantuariorum defunctus, et Colman cum Scottis ad suos reuersus est; et pestilentia uenit; et Ceadda ac Uilfrid Nordanhymbrorum ordinantur episcopi.
Anno DCLXVIII, Theodorus ordinatur episcopus.
Anno DCLXX, Osuiu rex Nordanhymbrorum obiit.
Anno DCLXXIII, Ecgberct rex Cantuariorum obiit; et synodus facta est ad Herutforda, praesente Ecgfrido rege, praesidente archiepiscopo Theodoro, utillima, X capitulorum.
Anno DCLXXV, Uulfheri rex Merciorum, postquam XVII annos regnauerat, defunctus, Aedilredo fratri reliquit imperium.
Anno DCLXXVI, Aedilred uastauit Cantiam.
Anno DCLXXVIII, cometa apparuit; Uilfrid episcopus a sede sua pulsus est ab Ecgfrido rege; et pro eo Bosa, Eata, et Eadhaeth consecrati antistites.
Anno DCLXXVIIII, alfuini occisus.
Anno DCLXXX, synodus facta in campo Haethfeltha de fide catholica, praesidente archiepiscopo Theodoro; in quo adfuit Iohannes abba Romanus. Quo anno Hild abbatissa in Streanashala obiit.
Anno DCLXXXV, Ecgfrid rex Nordanhymbrorum occisus est. Anno eodem Hlotheri rex Cantuariorum obiit.
Anno DCLXXXVIII, Caeduald rex Occidentalium Saxonum Romam de Brittania pergit.
Anno DCXC, Theodorus archiepiscopus obiit.
Anno DCXCVII, Osthryd regina a suis, id est Merciorum, primatibus interemta.
Anno DCXCVIII, Berc
tred dux regius Nordanhymbrorum a Pictis interfectus.
Anno DCCIIII, Aedilred, postquam XXXI annos Merciorum genti praefuit, monachus factus Coenredo regnum dedit.
Anno DCCV, Aldfrid rex Nordanhymbrorum defunctus est.
Anno DCCVIIII, Coenred rex Merciorum, postquam V annos regnauit, Romam pergit.
Anno DCCXI, Berctfrid praefectus cum Pictis pugnauit.
Anno DCCXVI, Osred rex Nordanhymbrorum interfectus, et rex Merciorum Ceolred defunctus; et uir Domini Ecgberct Hienses monachos ad catholicum pascha et ecclesiasticam correxit tonsuram.
Anno DCCXXV, Uictred rex Cantuariorum obiit.
Anno DCCXXVIIII, cometae apparuerunt, sanctus Ecgberct transiit, Osric mortuus est.
Anno DCCXXXI, Berctuald archiepiscopus obiit. Anno eodem Tatuini consecratus archiepiscopus nonus Doruuernensis ecclesiae, Aedilbaldo rege Merciorum XV. agente annum inperii.
Haec de historia ecclesiastica Brittaniarum, et maxime gentis Anglorum, prout uel ex litteris antiquorum, uel ex traditione maiorum, uel ex mea ipse cognitione scire potui, Domino adiuuante digessi Baeda famulus Christi, et presbyter monasterii beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, quod est ad Uiuraemuda, et Ingyruum.
Qui natus in territorio eiusdem monasterii, cum essem annorum septem, cura propinquorum datus sum educandus reuerentissimo abbati Benedicto, ac deinde Ceolfrido; cunctumque ex eo tempus uitae in eiusdem monasterii habitatione peragens, omnem meditandis scripturis operam dedi; atque inter obseruantiam disciplinae regularis, et cotidianam cantandi in ecclesia curam, semper aut discere, aut docere, aut scribere dulce habui.
Nono decimo autem uitae meae anno diaconatum, tricesimo gradum presbyteratus, utrumque per ministerium reuerentissimi episcopi Iohannis, iubente Ceolfrido abbate, suscepi.