by Emil Ludwig
Shortly after this, a masked ball was given by the arch-chancellor. Among the guests was Princess Metternich, whose husband had formerly been envoy at the court of Paris. A man clad in a green domino took her by the arm and led her aside. Every one knew who he was, for although no one fully knew Napoleon unmasked, the masked Napoleon was impossible to mistake : the tragi-comedy of genius in this world. After a few quips, he asked her whether she thought that an archduchess would accept the offer of his hand.
" I do not know, Sire."
" Were you in the archduchess' place, would you accept the offer?"
" I should certainly refuse it," says the Viennese lady with a smile.
Another Family Council
" How unkind ! Will you write to your husband, to ask his views on the matter ? "
" I think you had better say that to Prince Schwarzenberg. Sire ; he is the envoy now."
Thus with one of his improvisations does Napoleon begin his new wooing after the divorce. It is a splendid return to the straightforwardness of the revolution. The same evening, he instructs Eugene, who next morning approaches the Austrian ambassador. None of the Habsburg clan understand promptness and simplicity in such campaigns; but to the Emperor these qualities come naturally. The tsar makes no sign. Vienna, beaten in four wars, must at length be pacified. What could be more obvious than this solution ? Why get a divorce if you do not forthwith do your utmost to attain the unattainable ?
The Corsican family feeling is at work once more. He, who so rarely holds a council of war, summons a family council before the divorce and before the marriage. There they sit, just as six weeks earlier, round the oval table; all the great dignitaries are there; according to the report of one of those present, general embarrassment prevails. The Emperor announces his desire for an heir, and then speaks with an assumption of dubiety:
" Were it possible for me to be guided by personal feelings alone, I should choose my bride out of the circle of the Legion of Honour, from among the daughters of the heroes of France, and should make the worthiest of Frenchwomen empress of the French. But a man must adapt his actions to the customs of his own century, to the usage of other States, to political considerations. Many sovereigns have sought my alliance, and I do not think there is any reigning house to which I cannot propose this personal tie. Three of them have now to be considered : the Austrian, the Russian, and the Saxon. I should like to hear your views."
Thus does the curse of legitimacy break once more into the mighty dictator's private preserve. Legitimacy is the rock on
Which Princess?
which he will be shipwrecked. Why should he not choose Countess Walewska whom he loves ? Or, if the empress is to be a Frenchwoman, why not a daughter of one of those heroes to whom he has given kingdoms ? He has shaken the old world to its foundations; has with his own hands placed two crowns on his head; has kept kings of ancient lineage waiting in his anterooms ; has dethroned one such, and placed an innkeeper's son upon the vacant throne. Has he done all these things that today, debarred from the choice of the woman of his heart, on the prowl for an heir, he must " adapt his actions to the customs of his own country"—customs which hitherto he has defied like a demigod ?
But no such unconventional possibilities are discussed in these cold, imperial halls, for one and all are against a Frenchwoman. Eugene and Talleyrand are for Austria. Murat demurs, saying that Marie Antoinette had brought bad luck to France. Some voice the advantages of a Russian alliance. Others favour Saxony. The Emperor listens to their views, closes the sitting, and does what he has already made up his mind to do. That same evening he sends a message to Vienna. The only one present at the council who saw clearly was the minister who had strongly urged the claims of Russia, but who did not venture to utter his real reasons except in private : " Within two years, we shall certainly be at war with both the monarchies with whose ruling house the Emperor does not ally himself by marriage— and Austria is the only one of the three a war with which would not be dangerous ! "
By the Emperor's instructions, the court of St. Petersburg is informed that he has been kept waiting too long. Furthermore, it would be inconvenient to have a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Tuileries. Finally, he has been informed " that Grand Duchess Anna, who is fifteen years old, is not yet ripened to womanhood. Inasmuch as, in young girls, two years elapse between the appearance of the first signs of womanhood and complete maturity, this will not suit the aims of the
Habsburg Fertility
Emperor, who does not wish to be married for three years before he can have a child." This gynecological excursus is the last we hear of the Russian wooing which had begun so in-auspiciously in Erfurt.
But the Habsburgs are a prolific family, so that he may regard an Austrian princess as practically guaranteed against barrenness. When he learns that the mother of his chosen bride has given birth to thirteen children, that one of her ancestresses has had seventeen, and another actually twenty-six, the Emperor exclaims: " That's the kind of womb I want to marry! " There could be no doubt about the answer to his proposal ; Francis would accept it, and his eighteen-year-old daughter would comply. . . . Acceptance is taken for granted in the first letter of his courtship, which the Emperor writes with his own hand, legibly in places, for it is penned with Meneval's aid, and with more pains than might be gathered from an inspection of the schoolboy script:
" Chere Cousine, The brilliant qualities which distinguish your person have aroused in us the desire to serve you and to honour you. Inasmuch as we are approaching the emperor, your father, with the request that he will entrust us with Your Imperial Highness' happiness, may we venture to hope that you will graciously accept the sentiments which move us to this step? Dare we flatter ourselves that you are not deciding on this step solely from a sense of duty and filial obedience ? ... If your Imperial Highness has no more than a trace of inclination towards us, we shall carefully cherish this sentiment, and make it our supreme task to be agreeable to you always and in all things, so that we may look forward to the happiness of winning your whole heart. ..."
Did ever a great genius write a more preposterous letter ? He knows perfectly well that her acceptance will be dictated by filial obedience and nothing more; that she cannot possibly have a trace of liking for the devil who, during the years of her childhood, has been despoiling her father of one province after
Courtship
another, so that she has learned to cross herself at the sound of his name. He knows that he has better things to do, that he has other supreme tasks, than to make himself agreeable to a little goose, who is not distinguished by any other quality than by the luck of being born a Habsburg; who is neither beautiful nor wise, neither brave nor passionate. Yet the equivocal nature of his position constrains Napoleon, who has never asked a favour, to write such a letter as the foregoing !
With the gesture of a sultan, he gives to his friend Berthier (who is to woo for him by proxy in Vienna) tokens of affection for his bride: his miniature set in diamonds, and jewellery worth one-and-a-half-millions. But at the proxy wedding in the Hofburg, Napoleon is represented by the bride's uncle, Archduke Charles, whom he has worsted in a dozen battles.
The Emperor, meanwhile, gives more attention to clothing and furniture than to affairs of State; orders for Marie Louise a trousseau to the tune of five millions, for what she is bringing with her has cost only half a million; studies all the details of Marie Antoinette's journey, lest the Habsburgs should be able to plume themselves on breaches of etiquette; orders fashionable coats from his tailor, and buckled shoes from his shoemaker; goes out hunting, rides vigorously, in the hope of sweating off his fat; even finds that his dancing days are not yet over.
While on her way to Paris, Marie Louise receives a love letter, quite illegible, for all she can make out is the capital N. of the signature ; flowers greet her wherever she halts for the night; in Compiegne she is expecting to be received by the terrible man whom she is to wed; he is waiting ther
e for her with all his family.
But suddenly, with a surge of vigorous youth, the firm will and the fierce impatience of the revolutionist break through this
Storming the Habsburg Fortress
the bridal procession. There it is ; the horses are being changed in a downpour of rain. He wants to take Marie Louise by surprise, but her master-of-the-horse, recognising him, exclaims, " His Majesty! "; so the little coup fails to come off. In a moment he is in the carriage beside her, dismisses the lady-in-waiting, kisses his bride, laughing the while, for he is wet through. In her embarrassment, she finds a pretty phrase : " Your portrait does not flatter you, Sire ! "
" She is by no means beautiful," he meditates, as he takes stock of her. " Marked with smallpox, though not badly, thick lips ; watery blue eyes ; full-bosomed for her years ; but fresh and young."
With disgust, that evening, the masters of the ceremonies see their whole programme, which has been rehearsed for weeks in advance, torn to tatters. The meeting with the imperial family has been effected with scant formality; all come and go as they please; the girls who present bouquets must cut their compliments short, for every one is wet and cold; supper is improvised, with Caroline as third at table. At one in the morning the whole company retires to rest. But the Emperor has taken his uncle the cardinal aside, and has asked Fesch, as an authority upon these matters, whether Marie Louise is not already his wife, thanks to the proxy marriage in Vienna. " Yes, Sire, according to civil law," answers the priest, foreseeing what is about to happen.
Next morning the Emperor has breakfast for two brought to the empress' bedside. Within an hour all Compiegne knows.
By this night attack, made on the spur of the moment, Napoleon conquers the world of legitimacy after the same fashion as he has conquered it in the field, taking the Habsburg fortress by storm, as beseems his reputation.
With a mischievous double meaning, he writes next day to his unsuspecting father-in-law : " She fulfils all my hopes, and we do not cease to give one another proofs of the tender feelings that unite us. We suit one another exceedingly well.
The Heir At Last
. . . Allow me, therefore, to thank you for this lovely gift." Uncle Fesch does not give their union the blessing of the Church until after they have made their imposing entry into Paris. In Josephine's case, he was eight years too late; this time the sanctification has been delayed no more than a fortnight.
The Emperor finds his bride charming. " You should all marry Germans," he tells his intimates ; " they are gentle, good, unspoiled, and as fresh as roses." He is delighted that she gets on well with his family. Domestic peace is new to him. He graces the intimacies of the toilet with his presence ; pinches her cheeks caressingly ; calls her his " bonne petite animale."
Two or three weeks later, there is news from Poland. The child conceived during the weeks at Schonbrunn has been born —a boy. There is a strange medley of feelings in Napoleon's soul. From that same Austrian palace, where he has stayed only in the absence of its rightful owner, has come the new wife, who as yet gives no signs of capacity for doing her duty. He vacillates; sends for the Polish countess. But, soon after this, Marie Louise finds that she is with child. " The Emperor's jubilation almost passes description," writes Metternich to Vienna. At this early stage, the empress' condition is solemnly announced to the Senate and the nation; prayers for the successor to the throne are to be said; there is to be a festival of rejoicing as sumptuous as those of pagan times.
When the lovely Walewska arrives, he gives her everything she can ask for; sees the baby and fondles it; makes it a count of the Empire, with the chancellor for guardian. But nothing beyond this unites the sometime lovers. Napoleon has become a respectable married man.
In all respects, now, this man's career seems to be transcending familiar limitations, outstepping traditional horizons. Thus among the women who have crossed his path new relationships begin. The Polish countess, whose eyes Josephine would at one time have been glad to scratch out, is invited to Malmaison. Walewska brings Josephine Napoleon's son, that son whose
The Mother's Life Comes First!
absence from her own womb decided Josephine's fate. See the group on the terrace. One of them is a grey-headed woman, who was born in the West Indies, had a taste of prison, and then became empress of the French. The other, young and blooming, was brought up in an impoverished Polish noble family, was married off to a wealthy old man, and was then switched into a new career through Napoleon's chance glimpse of her at a ball. Between them is the child of the man who had loved both and forsaken both, that he might compel a stupid little Habsburg girl to immortalise a name which had long ere this immortalised itself.
When the empress' hour comes, he has to make a choice great as destiny itself. Paris knows, France knows, that the young wife is in labour. All are waiting for the heir; enemies are dreading him before he is born ; the common people, who at such moments are always dynastically inclined, are praying for mother and child. Throughout the night Napoleon has been watching by his wife's bedside, but has withdrawn for a time. The accoucheur brings him dread tidings : " The child is in a bad position; there is danger to the life of both mother and infant! "
The whole structure of his dynastic schemes is tottering. What will he say, this man of iron, when the doctor asks whether the first thought is to be for the mother or for the child ? Will he not answer that, before all, it is necessary to save the child, for whose first cry millions besides Napoleon are waiting ? What does Marie Louise matter ? When she has borne him a healthy boy, she will have fulfilled her earthly mission. Surely the Emperor can have no choice ?
" Do exactly what you would do if an ordinary citizen's wife were in labour. The mother's life comes first! "
Two hours later, however, the baby has been born, and the mother is in good case. With rapt attention, Paris counts the cannon shots. Nineteen, twenty, twenty-one—so far, it may only be a girl. But when the twenty-second gun booms out, the
The Mutable Many
whole city is in a frenzy of delight. The crowd surrounding the old Bourbon palace cheers madly. The salute is still thundering. The little lieutenant of artillery stands by the window, mechanically noting the calibre of the guns from the pitch of the gun-fire, glancing down upon the mutable many without — while his thoughts reach far back into the past, and roam yet farther forward into the future.
The groom-of-the-chambers sees that there are tears in the cold, grey blue eyes.
(From the " Corpus Imaginum " of the Photographic Society, Charlottenburg.)
Napoleon as Emperor. Painting by Vigneux. Count Primoli Collection.
BOOK FOUR THE SEA
It is essential that this man shall be ruined! . . . But since, here
below, everything takes place by natural causes, the daimons
trip him: thus, in the end, even Napoleon is overthrown.—
GOETHE.
THE old struggle in Napoleon's mind between mathematics and fantasy had ripened. The issue of the struggle was now to decide the history of his world dominion.
For now, at the climax of his career; fortified by his ties with the Habsburgs, ties for whose sake he had broken the familiar associations of years of married life; fortified by having a legitimate heir, whose birth gave firm anchorage to his adventurer's dynasty; having gained the mastery over conspiracies, and having learned to dominate all the political parties—he was once more free as he had been eleven years earlier, when the victory of Marengo had safeguarded the tranquillity he needed for the internal development of France. True, England was unconquered ; but Russia seemed still friendly. True, Spain was uncoerced; but Europe from Reggio to Hammerfest was allied to France, this being a euphemism for dependence on France. For the last time in his life, he was free to make a great decision.
Had he been nothing more than a mathematician, he would have been content with his calculations within the resuscitated realm of Charlemagne, and dreams of world dominion would have yi
elded place before the reality of the United States of Europe under France's leadership. Had he been nothing but a visionary, he would have aimed, like a new Alexander, to march towards the Ganges; and England would have been merely a pretext for his onslaught on India. But he was both mathematician and visionary, and was therefore in danger of disavowing himself. For, as calculator, he failed to grasp an eminently real factor which could not be expressed in figures. The moods of un-uniformed men in Spain and in Germany could play no part in the cipherings of a military commander
364
The Sense of Destiny
who thought in terms of army corps and big guns. Nevertheless such moods should have come within the scope of his visions as a seer!
Thus during these decisive years, after the birth of his heir, and before his next warlike designs have become active, his mind is alternately dominated by his two fundamental impulses, and the whole future depends upon which of the two will be supreme when the moment for action comes. Will his awakened fantasy warn him that it is dangerous to brave the anger of exasperated peoples, or will his calculating faculty disclose to him the danger that will await him on the distant road to the East ? What will happen should he err in both respects ? Then, indeed, his whole world will go up in flames.
He feels that his powers are ripening. In addition to the two energies we have been considering, a third is growing to maturity, the sense of destiny. Words unheard before, or rarely expressed, now find voice : " I feel that I am being driven towards an unknown goal. But as soon as I have reached it, as soon as I no longer have an inexorable mission, an atom will suffice to overthrow me. Till then, no human powers can effect anything against me. The days are numbered."
Truly they are numbered; and through these prophetic words there already breathes the forebodings of an exit, although he does not know the way thither. Now, on the path towards the tragical catastrophe, the clarity of his inner vision is dimmed. Yet he himself speaks of the campaign against Russia as the " fifth act," though the full significance of the term is not apparent to him. Tones like those of his youthful days resound in the new harmony. " I have got to the end of everything," he had said when he was thirty, on the Nile. Now, at forty-three, he declares in the Council of State : " All this will last as long as I do, and no longer. Perhaps when I am dead, my son will think himself well off if he can be sure of an income of forty thousand francs a year."