by Propaganda
journals and magazines
card-stacking, 105
freedom of expression, 239–41,
British propaganda during
corpse factory story, 66–68
247
WWI, 62
defining propaganda, 5–6, 7
hate propaganda, 248–52
Misleading Advertising
deletion of a qualifying perfor-
Middle Ages, 47
Bulletin, 261
mative, 100–01
morality, 245n14, 245n22
propaganda, 19
dialectical shift, 13
public opinion, 217–18
Punch, 96, 98
Eleanor MacLean, 106–10
rhetoric, 13, 41
Saturday Evening Post, 204
experiencer deletion, 100
legists, 47
World War I, 62–63, 70
glittering generality, 102
legitimacy, 224–26
Jowett, Garth, 9
ignoring, 164–65
Leiser, Burton, 254
Joyce, William, 81
Institute for Propaganda
Leith, James, 50
The Jungle (Sinclair), 255
Analysis, 102–06
Lemnitzer, Lyman, 36
The Just Assassins (Camus), 160
jargon, 19
Lenin, Vladimir, and propaganda, 1, 4
meshing fact with opinion,
Lenin, Vladimir (works), What Is
Kant, Immanuel, 141–42, 144,
109–10
to Be Done? , 72
147–50, 152
metaphors, 21, 77
Leninist propaganda, 71–74
Kantianism, 141–42
misreading imputations of
Lesser Hippias (Socrates),
Katimavik, 127
intention, 114–17, 136n28
180–81n28
Keegstra, James, 249–50
morally evasive language, 97
Levick, Barbara, 86n17
Keep the Aspidistra Flying
naming and name-cal ing,
Levin, Jack, 257
(Orwell), 15
101–02
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Kenez, Peter, 73–74
Orwell, 15–16, 17–18, 21
(Fitzjames), 232
Kennedy, John F., 176
party feeling, 172
A Life in Progress (Black), 129
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lifestyles, 242, 243–44, 252
religion, 147
McCarthy, Joe, 102, 166,
Lincoln, Abraham, 37–38
Sissela Bok, 152–54, 200
181–82n57
Lincoln, Clifford, 299
St. Augustine, 144, 145–47,
McChesney, Robert W., 323–24,
Lippmann, Walter, 97
147–48, 150, 153, 154
325–27
Lochner, Louis, 82
St. Thomas Aquinas, 144,
McCloskey, H.J., 235
Locke, John, 221
147, 150
McCol am, Douglas, 298
Loeb, Vernon, 309
See also ethics
McConnell, Mitch, 334
Loenertz, Raymond J., 86n35
Lying (Bok), 144
McDonald’s, 13
logical fal acies
Lynch, Charles, 291
McGillion, Alice, 208
about, 110
Lynch, Jessica, 309–10
McKenna, Brian, 108–09
accident, 113
Lytton (Lord), 245n14
McKenzie, Vernon, 10
ad hominem, 110
McKerracher, Keith, 263
amphiboly, 113
MacArthur, John, 206–08
McLachlin, Beverley, 265–68
begging the question, 112
MacDonald, Flora, 293
McLeod, John, 279
false analogy, 112–13
MacGuigan, Mark R., 237
McLeod, Judi, 279
false cause, 110–11
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 44, 47, 160
McLuhan, Marshal , 307
genetic fal acy, 110
MacIntosh, J.J., 166
McNamara, Robert, 36
hasty generalizations, 111
MacIntyre, Linden, 206
Mearsheimer, John J., 176
ignoring logical force and
Mackenzie, A.J., 69–70
Meiklejohn, Alexander, 239
direction of an argument, Mackenzie, J.E., 68
Mein Kampf (Hitler)
111–12
MacLean, Eleanor, 106–10
appealing to the masses, 76–77
ignoring the question, 111
magazines. See journals and
the big lie, 75–76
post hoc, ergo propter hoc, 110–11
magazines
El ul and, 26–27
See also language manipulation
Les Main Sales (Sartre), 181n41
Orwell and, 26–27
logos, 39, 41
Mair, G.H., 58
propaganda, 75
Lokal-Anzeiger, 66, 67, 69, 70
Major, John, 152
See also Hitler, Adolf
Los Angeles Times, 164, 207
manipulation, 9–10, 12
Mellon, Andrew, 204–05
Louis XIV (King), 48
Manners, Earl, 119
Menexenus (Plato), 38, 39
Ludendorff, Erich, 75
Manning, Bradley, xvi, 333, 343n67 El Mercurio, 166
Lutz, William, 15
manuals, 21, 33n48, 82
metaphors, 21, 77, 99
Lyell, Nicholas, 152
Many Voices, One World
Middle Ages, 46–47
lying
(McBride), 331
Middle East Watch, 207, 210,
advertising, 186–87
Mao Zedong, 28–29
215n48
associating, 166
Marat Assassinated (David), 49
Mill, John Stuart
David Nyberg, 154–58, 160
Marlin, Marguerite, 320, 342n27
children, 228
dirty hands arguments, 158–62
Marx, Karl, 6, 24
commerical speech, 229–32
Dr. Johnson, 151
mass media
comprehension of doctrine,
elitism, 149, 162–64
concentration of ownership,
226–27
Grotius, 148–50
268, 325
critics of, 232–36
hate propaganda, 248–49
government controls, 268–77
exceptions and consistency,
ignoring, 164–65
Internet, 308
227–28, 245n13
Immanuel Kant, 144, 147–48,
meaning, 25
free speech arguments, 224,
149–50
modern communications
249, 251
intention to lie, 180–81n28
media, 236–38
incitement, 228–29
Ivy Lee, 203–05
Nazi propaganda, 75
infal ibility and legitimacy,
lying respondents, 126
Ontario Press Council, 277–80
224–26
misleading without lying,
power of, 1
infirm adults, 228
164–66
public journalism, 320–23
On Liberty, 222
morality of, 144–45, 150
truth, xvii–xviii
partial truth, 226
nineteenth-century Britain,
Masterman, C.F.G. (Charles),
self-development and social
150–52
56–58, 8
7n55
benefit, 224
Plato, 149, 162
mathematical limitations, 122–24
underlying principles, 222–24
political ethics, 176
McBride Report, 331
validation, 238
presupposing, 165–66
McBride, Sean, 331
vitality of belief, 226–27
public relations, 200
See also freedom of expression
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Miller, Arthur, 181–82n57
science, 16–17, 32n41
“Notes on Nationalism” (Orwell),
Miller, Judith, 297
vertical propaganda, 29
18, 19–20
Miller, Mark Crispin, 188, 213n4
war propaganda, 80–83
Nyberg, David, 144, 154–58, 160
Milton, John, 219–22
See also German propaganda;
Ministry of Information, 60–61
wars
Obama, Barack, 78, 332
Misleading Advertising Bulletin, 261 Neander, Joachim, xvii
objectivity, 177–78
Mitchell, Chalmers, and negative
Nelson, Phillip, 252–54
Occupy Wall Street, 84, 309
definitions, 8
Nestlé, 199
O’Donnell, Victoria, 9
Mitchell, Greg, 311
net neutrality, 325
Ogilvy and Mather, 199
Moniteur, 51
New York Herald, 54
Okrent, Daniel, 298
Monro, D.H., 235–36
New York Times, 127, 280
Olasky, Marvin, 202
monuments, 45, 340
corpse factory story, 69
Oldham, Takeshi (Taki), xviiin2, 21
Moon, Richard, 241–42
Iraq war, 2, 31n2, 297–98, 334
Olivieri, Nancy, 23
Moor, D.S., 73
military deceptions, 211
O’Malley, Peter, 198–99
morality
moral norms, 161
omission, 107–08
advertising, 187
opinion polls, 119
On Compromise (Morley), 221
casuistry, 155–56
political ethics, 152
one-dimensional figures, 131–32
censorship, 218, 221, 222–23,
See also newspapers
Ontario Hydro, 199–200, 294
233, 234–36
newspapers
Ontario Lottery and Gaming
French Revolution, 49
American Civil War, 54
Corporation (OLGC),
law, 245n14, 245n22
Associated Press, 240–41, 243
342n35
lying, 144–45, 150
Boer War, 55
Ontario Press Council (OPC),
moral norms, 161
corpse factory story, 65–71
277–80, 303n71
moral scepticism, 140
freedom of expression, 240–41
Ontario Secondary School
morally evasive language, 97
Hill and Knowlton campaign,
Teachers Federation
See also religion
207
(OSSTF), 119
Morley, John, 221
Iraq war, 31n2
open encounter concept, 236–38
Moses, Robert, 315
opinion polls, 121, 123–24, 126,
Openmedia.ca, 325
Murdoch, Rupert, xvii, 1, 277
127–28
opinion polls
Murphy’s Romance, 188
political ethics, 152
about, 119–20
myth, 25–26, 28
Postmedia Network, 276
bogus polls, 128–29
Pravda, 73
dishonesty in gathering infor-
Nader, Ralph, 255, 325, 342n41
press councils, 277–80
mation, 126–27
Nagel, Linda, 263
propaganda, 13
fluctuation of opinion, 128
naming and name-cal ing
public relations, 203
interpretation of responses,
enemies of the people, 50
Quebecor Media, 276–77
127–28
ignoring, 164–65
Royal Commission on
interviewer effects, 121–22
Iraq war, 85n3
Newspapers (Kent
lying respondents, 126
language manipulation, 101–02
Commission), 271–77
manipulation of, 128
National Capital Freenet, 313
Spanish American war, 55
mathematical limitations,
National Post, 276, 279, 296, 298, 324
statistics, 135–36n16
122–24
nationalism, 19–20
Sun Media, 276–77
political uses, 48
Naureckas, Jim, 164
Thomson Newspapers, 272
randomness, 120–21
“Nayirah,” 206, 207, 208, 211,
World War I, 61
wording and context of the
214n43, 215n45
newsreels, 55
question, 124–26
Nazi propaganda
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 75, 142, 177
See also public opinion;
appealing to the masses, 76–77
Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell),
statistics
attention, 93–94
14–15, 17–18, 101
“or” (rhetorical use of ), 117–18
the big lie, 71, 75–76
Nixon, Richard, 125, 128
O’Reilly, Bill, xvi
British propaganda, 55
Nobécourt, R.G., 82–83, 176
Orwell, George
ethos, 40
non-verbal techniques. See opin-
about, 14–17
manuals, 82
ion polls; statistics
attention, 93
mass media, 75
normative ethics, 140
and meaning, 6
radio, 79
North, Oliver, 163
Mein Kampf review, 26–27
rise of party, 1, 77–80
Northcliffe (Lord), 66, 69
and propaganda, 14
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surveillance, 334
British propaganda, 58, 63
Posner, Vladimir, 40
Orwell, George (works)
photomontage, 10
post hoc, ergo propter hoc, 110–11
Animal Farm, 14–15
Picnic, 213n4
posters, 77, 93–94
“Boys’ Weeklies,” 19
Pisistratus, 36–37
Postmedia Network, 276, 324
Burmese Days, 14
plain folks, 104–05
Potter, Mitch, 310
essays of, 18–21
Plame, Valerie, 334
Potter, Wendell, xv
“A Farthing Newspaper,” 19
Plato
POUM ( Partido Obrero de
Homage to Catalonia, 14, 32n34
about, 38–39
Unificación Marxista), 15–16,
Keep the Aspidistra Flying, 15
elitism, 162
116–17
Nineteen Eighty-Four, 14–15,
ethics, 143
Powell, Colin, xv, 212–13, 296,
17–18, 101
lying, 149, 162
298–99, 305n114
“Notes on Nationalism,” 18,
Plato (works)
Pravda, 73
19–20
Gorgias, 38
pre-propaganda, 25–27
“Politics and the English
Menexenus, 38, 39
press councils, 277–80
Language,” 21
Phaedrus, 38, 39
prior restraint, 219
“Shooting an Elephant,” 14
Republic, 143, 162
privacy, 330
Ottawa Citizen, 279–80, 291,
“A Plea for Intellectuals” (Sartre),
Project on Public Life and the
313–14
16
Press, 321
distraction, 109
Plekhanov, Georgi, 71–72
propaganda
government information, 293,
Poindexter, John, 282
definition of, 3–5, 204
299
The Political Illusion (El ul), 22
descriptive definitions, 5
Iraq war, 31n2
politics
favourable definitions, 10–11
opinion polls, 127
campaign promises, 17, 43
hegemonic definitions, 6
Quebec referendum, 121, 291
colonialism, 47–48
negative definitions, 7–10
statistics, 132
debating, 41
neutral definitions, 10
use of “or”, 117
defining propaganda, 7
persuasive definition, 7
“Outfoxed,” xvi
democracy, 239–41
power of, 1–2
divine favour, 16–17, 44,
pre-propaganda, 25–27
packaging labels, 118
45–46, 240
proposed definitions, 11–13
Packard, Vance, 255
e-mail, 328–29
real definition, 6
Paine, Tom, 218
elections, 43–44, 120–21,
stipulative definitions, 5–6
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 150
159–60, 164, 325
Propaganda Abteilung, 83
party feeling
El ul, 22
propaganda analysis
about, 171–72
ethics of propaganda, 176
context and truth-reliability, 337
band wagon effect, 105–06
Internet, 309, 319–20, 332
fairness in, 337–38
nationalism, 19–20
lying, 150–52
pre-propaganda, 25–27
Nazi party ral ies, 74
mass media, xvii
propaganda techniques, 336–37
party organization, 76
Orwell, 15–16
sources, 211, 335
propaganda, 9
political categories, 27–28
what is the message, 335–36
See also groups
political ethics, 159–62
who benefits, 336
Pascal, Blaise, 156
public relations, 204–05
Propaganda Boom (Mackenzie), 70
passive tense, 21, 99–100, 135n9
rhetoric, 41
propaganda categories
pathos, 39, 40
speeches, 21
agitation propaganda, 72, 73
patriotism, 20
transfer, 103
hate propaganda, 218, 233,
Patten, Richard, 326
war as instrument, 52–53
237–38, 247–54
Pattison, Mark, 150
“Politics and the English
horizontal propaganda, 29
Paul (Saint), 72
Language” (Orwell), 21
integration propaganda, 28–29,