55. This is now a part of the British Library in London on Euston Road.
56. For a complete bibliography of the book, refer to V.D. Savarkar. The Indian War of Independence of 1857 . http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/the_indian_war_of_independence_1857_with_publishers_note.v001.pdf
57. Ibid.
58. Lichfield Mercury , 17 May 1907, courtesy British Newspaper Archive, London.
59. Newspaper Leeds Mercury , 13 May 1907, courtesy British Newspaper Archive, London.
60. V.D. Savarkar. The_Indian_War_of_Independence . http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/the_indian_war_of_independence_1857_with_publishers_note.v001.pdf
61. For full text of ‘O! Martyrs!’ please see Appendix I.
62. ‘Indian Students at Cirencester College’, 1908, Public and Judicial Department, IOR/L/PJ/6/897 3787, British Library, London.
63. V.D. Savarkar. The_Indian_War_of_Independence . http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/the_indian_war_of_independence_1857_with_publishers_note.v001.pdf ).
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. M.P.T. Acharya. Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary , p. 91.
74. Home/13-13A/1909/An Interception of book or pamphlet, Letter 14 December 1908. National Archives of India, New Delhi.
75. This was a law passed in 1878 by the British to control both revenue coming in from maritime trade, as also maintaining a vigil and control over movement (import and export) of goods to and from India.
76. Home/13-13A/1909/An Interception of book or pamphlet, Letter 14 December 1908, National Archives of India, New Delhi; Letter 18 December 1908, National Archives of India.
77. Courtesy British National Archives (BNA), London.
78. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 101.
79. ‘Weekly extract, paragraph 26 from Report on Native Papers Home (Special), 60-C/1908-10: ‘V.D. Savarkar: Book entitled “Indian War of Independence of 1857” by an Indian Nationalist’, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
80. James Campbell Kerr. Political Trouble in India: 1907-1917 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1973), p. 242.
81. V.D. Savarkar. Inside the Enemy Camp . http://savarkar.org/en/encyc/2018/3/23/Download-section.html .
82. G.M. Joshi. ‘The Story of This History’, in V.D. Savarkar, The Indian War of Independence of 1857 (Bombay: Phoenix Publications,1947), p. xvi.
83. Hamsaraja Rahabara. Bhagat Singh and His Thought (Delhi: Manak Publications, 1990), p. 90.
84. Recorded in the Oral Archives—Interview Transcripts at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), New Delhi.
85. Free Hindustan , Special No., 28 May 1946.
Chapter 5: And the Storm Breaks
1. Indian Sociologist , June 1907, p. 22.
2. Ibid., p. 28.
3. (Secret) Prog. no. 144, DCI, 24.8.1907, B. August 1907, no 135–45; A.C. Bose. Indian Revolutionaries Abroad: 1905-1927. Select Documents . New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2002, p. 15.
4. The Times , 17 May 1907, British Newspaper Archives (BNA).
5. National Review , June 1907, British Newspaper Archives (BNA)
6. Indian Sociologist , July 1907, p. 25.
7. Ibid., September 1907, p. 35
8. Ibid.
9. The Daily Telegraph, courtesy British Newspaper Archives (BNA)
10. The Standard, courtesy British Newspaper Archives (BNA)
11. Indian Sociologist , July 1907, p. 35.
12. A.C. Bose. Indian Revolutionaries Abroad: 1905-1927. Select Documents . New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2002, p. 15.
13. Home (Political), 1908, No. 1: ‘Diary of Political Events, 1907’, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
14. Weekly Report of the Director of Criminal Intelligence, 30 September 1907, POS 3094, British Library, London; Richard Popplewell. ‘The Surveillance of Indian Revolutionaries in Great Britain and on the Continent, 1905–14’, Intelligence and National Security . 3.1 (1998): 56–76, p. 59. O’Brien was posing as a member of the staff of the New York Gaelic American, Weekly Report for 28 September 1907 in H.D.(B); October 1907, Nos. 40–49.
15. Weekly Report dated 23 January 1909 H.D.(B); February 1909, Nos. 2–11 from Richard Popplewell. ‘The Surveillance of Indian Revolutionaries in Great Britain and on the Continent, 1905–14’, Intelligence and National Security . 3.1 (1998): 56–76, p. 135.
16. Madame Cama to the editor of the Indian Sociologist , quoted in the Proceedings of the Home Department, July 1913, Notes–Political–A, July 1913, pp. 4. OIOC, POS 6052, British Library, London.
17. Weekly Report of the DCI, 6 December 1910, OIOC, POS 3095, British Library, London.
18. Weekly Report of the DCI, 12 December 1910, OIOC, POS 3095, British Library, London.
19. David Garnett. The Golden Echo, Vol. I. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1954), pp. 143–44.
20. Courtesy British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
21. Some opine that this flag was designed by Hemchandra Kanungo. See K.V. Singh. Our National Flag (Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India, 1991), pp. 30–32; Arundhati Virmani. A National Flag for India: Rituals, Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment ( Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2008), pp. 61–62.
22. Emily C. Brown. Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist (New Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1975), p. 68.
23. The Mahratta , 29 October 1937. There is no mention of the colours and their correlation with communities in his speech.
24. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 67.
25. Bulu Roy Chowdhury. Madame Cama: A Short Life Sketch , pp. 15–16.
26. A.C. Bose. Indian Revolutionaries Abroad: 1905-1927. Select Documents , pp. 15–17.
27. Ibid., p. 16.
28. ‘History Sheet of Madame Bhikaji Cama prepared by the Criminal Intelligence Office—August 1913, No. 61’; A.C. Bose. Indian Revolutionaries Abroad: 1905-1927. Select Documents , 2002, p. 63.
29. Emily. C. Brown. Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist , 1975, p. 62.
30. R.A. Padmanabhan. V.V.S. Aiyar ( New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1980), p. 20.
31. Oral Archives: Transcripts of Interviews at Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), Delhi.
32. Y.D. Phadke. Senapati Bapat (Delhi: National Book Trust, 1993), p. 14.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., p. 15. The original reference in this book is also an article by Senapati Bapat himself for the Marathi newspaper Daily Navakal , 22 July 1956.
35. V.D. Savarkar. Newsletters from London , dated 19 July 1907. http://satyashodh.com/Savarkar%20Newsletters1A.htm#d14
36. David Garnett. The Golden Echo, Vol. I , p. 157. See also Janaki Bakhle. ‘Savarkar (1883–1966), Sedition and Surveillance: the Rule of Law in a Colonial Situation’. Social History 35.1 (2010): 51–75.
37. Home (Political), December 1908, National Archives of India, New Delhi and IOR Files, British Library, London.
38. Richard Popplewell. ‘The Surveillance of Indian Revolutionaries in Great Britain and on the Continent, 1905–14’. Intelligence and National Security . 3.1 (1998): 56–76, p. 57.
39. Known also as CID or Criminal Intelligence Department.
40. Note of H.A. Stuart, Director, Criminal Intelligence Department, 13 June 1907, Home (Political), May 1908, No. 1: ‘Proposed formation of a political service under the control of the Criminal Intelligence Department to furnish information about the spread of sedition’, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
41. J&P, 826/04 in L/PJ/6/670; ‘The Establishment of a Central Criminal Investigation Department in India’, British Library, London.
42. Note of C. J. Stevenson-Moore, officiating director, Criminal Intelligence, 13 May 1908, Home (Political), May 1908, No. 1, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
43. ‘Persona
l Correspondence of Secretary of State Morley’, 1908, Private Manuscripts, IOR/MSS/EUR/D/1090/2, British Library, London.
44. Harold Brust. I Guarded Kings ( New York: Hillman-Curl, Inc., 1936), pp. 106–08.
45. ‘Internal Correspondence’ 1907, Public and Judicial Department IOR/L/PJ/6/994, British Library, London.
46. M.P.T. Acharya. Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary. Edited by B.D. Yadav (New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1991), p. 83.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., p. 84.
50. ‘Subversive Speeches at India House’. See Paul Schaffel, ‘Empire and Assassination: Indian Students, “India House”, and Information Gathering in Great Britain, 1898-1911’, unpublished dissertation, Wesleyan University, 2012, p. 94.
51. M.P.T. Acharya. Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary , pp. 86–87.
52. IOR/L/PS/8/67; Sep 1909-Sep 1913; Employment and expenses of Indian informant, Sajani Ranjan Banerjea, alias Sukasagar Dutt, to watch Indian students in London ; British Library, London.
53. Ibid. Letter dated 26 August 1913.
54. Kirtikar’s existence in India House as a spy is produced from Koregaonkar’s testimony. He also appears in Bakhle’s account of surveillance during this period. He is also mentioned in Padmanabhan (pp. 36–41), Dhananjay Keer and Harindra Srivastava in their accounts. However, he is conspicuously absent in the accounts of Popplewell, who instead mentions an agent cryptically named ‘C’ who infiltrated India House successfully around the same time as Kirtikar. Whether this ‘C’ was Kirtikar is unknown.
55. Richard Popplewell, ‘The Surveillance of Indian Revolutionaries in Great Britain and on the Continent, 1905–14’, p. 67.
56. Shreedhar Raghunath Vartak, Swatantryaveer Savarkaranchi Prabhaval (Nasik: S.R. Vartak, 1972), p. 76.
57. V.M. Bhat. Abhinav Bharat athava Savarkaranchi Krantikari Gupta Sanstha (Mumbai: G.P. Parchure Prakashan Mandir, 1950), p. 87.
58. Vartak, Shridhar Raghunath. Swatantryaveer Savarkaranchi Prabhaval (Nasik: S.R. Vartak, 1972), p. 79.
59. Home (Political) / December 1908, 8 June 1908, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
60. Home Department/Political/60-A, 23 August 1908, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
61. Radhika Singha. ‘Settle, Mobilize, Verify: Identification Practices in Colonial India’. Studies in History 16.2 (2000): 151–98, p. 193. Bhangis were, as Singha mentions, ‘those who removed filth from habitations—treated as a highly polluting social strata in India, and were forced to wear distinguishing clothing’.
62. IOR/L/PJ/6/920; ‘Establishment of a miniature rifle range at India house’, Highgate; British Library, London.
63. Sedition Committee Report 1918, Secret report published by the Government of India, p. 31.
64. Ibid.
65. Thomas Frost. The Secret Societies of the European Revolution, 1776-1876. Vols. 1 & 2. ( London: Tinsley, 1876).
66. Ibid., p. 32.
67. Home Department/Political 1909, Important Documents at Ganesh Damodar Savarkar’s House, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
68. Home Department/Political 1909-60-A, S-21, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.; Letter dated 27 May 1909 C.J. Stevenson-Moore, Officiating Director, Criminal Intelligence.
71. English translation of the biography of Babarao Savarkar. http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/babarao-savarkar-v003.pdf , p. 21.
72. Ibid., p. 22.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid., p. 31.
75. Details about the insults Yesu Vahini from Uttara Sahasrabuddhe. Bharatiya Swatantryaladhyatil Streeya (Pune: Mehta Publishing House, n.d.)
76. English translation of the biography of Babarao Savarkar. http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/babarao-savarkar-v003.pdf , p. 24
77. CID Circular No. 11, 28 October 1909, British Library, London, p. 7.
78. Home Political, May 1910, No. 1, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
79. Daniel Brückenhaus. ‘The Transnational Surveillance of Anti-Colonialist Movements in Western Europe, 1905-1945’. Unpublished dissertation, Yale University, 2011, p. 57.
80. Proceedings of the Foreign Department, February 1906, Pro. No. 44, p 1–4, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
81. Foreign Department Notes, Internal-B, February 1910; Nos 9–10, p. 1, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
82. Home Political, May 1910, No. 1, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
83. From the testimony of Miss Beck, ‘Proceedings of the Central Criminal Court, 19 July 1909; The trial of Madan Lal Dhingra’ CRIM 1/1135, National Archives of UK, London.
84. Ibid. Journalist Douglas William Thorburn’s testimony.
85. Ibid.
86. Dundee Evening Telegraph , 6 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
87. Testimony of Constable Frederick Nicholls and Detective Sergeant Frank Eadly; also Dundee Evening Telegraph , 6 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
88. The Times , 6 July 1909, p. 10.
89. V.N. Datta. Datta Madan Lal Dhingra and the Revolutionary Movement. ( New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1986), pp. 46–51.
90. Dundee Evening Telegraph , 6 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
91. ‘Information About the Revolutionary Party in London from H. K. Koregaonkar of India House’, 1909, Political Department: Indian States, IOR/R/R/1/1/10, British Library, London. Shompa Lahiri too talks about the ‘particularly crude and racist’ articles of the newspaper that spoke of Indians as dangerous sexual deviants, Shompa Lahiri. Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880-1930 ( London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2000), p. 89.
92. Testimony of Henry Stanton Morley, proprietor of an exhibition of automatic machines and the shooting range.
93. M.P.T. Acharya. Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary , p. 92.
94. Ibid.
95. Dhananjay Keer. Veer Savarkar , p. 52.
96. Ibid., p. 53.
97. Arguments to this effect have been made by A.G. Noorani. Savarkar and Hindutva: The Godse Connection ( New Delhi: Leftword Books, 2002), p. 14–15.
98. Testimony of Superintendent Alfred Isaac, National Archives of UK, London.
99. Testimony of Sub-Divisional Inspector Charles Glass, National Archives of UK, London.
100. Testimony of Inspector Albert Draper, National Archives of UK, London.
101. Dundee Evening Telegraph , 7 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
102. IOR/L/PJ/6/961: Files related to murder of Sir Curzon Wyllie, British Library, London.
103. Harindra Srivastav. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 155.
104. EPP 2/1, Bande Mataram , 10 September 1909, British Library, London.
105. Dublin Daily Express , 6 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
106. Birmingham Daily Gazette , 6 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
107. Ibid.
108. He is mentioned as ‘Mr Palmer’ by M.P.T. Acharya in his Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary , p. 94.
109. Ibid.
110. The Times , 8 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA); London Evening Standard, 8 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
111. The Daily Dispatch and also Northampton Chronicle and Echo , 7 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
112. The Bolton Evening News , 13 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
113. The Homeward Mail from India, China and the East, 19 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
114. The Mahratta , 3 September 1937.
115. Memoirs of Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje, File no. 1, P.S. Khankhoje Collection.
116. The Telegraph, 12 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
117. Testimony of Dr Thomas Neville, Trial of Madan Lal Dhingra, National Archives of UK, London.
118. The Telegraph , 12 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
&nbs
p; 119. The Trial of Madan Lal Dhingra, National Archives of UK, London.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. Dhananjay Keer. Veer Savarkar , p. 56.
123. Daily News , 16 August 1909, BNA.
124. W.S. Blunt. My Diaries, Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1884-1914 , Vol. II (New York: Knopf, 1921), p. 288.
125. The Daily News , 18 August 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
126. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 170.
127. Paul Schaffel. ‘Empire and Assassination: Indian Students, “India House”, and Information Gathering in Great Britain, 1898-1911’, unpublished dissertation, Wesleyan University, 2012, p. 87.
128. Ibid., pp. 170–71.
129. P&J Dept. 1909, No. 956, British Library, London.
130. W.S. Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt , Part II (London, 1907), pp. 267–68.
131. The Times , 10 July 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
132. Indian Sociologist , July 1909.
133. Ibid. , August 1909.
134. Indulal Yagnik. Shyamji Krishna Varma: Life and Times of an Indian Revolutionary , p. 263.
135. Ibid.
136. The Times , 1 March 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
137. Ibid. , 19 March 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
138. Indian Sociologist , August 1909.
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. Case/Trial Details: Trial of Guy A. Aldred; CRIM 1/114/4, National Archives of UK, London.
142. The Bande Mataram, September 1909, published by Bhikaji Cama from Geneva, Switzerland; British Library, London. (The location is mentioned as ‘Post Restante’ . It is not a proper residential address but a message to say ‘Send my post to the local post office and not to my home address and I shall collect it from the post office’. It was a way of concealing one’s home address.)
143. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. 9, 23 July 1908 to 4 August 1909, pp. 428–29. https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-9.pdf
144. Ibid. , Vol. 10, 5 August 1909–9 April 1910, p. 258. https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-10.pdf
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