by Robyn Ryle
“One intersex woman” Sharon Preves, Intersex and Identity: The Contested Self (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003).
“Online discussion pages” “TransDIY,” Reddit thread, accessed March 21, 2018, https://www.reddit.com/r/TransDIY/.
“In 2017, 647” Lenny Bernstein, “Here’s How Sex Reassignment Surgery Works,” The Washington Post, February 9, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/02/09/heres-how-sex-reassignment-surgery-works/?utm_term=.fc2c0f580053.
“In 2016, twenty-two” Human Rights Campaign Foundation, “Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017,” accessed March 21, 2018, https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017.
“One physician at” Schilt, Just One of the Guys.
“They now require” World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People, 7th ed., 60.
“As of 2015” Jason Gale, “How Thailand Became a Global Gender-Change Destination,” Bloomberg, October 26, 2015, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-10-26/how-thailand-became-a-global-gender-change-destination.
“You might assume” Human Rights Campaign Foundation, “Marriage Equality Around the World,” accessed March 21, 2018, https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/WorldMarriageMap.pdf?_ga=2.62520364.1653054982.1520179599-1992263507.1519223850.
“During the Ming” Bonnie Zimmerman and George Haggerty, eds. Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures (New York: Routledge, 1999) 163–164.
“Here’s how the” John Stoltenberg, Refusing to Be a Man: Essays on Sex and Justice (New York: Routledge, 2000).
“We try to” Stoltenberg, Refusing to Be a Man.
“If the first” Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used Against Women (New York: Harper Perennial, 2002).
“As far as” Elizabeth Denton, “How Much the Average Woman Spends on Makeup in Her Life,” Allure, March 29, 2017, https://www.allure.com/story/average-woman-spends-on-makeup.
“As recently as” Lisa Ko, “Unwanted Sterilization and Eugenics Programs in the United States,” PBS, January 29, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/unwanted-sterilization-and-eugenics-programs-in-the-united-states.
“Here’s a list” Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963), 128.
“The one-child policy” Tom Phillips, “China Ends One-Child Policy after 35 Years,” The Guardian, October 29, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/29/china-abandons-one-child-policy.
“In China, 48.55” Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “In China, a Lonely Valentine’s Day for Millions of Men,” New York Times, February 14, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/14/world/asia/china-men-marriage-gender-gap.html.
“By 2020, thirty” X. Jin et al., “‘Bare Branches’ and the Marriage Market in Rural China: Preliminary Evidence from a Village-Level Survey.” Chinese Sociological Review 46, no. 1 (2013): 83–104.
“This is higher” Louise Corselli-Nordblad and Andrea Gereoffy, “Marriage and Birth Statistics: New Ways of Living Together in the EU,” Eurostat, data extracted June 2015, accessed March 21, 2018, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Marriage_and_birth_statistics_-_new_ways_of_living_together_in_the_EU.
“Many of the” Population Europe Resource Finder & Archive, “Family Policies: Denmark (2014),” accessed March 31, 2018, http://www.perfar.eu/policy/family-children/denmark.
“Currently, the average” Eleanor Barkhorn, “Getting Married Later Is Great for College-Educated Women,” The Atlantic, March 15, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/03/getting-married-later-is-great-for-college-educated-women/274040/.
“As Nadine Naber” Nadine Naber, “Arab American Femininities: Beyond Arab Virgin / American(ized) Whore,” Feminist Studies 32, no. 1 (2006): 87–111.
“When researchers ask” Lisa Wade, American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2017).
“Some estimates suggest” David Wessel, “The Typical Male U.S. Worker Earned Less in 2014 Than in 1973,” Brookings, September 18, 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-typical-male-u-s-worker-earned-less-in-2014-than-in-1973/.
“Since 1970, men’s” Michael Greenstone and Adal Looney, “The Uncomfortable Truth About American Wages.” New York Times, October 22, 2012, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/the-uncomfortable-truth-about-american-wages/?mcubz=0&_r=1.
“In fact, estimates” United Nations, “The World’s Women 2015: Work,” accessed March 6, 2018, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/chapter4/chapter4.html.
“Only 7 percent” Gretchen Livingston, “The Likelihood of Being a Stay-at-Home Father,” Pew Research Center, June 5, 2014, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/06/05/chapter-1-the-likelihood-of-being-a-stay-at-home-father/.
“Today, men take” “Gender Equality in Sweden,” Sweden, last modified February 1, 2018, https://sweden.se/society/gender-equality-in-sweden/; Jareen Imam, “Sweden Moves to Extend Paid Paternity Leave for Dads,” CNN, last modified May 30, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/05/30/living/sweden-paid-paternity-leave/index.html.
“Two years after” S. H., “Why Swedish Men Take So Much Paternity Leave,” The Economist, July 23, 2014, https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/07/economist-explains-15.
“In Sweden, women’s” S. H., “Why Swedish Men Take So Much Paternity Leave.”
“Mothers spend on” Pew Research Center, “Another Gender Gap: Men Spend More Time in Leisure Activities,” June 10, 2013, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/10/another-gender-gap-men-spend-more-time-in-leisure-activities/.
“Before that, all” Randy Hodson and Teresa A. Sullivan, The Social Organization of Work (Stamford, CT: Wadsworth, 1990).
“Employers generally don’t” Sarah Jane Glynn, “Breadwinning Mothers Are Increasingly the U.S. Norm,” Center for American Progress, December 19, 2016, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2016/12/19/295203/breadwinning-mothers-are-increasingly-the-u-s-norm/.
“After the transition” Schilt, Just One of the Guys.
“Unlike your white” Adia Harvey Wingfield, “Racializing the Glass Escalator: Reconsidering Men’s Experiences with Women’s Work,” Gender & Society 23, no. 1 (2009): 5–26.
“In a famous” “Sojourner’s Words and Music,” Sojourner Truth Memorial Committee, accessed March 21, 2018, http://sojournertruthmemorial.org/sojourner-truth/her-words/.
“But when she” Schilt, Just One of the Guys.
“If you’re an” American Association of University Women, The Simple Truth About the Gender Pay Gap (Spring 2018), accessed March 7, 2018. https://www.aauw.org/aauw_check/pdf_download/show_pdf.php?file=The-Simple-Truth.
“Lawyers, only 36” Jennifer Pierce, “Emotional Labor Among Paralegals,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561, no. 1 (1999): 127–142.
“Tennis is one” Joshua Barajas, “Equal Pay for Equal Play: What the Sport of Tennis Got Right,” PBS, April 12, 2016, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/equal-pay-for-equal-play-what-the-sport-of-tennis-got-right.
“In 2017, Sylvia” David Berri, “Basketball’s Growing Gender Wage Gap: The Evidence the WNBA Is Underpaying Players,” Forbes, September 20, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidberri/2017/09/20/there-is-a-growing-gender-wage-gap-in-professional-basketball/#3d2cb39f36e0; http://www.businessinsider.com/stephen-curry-salary-taxes-nba-2017-9.
“Women playing professional” Kayla Lombardo, “The Surprisingly Difficult Life of Professional Softball Players,” Excelle Sports, January 6, 2017, http://www.excellesports.com/news/npf-softball-offseason-professional/.
“That’s compared to” “MLB Salaries 2017: Earnings Flatten Out, while Clayton Kershaw Leads Pack,” USA Today, April 2, 2017, https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2017/04/02/mlb-sala
ries-payroll-2017/99960994/.
“As an engineer” Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 39, Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Detailed Occupations and Sex, United States Department of Labor, 2016, accessed September 7, 2017, https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat39.htm.
“Veterinarians will make” Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 39.
“As recently as” Michael Pavitt, “IAAF Hope to Have Revised Hyperandrogenism Regulations in Place by November,” Inside the Games, March 6, 2018, https://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1062306/iaaf-hope-to-have-revised-hyperandrogenism-regulations-in-place-by-november.
“These declines are” Lawrence B. Finer and Stanley K. Henshaw, “Abortion Incidence and Services in the U.S. in 2000,” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35, no. 1 (January/February 2004): 6–15.
“Eleven doctors and” Liam Stack, “A Brief History of Deadly Attacks on Abortion Providers,” New York Times, November 29, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/29/us/30abortion-clinic-violence.html; National Abortion Federation, “NAF Violence and Disruption Statistics,” accessed March 21, 2018, http://5aa1b2xfmfh2e2mk03kk8rsx.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/Stats_Table_2014.pdf.
“Five states have” Rebecca Harrington and Skye Gould, “The Number of Abortion Clinics in the U.S. Has Plunged in the Last Decade—Here’s How Many Are in Each State,” Business Insider, February 10, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-abortion-clinics-are-in-america-each-state-2017-2.
“But when you” Pew Research Center, “Another Gender Gap: Men Spend More Time in Leisure Activities.”
“If you’re married” Pew Research Center, “Another Gender Gap: Men Spend More Time in Leisure Activities.”
“If you live” Rosamund Hutt, “In Which Countries Do Women Outlive Men by More Than a Decade?” World Economic Forum, May 20, 2016, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/countries-where-women-outlive-men-by-decade/; Bertrand Desjardins, “Why Is Life Expectancy Longer for Women Than It Is for men?” Scientific American, accessed March 6, 2018, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-life-expectancy-lo/.
“Take the experience” Liz Kowalcyk, “In Mass., Transgender Patients Decry Hostility Over Medical Care,” Boston Globe, February 1, 2017, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/02/01/transgender-people-say-hostility-ignorance-common-doctors-offices-emergency-rooms/HYfNoCi2HAHw1QANBJnMJP/story.html.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Association of University Women (AAUW). The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap. Washington, DC: AAUW, 2017. https://www.aauw.org/aauw_check/pdf_download/show_pdf.php?file=The-Simple-Truth.
Anthes, Emily. “Stretch Marks for Dad.” Slate. June 14, 2007. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2007/06/stretch_marks_for_dads.html.
Bailey, Beth L. From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1989.
Barkhorn, Eleanor. “Getting Married Later Is Great for College-Educated Women.” The Atlantic. March 15, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/03/getting-married-later-is-great-for-college-educated-women/274040/.
Bernstein, Lenny. “Here’s How Sex Reassignment Surgery Works.” The Washington Post. February 9, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/02/09/heres-how-sex-reassignment-surgery-works/?utm_term=.fc2c0f580053.
Berry, Dan. “Realizing It’s a Small, Terrifying World After All.” The New York Times. June 20, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/orlando-shooting-america.html?rref=collection%2Fnewseventcollection%2F2016-orlando-shooting&action=click&contentCollection=us®ion=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=collection.
Blackless, M., A. Charuvastra, A. Fausto-Sterling, K. Lauzanne, and E. Lee. “How Sexually Dimorphic Are We? Review and Synthesis.” American Journal of Human Biology 12, no. 2 (2000): 151–156.
Bornstein, Kate. Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us. New York: Vintage, 1995.
Branstetter, Gillian. 2016. “Sketchy Pharmacies Are Selling Hormones to Transgender People.” The Atlantic. August 31, 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/08/diy-hormone-replacement-therapy/498044/.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 39. “Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Detailed Occupations and Sex.” Last modified January 19, 2018. Accessed September 7, 2017. United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat39.htm.
Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.
Corselli-Nordblad, Louise and Andrea Gereoffy. “Marriage and Birth Statistics: New Ways of Living Together in the EU.” Eurostat. Data extracted June 2015. Accessed March 6, 2018. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Marriage_and_birth_statistics_-_new_ways_of_living_together_in_the_EU.
Cucchiari, Salvatore. “The Gender Revolution and the Transition from the Bisexual Horde to the Patrilocal Band: The Origins of Gender Hierarchy.” In Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality, edited by Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Denton, Elizabeth. 2017. “How Much the Average Woman Spends on Makeup in Her Life.” Allure. March 29, 2017. https://www.allure.com/story/average-woman-spends-on-makeup.
Desjardins, Bertrand. “Why Is Life Expectancy Longer for Women Than It Is for Men?” Scientific American. 2004. Accessed March 6, 2018. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-life-expectancy-lo/.
DiProperzio, Linda. “Should You Raise a Gender-Neutral Baby?” Parents. 2013. Accessed September 6, 2017. http://www.parents.com/parenting/gender-neutral-parenting/.
The Economist. “Why Swedish Men Take So Much Paternity Leave.” July 23, 2014. https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/07/economist-explains-15.
Engels, Friedrich. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: Penguin Classics, 2010.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough.” The Sciences (March–April 1993).
———. “The Five Sexes, Revisited.” The Sciences (July–August 2000).
Fenton, Siobhan. “LGBT Relationships Are Illegal in 74 Countries, Research Finds.” The Independent. May 17, 2016. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html.
Finer, Lawrence B. and Stanley K. Henshaw. “Abortion Incidence and Services in the U.S. in 2000.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35, no. 1 (January–February 2004): 6–15.
Frost, Natasha. “For Centuries, People Celebrated a Little Boy’s First Pair of Trousers.” Atlas Obscura. September 18, 2017. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/breeching-party-first-pants-regency-trousers-boys.
Gale, Jason. “How Thailand Became a Global Gender-Change Destination.” Bloomberg. October 26, 2015. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-10-26/how-thailand-became-a-global-gender-change-destination.
Gerschick, Thomas J. “Toward a Theory of Disability and Gender.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 25, no. 4 (Summer 2000): 1263–1268.
Gholipour, Bahar. 2014. “5 Ways Fatherhood Changes a Man’s Brain.” LiveScience. June 14, 2014. https://www.livescience.com/46322-fatherhood-changes-brain.html.
Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Boston: Harvard University Press, 2016.
Girls Not Brides. “Child Marriage and the Syrian Conflict: 7 Things You Need to Know.” Girls Not Brides. June 20, 2017. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage-and-the-syrian-conflict-7-things-you-need-to-know/.
Glynn, Sarah Jane. 2016. “Breadwinning Mothers Are Increasingly the U.S. Norm.” Center for American Progress. December 19, 2016. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2016/12/19/295203/breadwinning-mothers-are-increasin
gly-the-u-s-norm/.
Goettner-Abendroth, Heidi and Karen P. Smith. “Matriarchies as Societies of Peace: Re-thinking Matriarchy.” Off Our Backs 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 49–52.
Goffman, Erving. Stigma. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963.
Goldsztajin, Iris. “12 Gender-Neutral Clothing Brands You Need to Know About.” Her Campus. January 31, 2017. https://www.hercampus.com/style/12-gender-neutral-clothing-brands-you-need-know-about.
Greenstone, Michael and Adal Looney. “The Uncomfortable Truth about American Wages.” New York Times. October 22, 2012. https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/the-uncomfortable-truth-about-american-wages/?mcubz=0&_r=1.
Halperin, David. One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love. New York: Routledge Press, 1990.
Hanna, Bo. “This Is What It’s Like to Raise Gender-Neutral Children.” VICE. April 5, 2016. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ppxjvb/raising-children-genderneutral-876.
Haselhuhn, M. P., E. M. Wong, and M. E. Ormiston. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies as a Link between Men’s Facial Width-to-Height Ratio and Behavior. PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (2013): https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072259.
Hodson, Randy and Teresa A. Sullivan. The Social Organization of Work. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth, 1990.
Hoschild, Arlie. The Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012.
———. The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home. New York: Penguin Books, 2012.
Hosi, Rachel. “What Is Demisexuality?” The Independent. August 28, 2017. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/demisexuality-what-is-it-sex-orientation-emotional-relationships-physical-a7912661.html.
Human Rights Campaign. “Corporate Equality Index 2017: Rating Workplaces on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Equality.” Human Rights Campaign. January 4, 2017. http://www.hrc.org/resources/corporate-equality-index-list-of-businesses-with-transgender-inclusive-heal.
———. “Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017.” Human Rights Campaign. Accessed March 1, 2018. https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2017.