of communists 8, 136;
war leaders 7, 8, 9
pyramidal school system 6
radio:
manzai and 55
Rainbow, The 71
rakugo (story telling) 53, 55
‘Red Dragonfly, The’ (Yamada) 96, 97
Redfield, Robert 13, 137
reforms 7–8:
see also education
Regional Struggle 109
Reischauer, Edwin O. 164
religion 126–7, 129, 131, 132, 164
responsibility for war 16, 26–7, 136–7
Resurrection (Tolstoy) 94, 150
revolutionary movements 114–15
Robertson, R.W.W. 163
Rogers, Lester B. 163
Röling, Bernard 142
Roosevelt, President 1, 2, 3
Rose of Versailles, The (Ikeda) 43
Rousseau, J.J. 126
Rowell, Milo E. 3
ruling elite 6, 49
Ryjin Hish 89
Saig 71
Sait Raitar 151
‘Saiz’ 50
Sakamoto Ryma 71, 74
Sakomizu 9
Sakuramoto Tomio 136, 137
Sakuta Keiichi 18–19, 138
Sams, General 10
samurai 129
San Francisco Examiner 28
Sanpei the Kappa (Mizuki) 38, 39
Sanrizuka farmers 49, 108, 120
Sanytei Ench 77
Sasaki Gen 143
Sat Ryoichi 137
Satomi Ton 150
Satoshi Kamata 163
Satow, Sir Earnest 48, 145
Saturday 104, 105, 151
‘Saturday’ group 104
Sawachi Hisae 150
‘Sazaesan’ (Hasegawa) 11, 113–14, 153–4
Schodt, Frederik L. 145
schools see education
science cult:
Mizuki questioning of 39;
Tsuge opposition to 41
Scottish folk songs 79, 99–100
Scroll of Frolicking Animals (Toba) 30–1
Sea of Fertility (Mishima) 129
Sei, T.K. 150
Seki Yoshihiko 124, 163
self-defence corps 8
self-sufficiency 117–19, 155–7
‘Sergeant Pepper’ 84, 87
servant see manzai, ‘Saiz’’
‘Seven Heads’ (Tsuboi) 20, 138–9
Shiba Rykai 71, 74
Shiba Rytar 71, 149
Shidehara 9
Shigemitsu, Foreign Minister 6
Shikitei Sanba 47
Shimamura Hogetsu 94
Shimoda Takez 13
Shimura Takashi 95
Shimagawa Yajir 81
Shinobu Seizabur 153
Shinto 131, 132, 164
Shiojiri Kimiaki 137
Shirakawa Yoshikazu 148
Shirato Sanpei 34–6, 45
Shiroyama Sabur 22, 142
sh (instrument) 83
Shchan and the Squirrel 29–30, 32
Shhin Kaguku Kenkyjo 161
Shwa period 55
Simonson, Carl S. 163
singers 69
‘Sky of my Home Village, The’ 100
Slavina, Countess Ludovskaya 67
Slavina, Kitty 67
Society for the Study of Contemporary Customs 117, 158
Sodei Rinjir 154, 155
Shy 44
Skagakkai 131
solidarity 122–3
Sma Gyof 94
song contest 64, 66, 69:1953 65 ; 1982 66
‘Song of the Seaside’ (Narita) 95, 96
Song of Trees and Wind, The (Takemiya) 43
songs see music, popular song, singers, song contest
Sonobe Sabur 80, 150
special privilege (tokken) 152
speech suppression 137
‘Spring Number One’ 84, 88 , 98
Stanislavsky (Konstantine Sergeyevich Alexeyev) 82
star festival 129
Stekel 82
Story of Modern Nations, The 125–6
story telling (rakugo) 53, 55
Strong, Kenneth 106, 152
‘Structure of the Sportsman’s Experience, The’ (Nakai) 105
Sugamo Isho Hensankai 138
Sullivan, Sir Arthur 81
summer dance festivals 51
sum wrestlers 83, 85
Sunagawa farmers 108
‘Sunset Aglow, The’ (Shiroyama) 22
Sunsh Scroll 51
Suntory 74–6
surrender, terms of 5–6, 134–6
Sutherland, General 5
Suzuki Bunshiro 28, 29–30
Suzuki Masashi 135
Swinnerton, James 28
Tachibana Takashi 150
Tachikawa base 49
Tada Michitar 145
Taih (wrestler) 83
Taish, Emperor 29
Taish era 54–5:
food in 117;
movies in 67
Takabatake Michitoshi 159
Takamiyama (wrestler) 83, 85
Takamori 71
Takano Chei 71
Takano Yichi 134, 135
Takarazuka culture 43
Takarazuka Girls’ Opera 43
Takasaki Ryji 136, 137
Takasugi Shinsaku 71
Takatori Masao 121
Takechan Man’ 147
Takeda Taijun 23, 142
Takemae Eiji 155
Takemiya Keiko 43
Taketani Mitsuo 107, 114, 152, 154
Takizawa Bakin 130, 163
Tale of Genji, The (Murasaki) 108, 125–6
Tamaki Akira 106, 152
Tames, Richard 129, 131, 163
Tamura Norio 152
Tanabe Wakao 150, 151
Tanaka cabinet 78
Tanaka Shz 106–7, 152
tanka (poem) 125
Taoka Ryichi 134, 135
tarento (talent) 147
Tarumoto Shigerharu, Captain 17
‘Tay’ 50
television 62–6, 68–74, 147:
morning dramas 70, 149;
not used against government 62;
number of sets 63 , 64;
see also Great River Dramas, song contest
Terakado Seiken 46
testaments see final testaments
textbook authorization 22–3, 141–2
‘This is true’ (radio series) 9
thought police:
abolition 7
Toba, Abbot 31
Toba-e drawing 31
Toda Jsei 131
Togura Shu’ichi 84
Tj, General 24–5
Tj Hideki 138
Tj cabinet 9
tokken (special privilege) 152
‘Tokoton yare-bushi’ (Miyasan Miyasan) 80–1, 92
Tokugawa Ieyasu 46, 163
Tokugawa period 48, 49, 74
Tokyo 129:
see also Edo
Tokyo (Mitsuaki and Cheung) 129
Tokyo University, Law Department 6, 49
Tokyo War Crimes Trial 13–15, 19, 142:
absence of Emperor 16;
defence of law and peace 15;
distrust of verdicts in 1980s 23;
Pal’s dissent in 20–1, 139;
retroactive law 14–15;
Tj in 24–5;
see also War Tribunals
Tolstoy, Count Leo 94, 150
Tominaga Ken’ichi 32, 45, 144, 155, 159
Tomura Issaku 153
Torio Tsuruyo, Viscountess 3
Town where Snow is Falling, A’ (Nakata) 97, 98
Toyotomi Hideyoshi 163
tradition, village 106–7, 108
Truman, President 20
‘truth’ during occupation 9–10, 137
Tsuboi Shigeharu 20, 138–9
Tsuganezawa Satohiro 147
Tsuge Yoshiharu 39–41
Tsukuda Jitsuo 155, 164
Tsumura Takashi 44, 145
Tsurumi Kazuko 18, 138
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br /> Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich 93
Uchimura Sukeyuki 137
Uekuso Jin’ichi 163
Ueyama Shunpei 141
Ui Jun 152
Ukiyo Buro (Shikitei) 47
Ukiyo Doko (Shikitei) 47
unconditional surrender 5–6, 134–6
Urada Minoru 137
urbanization 120–1:
high-rise estates 121
Utsumi Aiko 138
vaudeville acts 46–61:
in early Meiji period 54 ;
late Edo period 53 ;
see also kabuki, manzai, rakugo
Vietnam War 21
village tradition 106–7, 108
Wada Haruki 150
Wada Minoru, Sergeant 25
Wada Yichi 151
wages 127–8
Wakana-Ichir couple 59
Wakatsuki 9
‘Wanderer’s Song, The’ (Nakayama) 94
‘War Criminal, the Life and Death of Hirota Kki’ (Shiroyama) 22–3, 142
war criminals:
defined by communists 9;
responsibility for war 136–7;
see also Tokyo War Crimes Trials, War Tribunals
war leaders:
Azuma (East) Society 26–7;
hanging of 14, 15, 19;
prosecution of 13–14, 16, 19–20, 24–5;
purge of 7, 8, 9;
reinstatement of 9, 21–2;
responsibility for war 16, 26–7, 136–7
War Tribunals:
in Rangoon 19 ;
in Singapore 18;
retrospective view 21–7;
unfair trials 19, 23;
view at the time 13–21;
see also Tokyo War Crimes Trial
Watanabe Kazan 31
Waugh, Coulton 28, 143
Wayman, Dorothy 145
Weathercock (Great River Drama) 70, 73
Weekly Post 49
welfare, during occupation 10–11
White Flag, The (Mizuki) 37–8
White She-Devil, The (Tsuge) 39
Whitney, General Courtney 3, 8–9
Willoughby, General Charles A. 2, 3
Wirgman, Charles 31
women cartoonists 41–3
work cult 69
World, The 28
World Culture 104, 105
‘World Culture’ group 104, 107
Yamada Ksaku 86, 97
Yamafuji Shoji 163
Yamagami Tatsuhiko 43–4
Yamagata, Prince 48
Yamaguchi Hitomi 75
Yamamoto, Count 48
Yamamoto Akira 146, 161
Yamanaka Hisashi 136, 137
Yanagita Kunio 67–8, 120, 126, 146, 147, 153, 154
Yashiro Yukio 31, 143
Yellow Kid, The (Outcoult) 28
Yokoyama Entatsu 56
Yorozuchh 77
Yoshida Tamesabur 146
Yoshida Torajir 71
Yoshii Isamu 93
Yoshimasu Nobuo 137
Yoshimoto Enterprise 55, 57
Yoshimoto Sei 55
Yoshimoto Taiz 54–5
Yoshimoto Takaaki 129, 139, 163
Zak Jun 150
1 Acceptance of execution for the sake of the state 439 62.6%
2 Continued belief in the military aims of Japan 86 12.3%
3 Salvation in religion 80 11.4%
4 Resentment against War Crimes Trial 53 7.5%
5 Renunciation of all wars and any war 24 3.4%
6 Others 19 2.7%
Table 1: Changes in Number of TV Reception Contracts with NHK, 1954–1982
Year No. of contracts at end Percentage of TV ownership (%)**
of TV year* (in 000s)
1954 53 0.3
1955 166 0.9
1956 419 2.3
1957 909 5.1
1958 1,982 11.0
1959 4,149 23.1
1960 6,860 33.2
1961 10,222 49.5
1962 13,379 64.8
1963 15,663 75.9
1964 17,132 83.0
1965 18,224 75.6
1966 19,247 79.8
1967 20,270 84.2
1968 21,221 88.1
1969 22,088 91.7
1970 22,819 94.8
1971 23,520 84.4
1972 24,433 87.0
1973 24,925 88.7
1974 25,753 91.7
1975 26,545 82.6
1976 27,059 84.2
1977 27,773 86.4
1978 28,394 88.3
1979 28,932 90.0
1980 29,263 81.3
1981 29,789 82.7
1982 30,403 84.4
Notes:
* 1954–1961: number of TV licences (i.e. licences issued specifcally for reception of TV
broadcasts).
1962–1967: number of Type A licences (which included reception of TV broadcasts).
After 1968: the sum of ordinary licences (which exclude colour TV reception) and colour TV
licences.
** While acknowledging the considerable diffculty of ascertaining rates of TV ownership, these
calculations have been based on the total number of households appearing in national censuses
since 1950.
Maintain Emperor system % Abolish %
1946 86 11
1948 90 4
1956 82 16
1957 (Feb.) 81 15
1957 (Aug.) 87 11
1965 83 13
Title Period of screening Popularity rating (%)
Momi no Ki wa Nokotta Jan.–Dec. 1970 29.9
Haru no Sakamichi Jan.–Dec. 1971 22.1
Shin Heike Monogatari Jan.–Dec. 1972 21.4
Kunitori Monogatari Jan.–Dec. 1973 22.5
Katsu Kaishu Jan.–Dec. 1974 22.0
Genroku Taiheiki Jan.–Dec. 1975 24.9
Kumo to Kaze to Niji to Jan.–Dec. 1976 23.8
Kashin Jan.–Dec. 1977 17.1
Ogon no Hibi Jan.–Dec. 1978 23.8
Kusa Moeru Jan.–Dec. 1979 19.3
Title Period of screening Popularity rating (%)
Niji April ’70–April ’71 15.4
Mayuko Hitori April ’71–April ’72 17.5
Ai yori Aoku April ’72—March ’72 20.2
Kita no Kazoku April ’73—April ’74 18.9
Hatoko no Umi April ’74–April ’75 21.2
Mizuiro no Toki April ’75–Oct. ’75 19.6
Ohayosan Oct. ’75–April ’76 17.7
Kumo no Jutan April ’76–Oct. ’76 18.0
Hi no Kuni ni Oct. ’76–April ’77 17.1
Ichibanboshi April ’77–Oct. ’77 16.4
Kazamidori Oct. ’77–April ’78 16.2
Oteichan April ’78–Oct. ’78 16.5
Watashi wa Umi Oct. ’78–April ’79 15.5
Maa Neechan April ’79–Oct. ’79 16.4
Year %
1955 87
1956 79
1957 81
1958 80
1959 83
1960 82
1961 75
1962 73
1963 63
1964 63
1965 62
1966 58
1967 56
1968 54
1969 49
1970 45
1971 46
1972 42
1973 40
1974 39
1975 40
1976 37
1977 35
1978 34
1979 33
1980 33
1981 33
1982 33
1960 89
1961 83
1962 84
1963 76
1964 79
1965 80
1966 80
1967 79
1968 79
1969 76
1970 74
1971 73
1972 71
1973 70
1974 69
1975 69
1976 68
1977 67
1978 68
1979 69
1980 69
1981 69
1982 69
Age 20 years
Year Men Women
1965 1975
1979 164.9 166.9
169.7 153.8 156.1
156.9
Age 30–39 years
Year Men Women
1965 162.7 151.1
1975 163.8 152.7
1979 166.0 153.4
See themselves as middle class % See themselves as lower class
Year %
1965 86 8
1966 87 7
1967 89 7
1968 86 8
1969 89 8
1970 89 7
1971 90 6
1972 89 7
1973 90 6
1974 (Jan.) 91 6
(Nov.) 90 5
1975 (May) 90 5
(Nov.) 90 5
1976 (May) 90 6
(Nov.) 90 5
1977 90 5
1978 89 6
1979 91 5
1980 89 7
1981 88 7
1982 89 7
1983 89 7
Year %
1951 51.6
1952 48.3
1953 45.0
1954 45.5
1955 44.5
1956 43.0
1957 42.0
1958 41.2
Year Total population (in 000’s) Rate of population increase (no. per thousand people)
1946 75,750 49.94
1947 78,101 31.05
1948 80,002 24.34
1949 81,773 22.13
1950 83,200 17.45
1951 84,541 16.13
1952 85,808 14.95
1953 86,981 13.67
1954 88,239 12.15
1955 89,276 11.75
1956 90,127 10.04
1957 90,928 8.39
1958 91,767 9.23
1959 92,641 9.53
1960 93,419 8.39
1961 94,287 9.29
1962 95,181 9.48
1963 96,156 10.25
1964 97,182 10.67
1965 98,275 11.25
1966 99,036 7.74
1967 100,196 11.71
1968 101,331 11.33
1969 102,536 11.89
1970 103,720 11.55
1971 105,145 13.71
1972 107,595 14.09
1973 109,104 14.02
1974 110,573 13.46
1975 111,940 12.36
1976 113,089 10.26
1977 114,154 9.42
1978 115,174 8.94
1979 116,133 8.33
1980 117,057 7.96
1981 117,660 5.15
Source: Prime Minister’s Offce Statistics, Department, Jinko Suikei (Population Estimates) and Kokusei Chosa (Survey of the State of the Nation), in Kosaka Masataka (ed.) Suii de miru Nihon no Ayumi—1982 (Japan’s Progress as seen in Figures—1982), PHP Research Institute, 1982.
A Cultural History of Postwar Japan Page 18