by Will Durant
and Christianity, 183, 313–14, 315–17
and Enghien execution, 319, 321
his feud with N., 319–21
on Napoleonic legend, 774
and Mme. Récamier, 274, 301, 321
Romanticism of, 310–11, 314–15, 317–18
and Mme. de Staël, 301, 302
Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste-Auguste (1759–94), brother of René, 312
Chateaubriand, Julie de (d. 1798), 311–12, 313, 317
Chateaubriand, Lucile de (d. 1804), 309, 311–12, 314, 317, 319
Châtelet prison, Paris, 43, 45
Chatham, 1st Earl of, see Pitt, William, the Elder
Chatterton, Thomas (1752–70), 416
Chaudet, Antoine-Denis (1763–1810), 280
Chaumette, Pierre (1763–94), 54, 63, 75
attacks Church, 73, 74*
death of, 78, 83
and women, 135
Chaumont, Treaties of (1814), 723
Chauvelin, Marquis François-Bernard de (1766–1832), 517
Chaworth, William (d. 1765), 454
chemistry: atomic, 347, 389–90, 662
in England, 347, 386, 387, 389–91
in France, 142, 261, 323
Chénier, André-Marie de (1762–94), 34, 145–46
Chénier, Marie-Joseph de (1764–1811), 34, 73, 146, 150, 266
Charles IX of, 138, 146
and N., 107, 245
Cherasco, Armistice of (1796), 98, 99
Cherbourg, 261
Chernigov, 680
Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Salvatore (1760–1842), 137, 278–79
Chevreuse, Ermesinde de Narbonne-Pelet, Duchesse de (1785–1813), 245
Chichagov, Paul, 701, 709
Chiese River, 175
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), 455, 458, 460, 461, 477, 478, 485, 489, 490, 497
and Greece, 457, 498
and René, 318
and Waterloo, 476
child labor, 343, 367, 403
Coleridge and, 441, 447
Owen and, 347, 349, 350, 447
Chile, 609
Chillon, Castle of, 477
Chimay, François-Joseph-Philippe de Riquet, Prince de (1771–1842), 136*, 279
Chimay, Princesse de, see Tallien, Thérésa Chimborazo, Mount, 609
“Chimney Sweeper, The” (Blake), 414
China, British trade with, 340
population growth in, 402
Chinard, Joseph (1756–1813), 281
Choderlos de Laclos, see Laclos Cholet, 72
Chouans, 85, 273
Cadoudal and, 172, 176, 190
“Christabel” (Coleridge), 429, 437, 505
“Christendom in Europe” (Novalis), 632
Christian VII, King of Denmark (r. 1766–1808), 663
Christina, Queen of Sweden (r. 1632–54), 604
Christliche Mystik (Görres), 625
Christ’s Hospital School, London, 422–23, 448
Cimarosa, Domenico (1749–1801), 553
Cintra, Convention of (1808), 536
Cisalpine Republic, 105, 544, 548
abolished by Austria, 117
restored, 171–72
becomes Italian Republic, 187, 545–46
Ciudad Rodrigo, 538, 539
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 27–28, 31, 544
opposition to, 28, 42, 72, 145, 159
civisme, 129–31
Civita Castellano, battle of (1798), 545
Civitavecchia, 108, 549
Clairmont, Claire (1798–1879), 400, 475–77, 480–84 passim, 488–89, 491, 494, 495
affair with Byron, 467, 476–77
and Byron’s funeral, 500
later life, 501
Clairmont, Mrs., see Godwin, Mary Jane Clairmont
Clairon, Mlle. (Claire-Josèphe Léris de La Tude; 1723–1803), 148
Clarissa Harlowe (Richardson), 416, 629
Clarkson, Thomas (1760–1846), 368, 446
classical tradition: in acting, 372
in art, 379, 413
Boileau and, 629
in English literature, 409, 416, 417, 456, 489
in French drama, 146, 283, 629
in German literature, 298, 619, 623
classic revival, see neoclassicism
Clement XIV, Pope (r. 1769–74), abolition of Jesuit order by, 550
Clementi, Muzio (1752–1832), 553, 570
Clermont (steamship), 342
Clermont-Ferrand, 69, 70, 72
Cleves, duchy of, 215, 220, 590, 595
Clodius, Publius (93?–52 B.C.), 194
Cloots, Anacharsis (Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce 1755–94), 28, 43, 47, 76, 394
“Cloud, The” (Shelley), 482
Club Breton, 15, 33
coalitions against France: First (1792), 50, 53, 55, 62, 87, 517, 519, 661
Second (1798), 113, 116, 119, 521, 676
Third (1805), 200–202, 267, 522, 661
of 1813 (Sixth), 300, 717–26
Cobbett, William (1763–1835), 345, 361, 396, 408
Coblenz, 560, 721
Brunswick’s manifesto from, 38, 39
émigrés at, 36, 39, 105, 312, 561
French subjugation of, 561, 588
Cockburn, Sir George (1772–1853), 758–61
Cockermouth, 389, 417, 418, 444
Code Napoléon, 54, 130, 162, 180–82, 207, 250
and children, 244
in Germany, 590, 603, 656
in Italy, 219, 546, 547, 556
under Restoration, 730
in Spain, 224
in Warsaw grand duchy, 213
and women, 256, 269
Cogni, Margarita (fl. 1818), 480
Coigny, Mlle. de (d. 1794), 145
Coimbra, 538
Coleridge, Berkeley (d. 1799), 433
Coleridge, David Hartley (b. 1796), 426, 427, 436, 438, 446, 449
Coleridge, Derwent (b. 1800), 436, 438, 439, 446, 449
Coleridge, George, 423
Coleridge, John (1719–79), 422
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834), 299, 374, 389, 422–23, 425–33, 436–42, 446–47
appearance, 427, 439, 446
birth, 422
and Byron, 437, 440, 446, 456, 466, 491
character of, 438
and child labor, 441, 447
conversation of, 438, 446–47
correspondence of, 408
and Davy, 390, 440
death of, 447
in debate on Paley’s book, 397, 448
and De Quincey, 439, 446, 447, 449
early radicalism and support of Revolution, 361, 423, 424, 425, 513, 517
education of, 422–23, 448
financial aid to, 376, 409, 428, 432, 439, 466
French Revolution repudiated by, 440, 445, 448, 515
in Germany, 429, 431, 432–33, 591
and Godwin, 400
and Kant, 433, 441–42
and Lamb, 440, 446, 447, 448
lectures of, 386, 425, 433, 439–40
marriage of, see Coleridge, Sara
and Morning Post, 408, 433, 436, 437
opium addiction of, 392, 423, 426, 437, 438, 439, 446
and Owen, 347, 447
as philosopher, 439–42
and religion, 362, 423, 425
and Romanticism, 432, 442
and Schelling, 433, 442, 644, 645
and A. von Schlegel, 433, 635
Susquehanna “pantisocracy” scheme of, 417, 424, 425
and Wordsworth, 416, 422, 425, 427–33, 437–39, 442–48 passim
Coleridge, Sara, nee Fricker, 424–28 passim, 431, 433, 436–39 passim, 446, 449
Collège de France, 324
Collège Louis-le-Grand, Paris, 14
Collegium Carolinum, Brunswick, 608
Colli, General, 98
Collingwood, Cuthbert (1750–1810), 523–24
Collins, William (1721–59), 416
Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie (1750–96), 47
leads Lyons Terror, 69–71
and 9th Thermidor, 82
death, 84
Cologne, city of, 588
Cologne, electoral archbishopric of, 567, 587
Cologne, Prince-Archbishop Elector of, 560
Cologne, University of, 606
Colonna, Cape, 458
Colquhoun, Patrick (1745–1820), 361
Comédie-Française, 138–39, 225, 283–85, 706
Comforts of Bath (Rowlandson), 379
commedia dell’ arte, 552
Commentaire sur L’Esprit des Lois de Montesquieu (Destutt), 330
Committee of General Security, 54, 77, 80, 83, 141
Committee of Public Safety, 7, 55, 59–62, 80, 88, 134, 330
armies built and directed by, 63, 64, 74, 116, 333
and Danton, 75–78
defended by N., 167
economic problems of, 75
Hébert arrested by, 76
and invasion of Ireland, 508–9
N. employs veterans of, 117, 160
in post-Thermidor period, 83
Queen’s fate decided by, 65
and Reign of Terror, 63, 64, 68–71, 80
Mme. de Staël banished by, 151, 288
triumphs over opponents, 57, 78
Vendée revolt crushed by, 72
committees of surveillance, 44, 54
Common Law Courts (England), 356
Commons, House of, 354–55
Burke’s speech on Revolution, 514
Irish representation in, 510
and Luddites, 345, 460
Perceval assassinated in, 527
Scottish representation in, 502
and slave trade, 368
and Whitbread’s education bill, 361
Common Sense (Paine), 394
Commune, see Paris Commune
communism, see socialism
Compagnie des Eaux, 6
Compagnie des Indes, 6
Companies of Jesus, 84
Compiègne, 235, 285
Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), 142
Concert-Feydeau, Paris, 137
Conciergerie prison, Paris, 43, 45, 65, 66, 77
Concordat (of 1801), 180, 182–85, 199, 237, 264, 330, 510
Articles Organiques, 184
Beethoven and, 574
Chateaubriand and, 315, 318
N.’s explanation for, 254*
repudiated, 730
results of, 203, 550, 555
Concordia, 635
Condé, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de (1736–1818), 191, 332, 762
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (1715–80), 143, 298, 330, 331
Condorcet, Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 34, 36, 47, 143, 148, 330
and capital punishment, 51
and civisme, 129
death of, 67
and education, 127–28
optimism of, 401, 467
and women’s rights, 133
Condorcet, Sophie de Grouchy, Marquise de (1764–1822), 136
Confederation of the Rhine, 188, 206–7, 299, 589–90, 596, 733
the Church in, 601
defection of, 590, 712, 718–719
N.’s demands on, 231, 590, 698
N.’s error in assessing, 241
Prussia and, 208, 733
Confessions of an English Opium Eater (De Quincey), 448–49
Congregationalists, 359
Consalvi, Ercole, Cardinal (1757–1824), 550, 732
conservatism, philosophy of, 331–36
Conservatory of Music, Paris, 137, 278, 279, 574
Considérations sur la France (Maistre), 333
Considérations sur… la Révolution française (Staël), 290, 301–2
Constable, Archibald (1774–1827), 409, 507
Constable, John (1776–1837), 370, 374, 380, 381–82
Constable, Maria, nee Bickell (d. 1829), 382
Constance, bishopric of, 588
Constant (Constant Véry), N’s valet (1778–1845), 245, 302, 700, 727
Constant, Benjamin (1767–1830), 262, 302–8, 333, 654
birth and education, 303
and Zélide, 303–4
first marriage, 304
meets Charlotte von Hardenberg, 304
meets Mme. de Staël, begins liaison, 150–51, 304–5
in Tribunate, incurs N.’s wrath, 288–89, 291, 304
banished from Paris, 305
to Germany (1803–04), 292, 305–6
tries to break with Mme. de Staël, 294, 295, 306–7
writes Adolphe, 306–7
meets Mme. Récamier (1807), 273, 295
marriage to Charlotte, 307, 308
in Paris during 1st Restoration (1814), 300, 307–8
writes anti-N. tracts, 307–8, 739
forgiven by N., drafts new constitution (1815), 308, 742
with N. after Waterloo, 750
forgiven by Louis XVIII, 308
in England (1816), 308, 467
Constant, Charlotte, see Hardenberg, Charlotte von
Constant, Wilhelmina von Cramm, 304
Constant de Rebecque, Baron Arnold-Juste (b. 1727), 303, 304
Constant de Rebecque, Baronne Henriette, nee de Chandieu (1742–67), 303
Constantine I, Emperor of Rome (r. 306–337), 243
Arch of, 280, 377
Donation of, 548
Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke (1779–1831), 670
Constantinople, 393
Alexander I’s designs on, 686
Catherine II’s designs on, 670
N.’s designs on, 113, 242, 243, 686
Constituent Assembly, see National Assembly
constitutionels, 182, 184
Constitution of Malmaison, 659
Constitution of 1791 (France), 17, 26–29, 46, 152, 184, 330
and Declaration of Rights of Man, 23
Hegel and, 654
Humboldt’s judgment of, 606
Louis XVI signs, 32, 559
and nonjurors, 182
and religious freedom, 126
Constitution of 1793 (France), 54, 57, 60, 76, 86, 89
Constitution of 1812 (Spain), 537, 539–40
Constitution of the Year III, 86–87
Constitution of the Year VIII, 159, 161–62, 166–68, 623
Constitution of the Year X, 186
Consular Guard, 173, 198, 217
Consulate and the Empire, The (Madelin), 679*
Continental Blockade, 209–10, 222, 250, 596, 693–95
Austria and, 222, 563
and the Bonapartes, 215
effect on Britain, 526, 693
effect on France, 261, 262, 693–94, 738
effect on Germany, 600
Holland and, 217
in Italy, 219, 547, 548, 557
N.’s interruption of, 262, 295
the Papacy and, 222, 548
Portugal and, 225, 532
Prussia and, 713
Russia and, 213, 687, 688, 694, 697
Sweden and, 236, 683
Continental System, 694
contraception, 403
Contrat social, see Social Contract, The
Consulate (France, 1799–1804), 159–96
administration of, 163–66, 180, 186–87
campaigns of, 170–76, 178–79
codification of the law under, 180–82
concordat with Church, 182–84
conspiracies under, 185–86, 190–91
constitutions of, 159, 161–62, 186
economic conditions under, 179–80, 194
expansion of French influence under, 187–88
makes peace with England (1802), 179, 184
moves toward empire, 193–96
Mme. de Staël and, 288–89
war with England resumed by (1803), 189
Convention, National (France, 1792–95), 31, 38*, 46, 47–87, 132
abolishes slavery, 23, 79
&
nbsp; achievements of, 79, 87
and the arts, 102, 137, 139
Bonaparte defends against royalists (13th Vendémiaire), 87, 95
censorship of theater under, 138
the Chéniers and, 145, 146
Committee of Public Safety established by, 55
condition of communes under, 163
adopts Constitution of Year III, 86–87
copyright decree issued by, 145
David and, 141
and death penalty, 131
dissolved, 87
education reorganized by, 79, 127
edicts of fraternity proclaimed by, 50, 516
foreigners expelled from, 394
Girondins expelled from, 56–57
freedom of press and speech disappear under, 128
and gambling, 130
and the insane, 325
law code proposed to, 180
literature under, 145–46
Louis XVI tried by, 50–52
maximum decreed by, 55
metric system established by, 87, 142
and Paine, 396
primogeniture abolished by, 125
Reign of Terror under, 62–83
religious freedom affirmed by, 74, 84
republic declared by, 47
Revolutionary Tribunal established by, 54
and Robespierre’s fall, 82–83
Schiller and, 622
Mme. de Staël and, 150–51
Thermidorean reforms of, 83
war on England and Holland declared by, 53
Cook, Capt. James (1728–79), 619
Cookson, William, 420
Copenhagen: bombarded by British (1807), 526, 665
naval battle at (1801), 178, 521, 546, 664
Copenhagen Academy, 667
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 290
Copley, John Singleton (1738–1815), 380
copyright, Convention decree on, 145
Corday, Charlotte (1768–93), 20, 45, 57–59, 145
Cordeliers Club, 33, 58, 76, 145
Córdoba, 224
Corfu, 105, 111
Corinne (Staël), 289, 294, 295–96, 299
Coriolanus (Shakespeare), 372
Corneille, Pierre (1606–84), 57, 93, 139, 140, 283, 286
Cornelius, Peter von (1783–1867), 611–12
Cornfield, The (Constable), 382
Corn Laws, 452
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738–1805), 10, 215
Coronation of Napoleon, The (David), 198, 281–82
Corps Législatif (under Directory), see Council of Ancients and Council of 500
Corps Législatif, or Legislature: under Consulate, 161, 182, 184
under French Empire, 206, 214, 265, 331, 720, 730
Correggio (Antonio Allegri; 1494–1534), 139, 279, 282
Corresponding Society of London, 515
Corsair, The (Byron), 461, 506
Corsica, 91–92, 94, 103, 519
Cortot, Jean-Pierre (1787–1843), 280
Corunna (La Coruña), 229–30, 523, 537
corvée, 7–8, 10, 16, 22
in Austria, 560