by Will Durant
Santa Cruz, Canary Islands, 520
Santerre, Antoine-Joseph (1752–1809), 43, 52
Santo Domingo, see St.-Domingue
Sappho (Dannecker), 610
Sardanapalus, ruler of Assyria (c. 822 B.C.), 487
Sardinia, kingdom of, 541
in 1st Coalition against France (1793–96), 53, 97, 98, 333, 517, 544
loses Piedmont, 544
loses Savoy, 49, 98, 333
peace with France (1796), 98, 519
restored, 335
Sardinia, King of: in 1796–1802, see Charles Emmanuel IV
in 1802–21, see Victor Emmanuel I
Sard, Giuseppe (1729–1802), 137
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905), 650, 658
Saumur, 72
Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de (1740–99), 608
Savage, Richard (1697?–1743), 368
Savary, René (1774–1833), 191–92, 212, 226, 308
made Duc de Rovigo, 221, 270
as minister of police, 236, 297
at Rochefort with N., 755
Savenay, 72
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (1779–1861), 607
Savona, 172, 185, 549
Savoy, 332–33, 541
annexed by France, 49, 97, 98, 169, 333
restored, 754
“Savoyard Vicar’s Profession of Faith” (Rousseau), 6–7, 79
Saxe-Coburg, duchy of, 206
Saxe-Coburg, Friedrich Josias, Prince of (1737–1815), 53, 80
Saxe-Gotha, duchy of, 206, 588
Saxe-Weimar, duchy of, 206, 588
Saxe-Weimar, Duke of, see Charles Augustus Saxony, 561, 587, 592–93
and Peace of Basel, 85, 593
in Confederation, 206
defeated at Jena, 596
troops defect to Allies, 718
and Congress of Vienna, 733
Saxony, King of, see Frederick Augustus I
Schadow, Johann Gottfried (1764–1850), 611
Schadow-Godenhaus, Wilhelm von (1789–1862), 611–12
Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755–1813), 596, 598
Scheldt River, 50, 516–17, 719
Schelling, Caroline von, nee Michaelis (1783–1809), 605, 633, 640, 644
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775–1854), 582, 587, 606, 630, 643–45
Coleridge and, 433, 444, 644, 645
and Fichte, 640, 643, 644
and Hegel, 643–46 passim
marriage of, 605, 633
in Romantic circle at Jena, 633, 643–44
Wordsworth and, 644, 645
at Würzburg, 293, 644
Schenkendorf, Max von (1783–1817), 714
Schérer, Barthélemy- Louis- Joseph (1747–1804), 116
Schikaneder, Johann Emanuel (1748–1812), 565
Schiller, Johann Christian Friedrich (1759–1805), 226, 587, 611, 620*, 621–22, 625, 660
Beethoven and, 569, 582, 583–84
contemporaries’ assessment of, 616, 623, 626
death of, 296, 615
and Fichte, 638, 640
and French Revolution, 43, 155, 622
at Jena University, 606, 622, 627, 631
and Rousseau, 621, 658
and Mme. de Staël, 293
at Weimar, 293, 305, 615, 621, 622, 640
Schindler, Anton (1795–1864), 570, 584, 585
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1767–1845), 582, 615, 623, 631, 623–35
and Athenaum, 624, 632–33
at Jena, 606, 633
marriage and divorce of, 605, 633
Shakespeare lectures of, 433, 634, 635
Shakespeare translated by, 616, 634, 635
and Mme. de Staël, 293–95, 296, 300, 634, 635
Schlegel, Caroline von, see Schelling, Caroline von
Schlegel, Dorothea von, see Mendelssohn, Brendel
Schlegel, Friedrich von (1772–1829), 582, 615, 623, 631, 632–35
and Athenäum, 624, 632–33
his conversion to Catholicism, 602, 630, 634–35
and Fichte, 638, 640
at Jena, 606, 631, 632–33
marriage of, 603, 633
on the Middle Ages, 611, 634–35
Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1768–1834), 602, 603, 607, 714
and the French Revolution, 619
and Romanticism, 630, 632, 640
Schliemann, Heinrich (1822–90), 565
Schloss Esterházy, 565
Schloss Karlsruhe, Silesia, 613
Schmid, Dr., 573
Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius (1795–1872), 611–12
Schönbrunn, Treaty of (1805), 205
Schönbrunn, Treaty of (1809), 232–33, 236
Schönbrunn Palace, 205, 279, 562, 563
School of Medicine, Paris, 87
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), 155, 331, 587, 639, 645, 658
Schröter, Korona (1751–1802), 615
Schubert, Franz (1797–1828), 155, 586
Schumann, Robert (1810–56), 626
Schuppanzigh, Ignaz (1776–1830), 570
Schwarzenberg, Prince Karl Philipp von (1771–1820), 713, 717–18, 721–26
Scotland, 339, 342, 354, 502–7
education in, 361, 392, 502–3
Industrial Revolution in, 340
literature in, 416, 505–7
Scott, Alexander John (1768–1840), 524
Scott, Charlotte, nee Charpentier, 505
Scott, Sir Walter (1771–1832), 381, 409, 417, 437, 446, 450, 505–7
and Byron, 488, 505
and debts of publisher Constable, 409, 507
Toryism of, 408, 507
Waverley Novels of, 410, 506–7
Wordsworth and, 451, 507
Scottish Friends of the People, 515
Scrivia River, 171, 173
sculpture: Danish, 667
English, 377
French, 280
German, 609–10
Italian, 554–56
Russian, 682
Seasons, The (Thomson), 416
Sébastiani, Comte Horace (1772–1851), 188, 703
Séchelles, Hérault de, see Hérault de Sechelles, M.-J.
Second Abdication (1815), 750–51
Second Coalition (1798), 113, 116, 119, 521, 676
Second Empire, French (1852–70), 763
Second League of Armed Neutrality (1800), 176, 178, 663–65, 678
Second Restoration (1815), 752–54
Second Treaty of Paris (1815), 754
Seditious Meetings Act (1796), 517
Segati, Marianna (fl. 1816), 479
Ségur, Comte Louis-Philippe de (1753–1830), 235, 239, 266
Seldorf Family, The (Forster), 605
Selim III, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1789–1807), 670, 676
Selva, Giovanni Antonio (1751–1819), 554
Sénancourt, Étienne de (1770–1846), 318
Senefelder, Aloys (1771–1834), 613, 623–24
Senlis, bread riots in, 62
sensationism, 143, 298, 330–31, 441
Sense and Sensibility (Austen), 411
Sepolcri, l (Foscolo), 553
September Massacres (1792), 42–46, 129, 135
Charlotte Corday and, 49, 58
Danton and, 41, 45–46
Marat and, 43–44, 45, 49
Robespierre and, 48
Mme. de Staël and, 149
Serbia, revolt of (1804), 669
serfdom: in France, 10, 11, 16, 22, 597
in Poland, 213, 668
in Prussia, 595, 596–97
in Russia, 687
Servan, Joseph (1741–1808), 40
Sésurier, General, 97
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 361, 588, 592
Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de (1626–96), 35, 286
Seville, 457, 533
Sèvres, 280
Sèze, Romain de (1748–1828), 51
Sforza, Lodovico, Duke of Milan (r. 1481–99), 101
Shakespeare
, William (1564–1616), 138, 371–74 passim, 629, 632, 658
N.’s view of, 286
August von Schlegel and, 433, 616, 634, 635
Sharp, Granville (1735–1813), 368
Shchedrin, F. F. (1751–1825), 683
Shchedrin, Sylvester Feodorovich (1791–1830), 683
Sheffield, Eng., 342, 354
Shelley, Sir Bysshe (1731–1815), 467, 472, 476
Shelley, Charles Bysshe (b. 1814), 474, 476, 481
Shelley, Clara Everina (1817–18), 481, 482
Shelley, Elizabeth, nee Pilfold, 467
Shelley, Harriet, nee Westbrook (1795–1816), 470, 472–76, 481, 492
Shelley, Ianthe (1813–76), 473, 474, 481
Shelley, Mary Godwin (1797–1851), 474–78, 480–86, 488, 489, 494–95
birth of, 366, 400
and death of Byron, 500, 501
and death of Shelley, 495–97
later life, 501
quoted on Shelley, 473, 492
Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), 353, 374, 417, 449, 467–78, 480–86, 491–91, 501
appearance, 468
and atheism, 361, 469, 470, 472, 478, 481, 493
birth and education, 467–69
and Byron, 472, 476–78, 480–82, 486, 488–90, 492, 494–95
character, 491–93
death of, 495–97
his Defence of Poetry, 493, 663
elopement and marriage, first, 470, 472, 473–475, 481
elopement and marriage, second, 475–76, 481 ff.
and factory conditions, 361, 492, 508
and French Revolution, 155, 493
Godwin, correspondence with, 470, 471, 492, 495
Godwin helped by, 400, 474, 476, 481
Godwin’s influence on, 397, 399, 468, 471, 493
and history, 455, 468, 469, 492
in Italy, 481–86, 488–89, 491–97
and Keats’s death, 485–86
and Southey, 450, 470–71
in Switzerland, 476–78
Wordsworth, comparison with, 451, 452
and Wordsworth’s pantheism, 446, 493
Shelley, Percy Florence (1819–89), 483, 485
Shelley, Timothy (1753–1844), 467, 469, 472, 474, 476, 480
Shelley, William (1816–19), 476, 480, 483, 497
Shenley, Captain, 497
Sheremetev family, 673
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751–1816), 357, 371, 372, 379, 508
Byron and, 459, 465
Shipwreck, The (Turner), 383
Shiskov, Aleksandr, 685
Shuvalov, P. A. (fl. 1795), 674
Siberia, 326, 673, 674
Sicilian Romance, A (Radcliffe), 409
Sicily, 216, 439, 543
Siddons, Sarah, nee Kemble (1755–1831), 370, 577–72
Siddons, William (d. 1808), 371
Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–86), 467
Sidney Smith, Sir William (1764–1840), 113, 408*
Siege of Corinth, The (Byron), 461, 464
Sienna, art in, 611
Sierra de Guadarrama, 229
Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph (1748–1836): and 18th Brumaire, 119, 120–21
in Institute, 107
and Third Estate, 5, 15–16, 117, 161
seeks successor to N., 172
writes new constitution, 119, 120, 159, 161–62
Signorelli, Luca (1441–1523), 611
Silesia, 558, 593, 613
Silva, Francisco da, 532
“Simon Lee” (Coleridge), 430
Singer, Charles, 636*
Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de (1773–1842), 294, 317, 660–61
Sistine Madonna (Raphael), 593
Sjaelland Island, 664, 665
Sketch of a Tableau of the Progress of the Human Mind (Condorcet), 467
slavery: campaign in England against, 359, 363, 512
Coleridge and, 437, 447
ended in all British territory, 368
ended in French colonies, 23, 79, 130, 153
ended in Spain, 540
restored in French colonies, 181; see also
slave trade slave trade, 367–68
Congress of Vienna and, 733
ended by British Parliament, 526
Slavophils, 684–85
smallpox inoculation, 392–93
Smart, Sir George (1776–1867), 585
Smith, Adam (1723–90), 341, 346, 472, 503, 512, 685
Smith, Benjamin, metalworker, 377
Smith, Mrs. Spencer, (fl. 1809), 457
Smith, Sydney (1771–1845), 408
Smith, Sir William Sidney (1764–1840), 113, 408*
Smith, William “Strata” (1769–1839), 387
Smolensk, 702, 703, 706–8
Smollett, Tobias (1721–71), 409
Smorgonie, 710
Snowdon, Mount, 419
Snowstorm, The (Turner), 384–85
Soane, John (1753–1837), 377
Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 7
socialism (communism), 89–90, 126, 260, 262
Marxian, 649, 658
Owen and, 346, 350, 351
and utilitarianism, 407
Société des Égaux, 89
Société des Noirs Amis, 35
Society for Commemorating the Revolution, 513–15
Society for Constitutional Information, 515
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 361–62
Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 368
Society for the Education of the Poor in Accordance with the Principles of the Established Church, 362
Society for the Suppression of Vice, 367
Society of Friends of the Constitution, 33
Society of 1789, 34
Society of the Friends of Man and the Citizen, 34
Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg (Maistre), 334–35
Soissons, 723
Somborsky, Archpriest, 677
Sombreffe, 744
Somerset, Henry (1792–1853), 747
Somerset House, 376, 377, 386
Songs of Experience (Blake), 415
Songs of Innocence (Blake), 414, 415
Sophocles (496?–406 B.C.), 497
Sorel, Albert (1842–1906), 249
Sorrows of Werther, The (Goethe), 151, 242, 290, 318, 416, 424, 582
Soufflot, Jacques-Germain (1713–80), 682
Soult, Nicolas (1769–1851), 269
in 1805 campaign, 202, 203, 204
at Jena (1806), 209
in the Peninsula, 229–30, 537–38, 721
in the Hundred Days, 742
at Waterloo, 745, 747
Souper de Beaucaire, Le (Napoleon), 94
Southerne, Thomas (1660–1746), 371
Southey, Edith, nee Fricker (d. 1837), 424, 449, 451
Southey, Robert (1774–1843), 370, 389, 390, 408, 409, 424–25, 449–51
Byron and, 450–51, 456, 489
and the Coleridges, 417, 424, 439, 449
death of, 451
and the French Revolution, 513
on the Luddites, 345
meets Shelley, 470–71
Soviet Union, 329
Spain, 3, 36, 513, 533–35
in 1st Coalition against France (1793), 53, 62, 74, 517, 532
signs Peace of Basel (1795), 85, 97, 532
declares war on England (1796), 519–20
cedes Louisiana to France, 177
allied with France (1804–05), 201, 202, 203
Godoy offers friendship to Prussia, 208
Treaty of Fontainebleau with France (1807), 222
occupied by French (1807 ff.) 222–25, 532, 534–35, 693
N.’s constitution for (1808), 224, 229, 535, 539
insurrection against French (1808–14), 223–25, 534, 537, 539
Peninsular War in (1808–14), 225, 228–30, 537–539, 581, 695, 697
national Cortes writes new constitution, 537, 539–40
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 328
Spenser, Edmund (1552?–99), 419
Speransky, Count Mikhail Mikhailovich (1772–1839), 687–89
Speyer, 49, 74, 588, 619
Spezia, Bay of, 496
Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 468, 490, 623, 639
Schelling and, 643, 644
Wordsworth and, 430, 443
Spirit of the Age, The (Hazlitt), 402, 448
Spohr, Louis (1784–1859), 612
Spontini, Gasparo (1774–1851), 278
Spree River, 593, 600, 605
Stadion, Count Johann Philipp von (1763–1824), 561, 562
Staël, Albert de (1792–1813), 149, 294, 296, 300, 305
Staël, Albertine de, later Duchesse de Broglie (b. 1797), 301, 302
birth of, 151, 305
travels with mother, 292, 294, 296, 300
Staël, Auguste de (1789–1827), 292, 293, 294, 297, 300, 305
Staël, Germaine de, née Necker, Baronne de Staël-Holstein (1766–1817), 146–51, 262, 288–302, 304–7, 634, 683
birth and education, 146–47
love for her father, 146, 288, 293, 300, 302
marriage of, 147, 297
in Paris during early Revolution, 35, 147–49
flees to Switzerland (1792), 149–50
and Narbonne, 149–50, 292
in England (1793), 150
returns to Paris (1795), 136, 150–51, 304
her encounters with N., 106–7, 151, 233, 245, 269
and Constant, 150–51, 292, 294, 295, 296, 300, 304–7, 333, 742
her war on N., 167, 272, 274, 288–302
passim, 304–6
friendship with Mme. Récamier, 272, 273, 295, 297
publishes De la Littérature, 289, 290–91
banished from Paris by N., 290–92
to Germany (1803–04), 292–93, 612, 634
and father’s death, 293, 306
to Italy (1804–05), 293–94, 634, 660
N.’s letters to Fouché about, 294–95
and Julie von Krüdener, 296, 601
writes on Germany, 296–99, 600, 606
to Vienna, Russia, Sweden (1812–13), 300, 706
in England (1814), 300, 370
and Byron, 300, 477
in Paris under Restoration, 300–302, 730, 739
and Chateaubriand, 301, 302, 315
death of, 302
on conversation, 551, 649
on England, 369, 375
on Müller, 660
on Slavophils, 684
on Vienna, 564, 565
Staël von Holstein, Baron Eric Magnus (1749–1802), 147–51
passim, 289, 297
Stanhope, Charles, 3d Earl Stanhope (1753–1816), 398, 513
Stanhope, Col. Leicester Fitzgerald Charles (1784–1862), 498, 499
States-General (France, 1614), 13
States-General (France, 1789), 11–17, 51, 91, 131, 144, 147, 330
cahiers brought to, 11–12, 130
Statesman’s Manual, The (Coleridge), 440
steam propulsion, 261, 342
Steele, Sir Richard (1672–1729), 408