by Cat Jarman
Back to text
9. C. Downham (2017), ‘The Earliest Viking Activity in England?’ English Historical Review, 132: 1–12.
Back to text
10. Cited in K. Wolf (2013), Viking Age: Everyday Life During the Extraordinary Era of the Norsemen. New York: Sterling, p. 119.
Back to text
11. D. Száz, A. Farkas, A. Barta, B. Kretzer, M. Blahó, A. Egri, G. Szabó and G. Horváth (2017), ‘Accuracy of the Hypothetical Sky-polarimetric Viking Navigation Versus Sky Conditions: Revealing Solar Elevations and Cloudinesses Favourable for this Navigation Method’, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 473 (2205), 20170358.
Back to text
12. Konungs-Skuggsja, from Angus Somerville and R. Andrew McDonald (eds.) (2019), The Viking Age: A Reader. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 333.
Back to text
* * *
* * *
4 BUDDHA: THE ALLURE OF THE EXOTIC
1. H. Haugen (2009), Menn og deres perler: En studie av menns bruk av perler med hovedvekt på Midt-Norge i yngre jernalder. Master’s thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Det humanistiske fakultet, Institutt for arkeologi og religionsvitenskap.
Back to text
2. J. Bill and C.L. Rødsrud (2017), ‘Heimdalsjordet: Trade, Production and Communication’, in Z.T. Glørstad and K. Loftsgarden (eds.), Viking‐Age Transformations. Oxon: Routledge, pp. 212–31.
Back to text
3. C. Kilger (2008), ‘Kaupang from Afar: Aspects of the Interpretation of Dirham Finds in Northern and Eastern Europe between the Late 8th and Early 10th Centuries’, in D. Skre (ed.), Means of Exchange: Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age. Århus: Aarhus University Press Kaupang Excavation Project, pp. 199–252.
Back to text
4. S. Stos-Gale (2004), ‘Lead Isotope Analyses of the Lead Weights from Birka, Sweden’, in I. Gustin, Mellan gåva och marknad: handel, tillit och materiell kultur under vikingatid. Lund: Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology.
Back to text
5. U. Pedersen, T. Andersen, S. Simonsen and M. Erambert (2016), ‘Lead Isotope Analysis of Pewter Mounts from the Viking Ship Burial at Gokstad: On the Origin and Use of Raw Materials’, Archaeometry, 58: 148–63.
Back to text
6. S.K. Wärmländer, L. Wåhlander, R. Saage, K. Rezakhani, S.A. Hamid Hassan and M. Neiß (2015), ‘Analysis and Interpretation of a Unique Arabic Finger Ring from the Viking Age Town of Birka, Sweden’, Scanning, 37(2): 131–7.
Back to text
7. This was proposed in 2017 by a Dutch linguist, Marijn van Putten. https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/920584737168723968
Back to text
8. T. Hodos (2018), ‘Luxuries during the Mediterranean’s Iron Age Period’, in A. Fletcher (ed.), An Age of Luxury: The Assyrians to Alexander. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Museum of History, pp. 10–23.
Back to text
9. http://vikingmetalwork.blogspot.com/2017/11/islamic-coins-as-jewellery-finds-from.html
Back to text
10. E. Mikkelsen (1998), ‘Islam and Scandinavia during the Viking Age’, in E. Piltz (ed.), Byzantium and Islam in Scandinavia. Acts of a Symposium at Uppsala University June 15–16 1996. Åström, Gothenburg, pp. 39–51.
Back to text
11. S. Oosthuizen (2019), The Emergence of the English. York: Arc Humanities Press.
Back to text
12. A. Margaryan, D.J. Lawson, M. Sikora, F. Racimo, S. Rasmussen, I. Moltke, L.M. Cassidy, E. Jørsboe, A. Ingason, M.W. Pedersen, T. Korneliussen, H. Wilhelmson, M.M. Buś, P. de Barros Damgaard, R. Martiniano, G. Renaud, C. Bhérer, J.V. Moreno-Mayar, A.K. Fotakis, M. Allen, R. Allmäe, M. Molak, E. Cappellini, G. Scorrano, H. McColl, A. Buzhilova, A. Fox, A. Albrechtsen, B. Schütz, B. Skar, C. Arcini, C. Falys, C.H. Jonson, D. Błaszczyk, D. Pezhemsky, G. Turner-Walker, H. Gestsdóttir, I. Lundstrøm, I. Gustin, I. Mainland, I. Potekhina, I.M. Muntoni, J. Cheng, J. Stenderup, J. Ma, J. Gibson, J. Peets, J. Gustafsson, K.H. Iversen, L. Simpson, L. Strand, L. Loe, M. Sikora, M. Florek, M. Vretemark, M. Redknap, M. Bajka, T. Pushkina, M. Søvsø, N. Grigoreva, T. Christensen, O. Kastholm, O. Uldum, P. Favia, P. Holck, S. Sten, S.V. Arge, S. Ellingvåg, V. Moiseyev, W. Bogdanowicz, Y. Magnusson, L. Orlando, P. Pentz, M.D. Jessen, A. Pedersen, M. Collard, D.G. Bradley, M.L. Jørkov, J. Arneborg, N. Lynnerup, N. Price, M.T.P. Gilbert, M.E. Allentoft, J. Bill, S.M. Sindbæk, L. Hedeager, K. Kristiansen, R. Nielsen, T. Werge, E. Willerslev (2020), ‘Population Genomics of the Viking World’, Nature, 585, 390–6.
Back to text
13. M. Krzewińska, A. Kjellström, T. Günther, C. Hedenstierna-Jonson, T. Zachrisson, A. Omrak, R. Yaka, G.M. Kılınç, M. Somel and V. Sobrado (2018), ‘Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town’, Current Biology, 28: 2730–8.
Back to text
14. T.D. Price, C. Arcini, I. Gustin, L. Drenzel and S. Kalmring (2018), ‘Isotopes and Human Burials at Viking Age Birka and the Mälaren Region, East Central Sweden’, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 49: 19–38.
Back to text
15. M. Krzewińska, G. Bjørnstad, P. Skoglund, P.I. Olason, J. Bill, A. Götherström and E. Hagelberg (2015), ‘Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Viking Age Population of Norway’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370: 20130384.
Back to text
16. The results of this analysis were published in Per Holck (2006), ‘The Oseberg Ship Burial, Norway: New Thoughts On the Skeletons From the Grave Mound’, European Journal of Archaeology, 9 (2–3): 185–210. However, there has been uncertainty among researchers as to whether the results could have been contaminated and new analyses are planned for the future.
Back to text
* * *
* * *
5 VALKYRIE: RIVER QUEENS
1. M. Krzewińska, G. Bjørnstad, P. Skoglund, P.L. Olason, J. Bill, A. Götherström and E. Hagelberg (2015), ‘Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Viking Age Population of Norway’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370: 20130384.
Back to text
2. D.M. Hadley, J.D. Richards, H. Brown, E. Craig-Atkins, D. Mahoney Swales, G. Perry, S. Stein and A. Woods (2016), ‘The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, AD 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire’, Antiquaries Journal, 96: 23–67.
Back to text
3. C. Hedenstierna‐Jonson, A. Kjellström, T. Zachrisson, M. Krzewińska, V. Sobrado, N. Price, T. Günther, M. Jakobsson, A. Götherström and J. Storå (2017), ‘A Female Viking Warrior Confirmed by Genomics’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 164.4: 853–60.
Back to text
4. An additional discussion has been focused around the possibility of non-binary gender roles for Bj.581, and the possibility that this was an individual whose gender identification in society was not what the genetics would suggest.
Back to text
5. B. Tihanyi, Z. Bereczki, E. Molnár, W. Berthon, L. Révész, O. Dutour and G. Pálfi (2015), ‘Investigation of Hungarian Conquest Period (10th c. AD) Archery on the Basis of Activity-induced Stress Markers on the Skeleton – Preliminary Results’, Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 59: 65–77.
Back to text
6. J. Olrik and H. Raeder (eds.), (1931), Saxo Grammaticus: Gesta Danorum. Copenhagen: Gutenberg online archive (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1150/1150-h/1150-h.htm).
Back to text
7. N. Price (2019), The Viking Way: Magic and Mind in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Oxford: Oxbow Books, p. 274.
Back to text
8. A.M. Heen-Pettersen (2014), ‘Insular Artefacts from Viking-Age Burials from Mid-Norway. A Review of Contact between Trøndelag and Britain and Ireland’, Internet Archaeology, 38.
Back to text
9. J. Kershaw (2013), Viking Identities: Scandinavian Jewellery in England, Oxford: OUP.
Back to text
10. L.H. Dommasnes (1987), ‘Male/Female Roles
and Ranks in Late Iron Age Norway’, AmS-Varia, 17: 65–77.
Back to text
11. J.H. Barrett (2008), ‘What Caused the Viking Age?’, Antiquity, 82: 671–86.
Back to text
12. B. Raffield, N. Price and M. Collard (2017), ‘Male-biased Operational Sex Ratios and the Viking Phenomenon: An Evolutionary Anthropological Perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian Raiding’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 38: 315–24.
Back to text
13. M. Moen (2019), Challenging Gender: A Reconsideration of Gender in the Viking Age Using the Mortuary Landscape. Unpublished PhD thesis. Oslo: IAKH, University of Oslo.
Back to text
14. A. Stalsberg (1991), ‘Women as Actors in North European Viking Age Trade’, in R. Samson (ed.), Social Approaches to Viking Studies. Glasgow: Cruithne.
Back to text
15. Birka grave no. Bj.965.
Back to text
* * *
* * *
6 KING PIECE: HEADING EAST
1. F. Androshchuk (2008), ‘The Vikings in the East’, in S. Brink and N.S. Price (eds.), The Viking World. London: Routledge.
Back to text
2. E.M. Peschel, D. Carlsson, J. Bethard and M.C. Beaudry (2017), ‘Who Resided in Ridanäs?: A Study of Mobility on a Viking Age Trading Port in Gotland, Sweden’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 13: 175–84.
Back to text
3. P. Frankopan (2015), The Silk Roads: A New History of the World. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Back to text
4. P. Frankopan (2015), The Silk Roads: A New History of the World. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Back to text
5. C. Kilger (2008), ‘Kaupang from Afar: Aspects of the Interpretation of Dirham Finds in Northern and Eastern Europe between the Late 8th and Early 10th Centuries’, in Dagfinn Skre (ed.), Means of Exchange: Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age Volume 2, Århus/Oslo: Aarhus University Press Kaupang Excavation Project, p. 211.
Back to text
6. Maya Shatzmiller (2005), ‘The Role of Money in the Economic Growth of the Early Islamic Period (650–1000)’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 3 (4): 785–834.
Back to text
7. Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe, Liina Maldre, Ragnar Saage, Teresa Tomek and Lembi Lõugas (2012), Research Results of the Salme Ship Burials in 2011–2012. Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia.
Back to text
8. T. Douglas Price, Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe, Liina Maldre and Ester Oras (2016), ‘Isotopic Provenancing of the Salme Ship Burials in Pre-Viking Age Estonia’, Antiquity, 90 (352): 1022–37; and T. Douglas Price, Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe, Liina Maldre and Neil Price (2020), ‘Human Remains, Context, and Place of Origin for the Salme, Estonia, Boat Burials’, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 58: 101149.
Back to text
9. Cited in Tatjana N. Jackson (2019), Eastern Europe in Icelandic Sagas. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press.
Back to text
* * *
* * *
7 NECK RINGS: THE TALES OF THE RUS’
1. Cited in Wladyslaw Duczko (2004), Viking Rus’: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. The Northern World Series. Leiden: Brill, p. 32.
Back to text
2. Gy. Moravcsik and R.J.H. Jenkins (eds.) (1967), Constantine Porphyrogenitus. De administrando imperio. Washington: Center for Byzantine Studies.
Back to text
3. Runestone G280, Scandinavian Runic-text Database, http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm
Back to text
4. Einar Østmo (2020), ‘The History of the Norvegr 2000 BC–1000 AD’, in Dagfinn Skre (ed.), Rulership in 1st to 14th Century Scandinavia. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 3–66.
Back to text
5. See for example details in Anne Stalsberg (2001), ‘Scandinavian Viking-Age Boat Graves in Old Rus’’, Russian History, 28 (1/4): 359–401.
Back to text
6. Søren M. Sindbæk (2003), ‘Varægiske vinterruter: slædetransport i Rusland og spørgsmålet om den tidlige vikingetids orientalske import i Nordeuropa’, Fornvännen, 98 (3): 179–93.
Back to text
7. Judith Jesch (2001), Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, p. 257.
Back to text
* * *
* * *
8 BEAD: CROSSROADS
1. Nicholas J. Saunders, Jan Frolík and Volker Heyd (2019), ‘Zeitgeist Archaeology: Conflict, Identity and Ideology at Prague Castle, 1918–2018’, Antiquity, 93 (370): 1009–25.
Back to text
2. For example graves Bj.1125b and Bj.996. Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (2012), ‘Traces of Contacts: Magyar Material Culture in the Swedish Viking Age Context of Birka’, in Tobias Bendeguz (ed.), Die Archäologie der Frühen Ungarn: Chronologie, Technologie und Methodik: internationaler Workshop des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz in Budapest am 4. und 5. Dezember 2009. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, pp. 29–46.
Back to text
3. Warren Treadgold (1989), ‘Three Byzantine Provinces and the First Byzantine Contacts with the Rus’’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 12–13: 132–44; Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (2009), ‘Rus’, Varangians and Birka Warriors’, in Michael Olausson and Lena Holmquist (eds.), The Martial Society: Aspects of Warriors, Fortifications and Social Change in Scandinavia. Stockholm: Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, pp. 159–78.
Back to text
4. Wladyslaw Duczko (2004), Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. The Northern World Series. Leiden: Brill.
Back to text
5. Petr S. Stefanovich (2016), ‘The Political Organization of Rus’ in the 10th Century’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 64 (4): 529–44.
Back to text
6. Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (2012), ‘Traces of Contacts: Magyar Material Culture in the Swedish Viking Age Context of Birka’, in Tobias Bendeguz (ed.), Die Archäologie der Frühen Ungarn: Chronologie, Technologie und Methodik: internationaler Workshop des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz in Budapest am 4. Und 5. Dezember 2009. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, pp. 29–46.
Back to text
7. Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (2009), ‘Rus’, Varangians and Birka Warriors’, in Michael Olausson and Lena Holmquist (eds.), The Martial Society: Aspects of Warriors, Fortifications and Social Change in Scandinavia, Stockholm: Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, pp. 159–78.
Back to text
* * *
* * *
9 DRAGON’S HEAD: TO MIKLAGARD AND BEYOND
1. Ture J. Arne and F. Braun (1914), ‘Den svenska runstenen från ön Berezanj utanför Dnjeprmynningen: referat efter prof. F. Brauns redogörelse i Ryska arkeol. kommissionens meddelanden 1907’, Fornvännen, 9: 44–8.
Back to text
2. E.A. Melnikova (2017), ‘A New Runic Inscription from Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Istanbul’, Futhark: 101.
Back to text
3. Thomas Thomov (2014), ‘Four Scandinavian Ship Graffiti from Hagia Sophia’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 38 (2): 168–84.
Back to text
4. Judith Jesch (2001), Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, p. 102. The meaning of giving food to the eagle is not entirely clear, but likely means they fought in battle. ‘Drengr’ here may mean warrior or someone who travelled in the service of a leader: see the text cited here for a discussion.
Back to text
5. Guy F. Isitt (2007), ‘Vikings in the Persian Gulf’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 17 (4): 389–406.
Back to text
&
nbsp; 6. James Edgar Taylor (2014), ‘Vikings in the Gulf: Fact or Fancy?’, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 44: 325–36.
Back to text
7. Søren Sindbæk (2017), ‘Urbanism and Exchange in the North Atlantic/Baltic, 600–1000CE’, in Tamar Hodos (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization. New York: Routledge, pp. 553–65.
Back to text
* * *
* * *
EPILOGUE: GUJARAT
1. https://www.caitlingreen.org/2019/04/king-alfred-and-india.html
Back to text
* * *
INDEX
The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.
Abaskun (Caspian Sea port), 277
Al-Abbasiyya (Tunisia), 175
Abd al-Malik, Caliph, 56
Adam of Bremen, 39, 166, 185
Adrevald (monk), 90
Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, 144, 150, 249
Aethelred the Unready, King of England, 286
Aethelstan, King of England, 184
Afghanistan, 119, 177
Ahmedabad, India, 291, 294
Alcuin of York, 15, 94, 114, 183, 278
Alfred the Great, 18, 40, 60, 144; building of burhs, 237; herepaths – ‘army roads,’ 88; and mission to India, 293; Ohthere’s visit to, 96, 108, 112, 166, 233; translation of Orosius, 166; truce at Wedmore (878), 122, 262
Alt Clut, Brittonic kingdom of, 47
Altai mountains, 200
amber, 158, 288
amethyst beads, 119
Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia), 232
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 15–16, 17, 28, 40, 48, 79, 94; on Ceolwulf, 18; details of production of, 15*; and invaders’ pagan beliefs, 121; on peace made at Torksey (872), 89; references to India, 293; and size of the Great Army, 27