Conditions in Leningrad: Bellamy, Absolute War, pp. 377–84; Reid, Leningrad; Werth, Leningrad; David Glantz, The Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1944, London, 2004
‘People turn into animals’: Yelena Skrjabina, Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader, Carbondale, Ill., 1971, p. 28
Arrests for cannibalism: Bellamy, Absolute War, pp. 379–80; A. R. Dzheniskevich, ‘Banditizm (osobaya kategoriya) v blokirovannom Leningrade’, Istoriya Peterburga, no. 1, 2001, pp. 47–51
56th Division in 55th Army: Vasily Yershov, untitled typescript, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, quoted Reid, Leningrad, p. 320
‘Daddy, kill a German!’: quoted Werth, Leningrad, p. 97
‘once again we are’: Sold. K.B., 23.1.42, BfZ-SS
‘the small Afrika Korps’: Hans-Hermann H., 13.3.42, BfZ-SS N91.2
19: Wannsee and the SS Archipelago
‘undertake, by emigration or evacuation’: Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 163; ‘the physical annihilation’: ibid., p. 163
‘the instigators of this’: TBJG, part II, vol. ii, pp. 498–9, quoted Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship, p. 124
‘The Führer is determined’: TBJG, part II, vol. ii, 13.12.41, pp. 498–9
Martin Luther: see Echart Conze, Norbert Frei, Peter Hayes and Moshe Zimmermann, Das Amt und die Vergangenheit. Deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik, Munich, 2010; for the original Martin Luther and the Jews, see Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 13–15
‘like miscarriages of hell’: Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 270
‘the killers in the occupied USSR’: ibid., p. 99
On Henry Ford and the Nazis, see Charles Patterson, Eternal Treblinka, New York, 2002, pp. 71–9; for Ford’s inspiration from slaughterhouses, see Henry Ford, My Life and Work, New York, 1922, p. 81; David L. Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and his Company, Detroit, 1976, p. 135; Albert Lee, Henry Ford and the Jews, New York, 1980
‘an unwritten and never to be written’: IMT 29:145
‘the road to Auschwitz’: Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria, 1933–1945, New York, 1983, p. 277
Medical experiments in Dachau, and ‘for use as saddles’: Franz Blaha, ‘Holocaust: Medical experiments at Dachau’, IMT; NA II RG 238, BOX 16
here Danzig Anatomical Medical Institute: GARF 9401/2/96. Spanner was never prosecuted because there was no law against experiments on corpses
‘It is the writer’s duty’: Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/123
‘In Bereza-Kartuska’: Zahlm.d.R. Heinrich K., H.K.P. 610 Brest/Bug, 18.7.42, BfZ-SS 37 634
‘Jewish girls who wanted’: Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 145
Warsaw ghetto uprising: see ibid., pp. 204–11
‘The uproar was monstrous’: quoted Padfield, Himmler, p. 449
‘Waves of stone’: RGALI, 1710/3/21
20: Japanese Occupation and the Battle of Midway
Occupation of Hong Kong: Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong, pp. 77–148
For the Japanese occupation of Shanghai, see Bernard Wasserstein, Secret War in Shanghai, London, 1998, pp. 216–39
$50 million ‘gift of atonement’: Peter Thompson, The Battle for Singapore, London, 2005, p. 380
‘quota of twenty enlisted men’: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 93
Five million deaths in south-east Asia: Max Hastings, Nemesis: The Battle for Japan 1944–1945, London, 2007, p. 13
Indochina: Ralph B. Smith, ‘The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9 March 1945’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, September 1978, pp. 268–301
Massacre at Batanga: Ronald H. Spector, Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan, London, 2001, p. 397
The United States, Nationalist China and the British Empire: see Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong, pp. 142–8
‘The British Grenadiers’ and ‘The Eton Boating Song’: ibid., p. 185
‘insane provincial protectionism’: Justice H. L. Braund, regional food controller for the Eastern Areas, quoted Lizzie Collingham, The Taste of War, p. 143; Bengal famine, ibid., pp. 141–54
US submarines accounting for 55 per cent of all craft sunk: World War II Quarterly, 5.2, p. 64
‘beating’: Admiral Nagumo Chuichi, quoted Office of Naval Intelligence, June 1947, NHHC, OPNAV P32-1002
‘not aware of our plans’: ibid.
‘Service crews cheered’: Fuchida Mitsuo, ‘Pearl Harbor: The View from the Japanese Cockpit’, in Ulanoff (ed.), Bombs Away!, p. 305
For the question of rearming Japanese torpedo bombers, see Jeffrey G. Barlow in World War II Quarterly, 5.1, pp. 66–9; Dallas Woodbury Isom, Midway Inquest: Why the Japanese Lost the Battle of Midway, Bloomington, Ind., 2007, p. 269; Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully, Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway, Dulles, Va, 2005, p. 171; and John B. Lundstrom, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway and Guadalcanal, Annapolis, 2006, pp. 254–5
‘As soon as the fires’: Admiral Nagumo, quoted Office of Naval Intelligence, June 1947, NHHC, OPNAV P32-1002
‘At 23.50’: ibid.
‘Had we lacked early information’: Commander-in-Chief Pacific Fleet to Commander-in-Chief Fleet, 28.6.42, NHHC, Battle of Midway: 4–7 June 1942 Action Reports, F-2042
21: Defeat in the Desert
‘The fighting has none’: Uffz. Hans-Hermann H., 8.4.42, BfZ-SS N91.2
‘a whole bloody German’: quoted James Holland, Together We Stand: North Africa, 1942–1943–Turning the Tide in the West, London, 2005, p. 80
Defence of Bir Hakeim: Kitchen, Rommel’s Desert War, pp. 225–6
‘For the first time since’: de Gaulle, Mémoires de guerre, vol. i, p. 323
‘very unpleasant situation’: Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, p. 311
‘Oh, the heart beating with emotion’: de Gaulle, Mémoires de guerre, vol. i, p. 325
‘We’ve got chocolate’: Uffz. Hans-Hermann H., 30.6.42, BFZ-SS N91.2
‘Defeat is one thing’: Churchill, The Second World War, vol. iv: The Hinge of Fate, p. 344
Cairo and Alexandria during the ‘flap’: Cooper, Cairo in the War, pp. 190–201
Groupe de Chasse Alsace: Global War Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, 2010, p. 79
‘when he made it home’: Victor Gregg, Rifleman: A Front Line Life, London, 2011, p. 127
‘not affect the world situation’: quoted Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 233
22: Operation Blau–Barbarossa Relaunched
‘Now that it’s fairly warm’: Sold. Fritz S., 1.5.42, 25.Inf.Div.(mot.), BfZ-SS 26 312
‘around eighty German soldiers’: Sold. Ferdinand S., 88.Inf.Div., BfZ-SS 05831 E
Grossdeutschland and SS divisions: David M. Glantz and Jonathan House, When Titans Clashed, Lawrence, Kan., 1995, p. 105
‘the great alarm’: captured diary, TsAFSB 14/4/328, pp. 367–71
‘You are under military law’: order of 31.1.42, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 346
‘endless uncultivated fields’: captured diary, TsAFSB 14/4/328, pp. 367–71
Mekhlis: Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, p. 365
‘They have been hurriedly’: TsAFSB 14/4/328, pp. 367–71
‘It was terrible’: Vladimirov, Voina soldata-zenitchika, p. 234
‘We advanced from Volchansk’: Yevgeny Fyodorovich Okishev in Drabkin (ed.), Svyashchennaya voina, p. 210
‘Military orders must be obeyed’, Stalin, Timoshenko and Khrushchev: Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, pp. 366–7
‘Our pilots work’: Sold. Heinrich R., 20.5.42, 389.Inf.Div., BfZ-SS 43 260
‘Tanks! Tanks coming!’, ‘It looked like a magical’: Vladimirov, Voina soldatazenitchika, p. 300
‘We are really going’: O’Gefr. Karl H., Aufkl.Stffl.4 (F) 122, 7.6.42, BfZ-SS L 28 420
‘I can only say’: O’Gefr. Kurt P., Ra
df.Rgt.4, 15.6.42, BfZ-SS 29 962
‘The explosions blended’: Yu. S. Naumov, Trudnaya sudba zashchitnikov Seva-stopolya (1941–1942), Nizhni Novgorod, 2009, p. 15
‘I lost many comrades at my side’: Uffz. Arnold N., 377.Inf.Div., 8.7.42, BfZ-SS 41 967
‘at least have it within’: Weisung Nr. 41, quoted Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, p. 309
‘As far as the eye can see’: Clemens Podewils, Don und Volga, Munich, 1952, p. 47
‘53 degrees in the sun’: Helmuth Groscurth, Tagebücher eines Abwehroffiziers, Stuttgart, 1970, p. 527
‘For the local people’: O’Gefr. Fritz W., Ldsschutz.Btl.389, 9.7.42, BfZ-SS 05 951
‘If we don’t take’: Friedrich Paulus, Ich stehe hier auf Befehl, Frankfurt am Main, 1960, p. 157
‘Panic-mongers and cowards’: TsAMO 48/486/28, p. 8
30,000 Gulag prisoners: GARF 9401/1a/128, p. 121
‘Comrade commissar I’ve always been a good man’: Yefim Abelevich Golbraikh in Drabkin (ed.), Svyashchennaya voina, pp. 114–15
‘Make use of us today!’: Podewils, Don und Volga, p. 107
‘In the late afternoon’: Richthofen KTB, 23.8.42, BA-MA N671/2/7/9, p. 140
‘We looked at the immense steppe’: conversation with Generalleutnant A.d. Bernd Freiherr Freytag von Loringhoven, 23.10.95
‘intently at each soldier’: Berezhkov, History in the Making, p. 193
‘He has got an unpleasantly’: Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 301
‘Let’s open the Second Front’: Ehrenburg, Men, Years–Life, vol. v, p. 78
Performance of Shostakovich’s Leningrad symphony: Bellamy, Absolute War, pp. 389–90
‘The air filled with’: Boris Antonov letter in ‘Ot party do obeliska’, Nasha voina, Moscow, 2005, p. 256
‘that the Russians were finished’: Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, p. 313
Hitler and Italian ambassador: ADAP Series E, vol. iii, pp. 304–7, quoted Kitchen, Rommel’s Desert War, p. 286
‘Anyway, we will not be taking’: Sold. Heinrich R., 389.Inf.Div., 28.8.42, BfZ-SS 43 260
‘Hopefully the operation’: Gefr. Eduard R., 16.Pz.Div., 25.8.42, BfZ-SS 28 148
‘very cool’: Richthofen KTB, 23.8.42, BA-MA N671/2/7/9, p. 140
‘in chains’, ‘given land in Transylvania’: TsAMO FSB 14/4/326, pp. 269–70
Romanian pay and rations: TsA FSB 14/4/777, pp. 32–4
23: Fighting Back in the Pacific
‘to let off steam’: 30.3.42, Ernest J. King Papers, quoted Spector, Eagle against the Sun, p. 143
‘The Fever was on us’: Robert Leckie, Helmet for my Pillow, London, 2010, p. 82
‘Everyone looked the other way’: ibid., p. 89
Marines bartering: Spector, Eagle against the Sun, p. 205
‘Take Buna today’, ‘striking victory’: quoted ibid., pp. 216–17
‘steep little hills’: Lt Col. Frank Owen, quoted William Fowler, We Gave our Today: Burma, 1941–1945, London, 2009, p. 82
‘I can’t be rude’: quoted ibid., p. 85
‘the rapid build-up’: memorandum for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, MP, II, pp. 475–6
‘accomplish the downfall of Japan’: quoted van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, p. 36
24: Stalingrad
‘What’s the matter with them?’: quoted Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, p. 461
‘This war on the border’: RGALI 1710/3/50
‘The Führer commands’: KTB OKW, vol. ii/I, p. 669
‘Please send me a present’: TsA FSB 114/4/326, pp. 167–8
‘too sad to watch the newsreels’: TsA FSB 14/4/943, pp. 38–9
‘That is a lie!’: Domarus, vol. ii, p. 1908
For the List –Jodl crisis at Führer headquarters, see also Kershaw, Hitler, 1936– 1945: Nemesis, pp. 532–3
‘long stare of burning hate’: Walter Warlimont, Im Hauptquartier der deutschen Wehrmacht, 1939–1945, Frankfurt am Main, 1962, p. 269
‘a confrontation between two rams’: Sergo Beria, Beria, my Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin, London, 2001, p. 85
‘Comrade Chuikov’: Vasily Chuikov, The Beginning of the Road: The Battle for Stalingrad, London, 1963, p. 84; ‘Time is blood’: ibid., p. 89
‘Nobody believes that Stalingrad’: diary of assistant political officer Sokolov, 92nd Reserve Regiment, 11.9.42, TsA FSB 40/31/577, p. 42
‘A mass of Stukas’: Gefreiter, 389.Inf.Div., BfZ-SS
‘the blocking unit of the 62nd Army’: Selivanovsky, chief of Special Department Stalingrad Front, TsA FSB 14/4/326, pp. 220–3
‘Stalingrad looks like’: Anurin diary, 7.9.42 (private collection, Moscow)
‘From the very first days’: 1.4.43, TsA FSB 3/10/136, pp. 45–73
‘nine grams’: TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 162
‘the defeatist mood’: Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 8.10.42, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 74
‘is exploited by German agents’: ibid., p. 77
‘It is hard for them’: Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 11.11.42, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 138–9
‘When we were moved’: Amza Amzaevich Mamutov, http://www.iremember.ru/pekhotintsi/mamutov-amza-amzaevich/stranitsa-3.html ‘What if your beloved girl’: Stalinskoe Znamya, 8.9.42, TsAMO 230/586/1, p. 79
‘For the defenders of Stalingrad’: Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 17.11.42, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 216
‘Since yesterday’: anon., 29.Inf.Div.(mot.), 15.9.1942, BfZ-SS
‘Our pilots feel that’: Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 4.10.42, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 48
‘A sub-machine gun is’: Amza Amzaevich Mamutov, http://www.iremember.ru/pekhotintsi/mamutov-amza-amzaevich/stranitsa-3.html
‘The ammunition brought over during the night’: Belousov, Special Detachment Stalingrad Front, 21.9.42, TsA FSB 14/4/326, pp. 229–30
‘a full set of limbs’: Ilya Shatunovsky, ‘I ostanetsya dobryi sled’, in Vsem smertyam nazlo, Moscow, 2000
‘Germans are fighting without counting ammunition’: Second Special Dept NKVD to Beria and Abakumov, 4.9.42, TsA FSB 14/4/913, pp. 27–31
‘You can’t imagine’: TsA FSB 41/51/814, p. 7
‘the morning rise’ etc.: Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/50
‘The soldier who was carrying’: Uffz. Alois Heimesser, 297th Infantry Division, 14.11.42, TsA FSB 40/22/11, pp. 62–5
‘A report had to be sent in’: Vladimir Vladimirovich Gormin, Novgorodskaya Pravda, 21.4.95
Tobacco hunger and the vodka ration: ibid.
‘If they don’t’: 4.11.42, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 47
‘the introduction of a unified command’: TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 176–7
‘absolutely incorrect attitude’, ‘political department is’: Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 14.11.42, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 179
Stalingrad Front interrogations: TsAMO 62/335/7, 48/453/13, 206/294/12, 206/294/47, 206/294/48, 226/335/7
‘On some parts of the front’: Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 8.10.42, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 81
‘Russians in the German army’: interrogation, 4.3.43, TsAMO 226/335/7, p. 364
Events in Sinkiang province: Garver, Chinese–Soviet Relations, pp. 169–77
‘A furious artillery bombardment’: Vladimir Vladimirovich Gormin, Novgorodskaya Pravda, 21.4.95
‘real mass heroism’: TsAMO, 48/486/24, p. 200
‘In the last two days’: Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 6.11.42, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 69
‘I often think of the words’: TsAFSB 40/22/12, pp. 96–100
‘It’s impossible to describe’: Gefr. Gelman, quoted in Volgograd University project, AMPSB
‘the dogs fight like lions’: Gefr. H.S., 389.Inf.Div., 5.11.42, BfZ-SS
‘the sooner I am’: quoted Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/100
‘Time is of no importance’: Domarus, vol. ii, pp. 1937–8
‘The ice floes collide’: Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108
‘If the Katyusha sings’: TsA FSB 14/4/326, p. 307
‘shift the strategic situation’: Zhuko
v, Kakim my yego pomnim, p. 140
‘sold their Motherland’: TsAMO 48/453/13, p. 4
‘enough to buy one litre of milk’: interrogation Romanian cavalry lieutenant, 26.9.42, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 561
‘very rude to soldiers’, ‘a sin against’, ‘low political moral state’: TsAMO 48/453/13, pp. 4–7
‘raping all the women’: TsA FSB 14/4/326, pp. 264–7
‘moved from the central part’: Professor O. A. Rzheshevsky at the Stalingrad Seminar, London, 9.5.2000
here Zhukov’s movements in the autumn of 1942: S. I. Isaev, ‘Vekhi frontovogo puti’, VIZh, no. 10, Oct. 1991, pp. 22–5
David Glantz on Operation Mars: see his General Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat: The Red Army’s Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942, London, 2000
‘2.5 to 4.5 ammunition loads…’, Gen of the Army M.A. Gareev, session of the National Committee of Russian Historians on 28.12.99. I am grateful to Professor Oleg Rzheshevsky, the President of the Russian Association of the Second World War Historians for sending me their Information Bulletin No.5, 2000, with the verbatim record of the meeting.
‘The offensive predicted by Max’: Pavel Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness–A Soviet Spymaster, London, 1994, p. 159
‘One part of a small wood’: Ehrenburg, Men, Years–Life, vol. v, pp. 80–1 Soviet casualties in Operation Mars: see Glantz, Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat, pp. 304, 318–19 and 379
‘as if it were 1870’: BA-MA RW4/v.264, p. 157
‘I’m not leaving’: Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 21.11.42, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 264
‘Sixth Army stand firm’: BA-MA RH 20-6/241
‘I don’t know how it is all’: letter 21.9.42, TsA FSB 40/22/142, p. 152
25: Alamein and Torch
‘that German transports’: Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, p. 322
‘Americans can only make’: quoted Kitchen, Rommel’s Desert War, p. 316
‘In the position in which’: BA-MA RH/19/VIII/34a
Hitler’s journey to Munich: Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-1945: Nemesis, p. 539
‘standing at a turning point’: TBJG, part II, vol. vi, p. 259
The Second World War Page 112