Bratman, Gregory N., J. Paul Hamilton, Kevin S. Hahn, Gretchen C. Daily, and James J. Gross. “Nature Experience Reduces Rumination and Subgenual Prefrontal Cortex Activation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 28 (2015): 8567–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510459112.
Broglie, Larisa, Irene Helenowski, Lawrence J. Jennings, Kristian Schafernak, Reggie Duerst, Jennifer Schneiderman, William Tse, Morris Kletzel, and Sonali Chaudhury. “Early Mixed T-Cell Chimerism Is Predictive of Pediatric AML or MDS Relapse after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.” Pediatric Blood & Cancer 64, no. 9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26493.
Carmel-Gilfilen, Candy and Margaret Portillo. “Designing with Empathy.” HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 9, no. 2 (2015): 130–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715592633.
Franklin, D. “Nature That Nurtures.” Scientific American, 306, no. 3 (2012): 24–25.
Hartig, Terry and Clare Cooper Marcus. “Essay: Healing Gardens—Places for Nature in Health Care.” The Lancet 368 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69920-0.
Lim, Sara J., Matthew J. Lim, Anastasios Raptis, Jing-Zhou Hou, Rafic Farah, Stanley M. Marks, Annie Im, Kathleen Dorritie, Alison Sehgal, Mounzer Agha et al. “Inferior Outcome after Allogeneic Transplant in First Remission in High-Risk AML Patients Who Required More than Two Cycles of Induction Therapy.” American Journal of Hematology 90, no. 8 (2015): 715–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24062.
Marcus, Clare Cooper and Marnie Barnes. “Gardens in Healthcare Facilities: Uses, Therapeutic Benefits, and Design Recommendations.” Martinez, CA: Center for Health Design, 1995.
Marcus, Clare Cooper. “The Future of Healing Gardens.” HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 9, no. 2 (2015): 172–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715606926.
Mccaffrey, Ruth. “The Effect of Healing Gardens and Art Therapy on Older Adults with Mild to Moderate Depression.” Holistic Nursing Practice 21, no. 2 (2007): 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hnp.0000262022.80044.06.
Milligan, Christine, Anthony Gatrell, and Amanda Bingley. “‘Cultivating Health’: Therapeutic Landscapes and Older People in Northern England.” Social Science & Medicine 58, no. 9 (2004): 1781–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277–9536(03)00397–6.
Mitrione, Stephen. “Therapeutic Responses to Natural Environments: Using Gardens to Improve Health Care.” Minnesota Medicine, 91, no. 3 (2008): 31–34.
Park, Sang Hyuk, Chan-Jeoung Park, Borae G. Park, Mi-Hyun Bae, Bo-Hyun Kim, Young-Uk Cho, Seongsoo Jang, Ae-Ja Park, Dae-Young Kim, and Jung-Hee Lee. “Prognostic Impact of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Peripheral Blood after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies.” Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry 94, no. 2 (2017): 270–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.21510.
Rashidi, Armin, Maryam Ebadi, Graham A. Colditz, and John F. Dipersio. “Outcomes of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Elderly Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 22, no. 4 (2016): 651–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.10.019.
Reynolds, G. “How walking in nature changes the brain.” Retrieved May 4, 2017, from https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/22/how-nature-changes-the-brain/.
Rodiek, S. and C. Lee. Elderly care: Increasing outdoor usage in residential facilities. World Health Design, Gateways to Health, (2009): 49–55.
Schweitzer, Marc, Laura Gilpin, and Susan Frampton. “Healing Spaces: Elements of Environmental Design That Make an Impact on Health.” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10, no. 1 (2004): 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1089/1075553042245953.
Sherman, Sandra A., James W. Varni, Roger S. Ulrich, and Vanessa L. Malcarne. “Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Healing Gardens in a Pediatric Cancer Center.” Landscape and Urban Planning 73, no. 2-3 (2005): 167–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.11.013.
Sternberg, E. M. Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Well-Being. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2010.
Tamjidi, Z., A. Hajian, and B. Ghafourian. “Healing Garden: Study of the Therapeutic Effects of the Natural Environment in Pediatric Hospital.” Journal of Current Research in Science; Tabriz, 4, no. 3 (2016): 152–59.
Ulrich, Roger S. “View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery.” Science, 224, 4647 (1984): 420–21.
Ulrich, Roger S. (2002). “Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals.” Citeseer. In paper for conference. Plants for People International Exhibition Floriade, 17, p. 2010. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.541.4830&rep=repi&type=pdf.
“Work increasing for landscape architecture firms, survey shows.” American Society of Landscape Architects, July 28, 2011. https://www.asla.org/NewsReleaseDetails.aspx?id=32424
part four
CHAPTER TEN: FROM EMOTIONAL ARMOR TO EMOTIONAL AGILITY
David, Susan. Emotional Agility: Get Unstuck, Embrace Change, and Thrive in Work and Life. New York: Avery, 2016.
Riess, Helen. The Empathy Effect: Seven Neuroscience-Based Keys for Transforming the Way We Live, Love, Work, and Connect Across Differences. Louisville, CO: Sounds True, 2018.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: ENHANCING PALLIATIVE CARE
Our culture has systematically removed death from everyday life:
Johnson, J. “Why We Need to Talk about Death and Dying,” Huffington Post, August 17, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/judith-johnson/why-we-need-to-talk-about_b_682218.html.
See also Khullar, Dhruv. “We’re bad at death. Can we talk?” New York Times, May 10, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/upshot/were-bad-at-death-first-we-need-a-good-talk.html.
The same desire to die at home as do patients with greater social support:
Aoun, Samar M., Lauren J. Breen, and Denise Howting. “The Support Needs of Terminally Ill People Living Alone at Home: a Narrative Review.” Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 2, no. 1 (2014): 951–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.933342.
The need for earlier discussion of issues surrounding end-of-life care:
Khullar, Dhruv. “We’re bad at death. Can we talk?” New York Times, May 10, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/upshot/were-bad-at-death-first-we-need-a-good-talk.html.
Prepare for our inevitable mortality:
Gerwig, A. “Why We Don’t Talk about Death (but Should).” Legacy.com. October 1, 2015. http://www.legacy.com/news/advice-and-support/article/why-we-dont-talk-about-death-but-should
A disorienting fog of treatments and their side effects:
Myers, G. “Over-Medicalized Care at the End-of-Life in the United States.” Turn-Key Health. December 2016. http://turn-keyhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Over-Medicalized-Care-at-the-End-of-Life-in-the-US.pdf.
Less than 15 percent of adults in the United States have one:
Alfonso, Heather. “The Importance of Living Wills and Advance Directives.” Journal of Gerontological Nursing 35, no. 10 (2009): 42–45. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20090903-05.
Efforts made by the medical team to back off on treatments, no matter how futile:
Wojtasiewicz, Mary Ellen. “Damage Compounded: Disparities, Distrust, and Disparate Impact in End-of-Life Conflict Resolution Policies.” The American Journal of Bioethics 6, no. 5 (2006): 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265160600856801.
Open communication with families is imperative:
Fins, Joseph J. and Mildred Z. Solomon. “Communication in Intensive Care Settings: The Challenge of Futility Disputes.” Critical Care Medicine 29, no. Supplement (2001). https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200102001-00003.
African American patients more likely to die in the hospital than white patients:
Johnson, Kimberly S. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Palliative Care.” Journal of Palliative Medicine 16, no. 11 (2013): 1329–34. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2013.9468. See also Kwak, J., W. E. Haley, and D. A. Chiriboga. “Racial Differences in Hospice Use and In-Hospital Death
among Medicare and Medicaid Dual-Eligible Nursing Home Residents.” The Gerontologist 48, no. 1 (2008): 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/48.1.32.
Transitioning to less intensive treatments:
Magarotto, Roberto, Gianluigi Lunardi, Francesca Coati, Paola Cassandrini, Vincenzo Picece, Silvia Ferrighi, Luciana Oliosi, and Marco Venturini. “Reduced Use of Chemotherapy at the End of Life in an Integrated-Care Model of Oncology and Palliative care. Tumori, 97, no. 5 (2011): 573–77. https://doi.org/10.1700/989.10714.
Medically appropriate decision-making:
Levine, Shanna R., Earle I. Bridget, and Wendy S.A. Edwards. “The Sooner the Better: Analysis of Proactive Palliative Medicine Consultation in the Medical Intensive Care Unit amongst Patients with Stage IV Malignancy.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 31_suppl (2014): 78–78. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.31_suppl.78.
Changing the name to “supportive care”:
Dalal, Shalini, Shana Palla, David Hui, Linh Nguyen, Ray Chacko, Zhijun Li, Nada Fadul, Cheryl Scott, Veatra Thornton, and Brenda Coldman. “Association between a Name Change from Palliative to Supportive Care and the Timing of Patient Referrals at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.” The Oncologist 16, no. 1 (2011): 105–11. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0161.
Pushing palliative care upstream into the clinic:
Blechman, Jennifer and Janet Bull. “Pushing Palliative Care Upstream: Integration into a Community-Based Oncology Practice.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 29_suppl (2015): 134. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.29_suppl.134.
Trained volunteers provide support to dying patients:
Corporon, Kathleen. “Comfort and Caring at the End of Life: Baylor’s Doula Program.” Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 24, no. 4 (2011): 318–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2011.11928748.
Typically referring only late in an illness:
Johnson, C.E., A. Girgis, C. Paul, and D. C. Currow. “Cancer Specialists’ Palliative Care Referral Practices and Perceptions: Results of a National Survey.” Palliative Medicine 22, no. 1 (2008): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216307085181.
No training in palliative care:
Griffin, Shannon, Juliette Cubanski, Tricia Neuman, Anne Jankiewicz, David Rousseau, and Kaiser Family Foundation. “Medicare and End-of-Life Care.” Jama 316, no. 17 (2016): 1754. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.15577.
Who have been diagnosed with a serious illness:
Kelley, Amy S. and R. Sean Morrison. “Palliative Care for the Seriously Ill.” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 8 (2015): 747–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1404684.
Assist with complex medical decision-making, and coordination of care:
Kelley, Amy S. and R. Sean Morrison. “Palliative Care for the Seriously Ill.” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 8 (2015): 747–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1404684.
Still unevenly available in the United States:
Kelley, Amy S. and R. Sean Morrison. “Palliative Care for the Seriously Ill.” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 8 (2015): 747–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1404684.
Disparities based on socioeconomic and racial status of patients:
Dumanovsky, Tamara, Rachel Augustin, Maggie Rogers, Katrina Lettang, Diane E. Meier, and R. Sean Morrison. “The Growth of Palliative Care in U.S. Hospitals: A Status Report.” Journal of Palliative Medicine 19, no. 1 (2016): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2015.0351.
See also Kwak, J., W. E. Haley, and D. A. Chiriboga. “Racial Differences in Hospice Use and In-Hospital Death among Medicare and Medicaid Dual-Eligible Nursing Home Residents.” The Gerontologist 48, no. 1 (2008): 32–41.
Johnson, Kimberly S. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Palliative Care.” Journal of Palliative Medicine 16, no. 11 (2013): 1329–34.
Shortage of palliative care physicians across the United States:
Kelley, Amy S. and R. Sean Morrison. “Palliative Care for the Seriously Ill.” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 8 (2015): 747–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1404684.
More Americans are dying at home:
Kolata, Gina. “More Americans Are Dying at Home than in Hospitals.” New York Times. December 11, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/health/death-hospitals-home.html.
Lags behind in these diagnoses:
Khullar, Dhruv. “We’re bad at death. Can we talk?” New York Times, May 10, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/upshot/were-bad-at-death-first-we-need-a-good-talk.html.
A recently published article from Duke University:
Leblanc, Thomas W., Laura J. Fish, Catherine T. Bloom, Areej El-Jawahri, Debra M. Davis, Susan C. Locke, Karen E. Steinhauser, and Kathryn I. Pollak. “Patient Experiences of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Qualitative Study about Diagnosis, Illness Understanding, and Treatment Decision-Making.” Psycho-Oncology 26, no. 12 (2016): 2063–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4309.
Ken Murray’s “How Doctors Die”:
Murray, K. “How Doctors Die.” Zócalo Public Square. November 30, 2011. http://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2011/11/30/how-doctors-die/ideas/nexus/.
Blecker, Saul, Norman J. Johnson, Sean Altekruse, and Leora I. Horwitz. “Association of Occupation as a Physician with Likelihood of Dying in a Hospital.” JAMA 315, no. 3 (2016): 301. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.16976.
Earlier palliative care drives these down:
Morrison, R. Sean. “Cost Savings Associated With US Hospital Palliative Care Consultation Programs.” Archives of Internal Medicine 168, no. 16 (2008): 1783. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.16.1783.
Speaking with patients and their families about end-of-life care:
Balaban, Richard B. “A Physician’s Guide to Talking about End-of-Life Care.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 15, no. 3 (2000): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.07228.x.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES
Dalal, Shalini and Eduardo Bruera. “End-of-Life Care Matters: Palliative Cancer Care Results in Better Care and Lower Costs.” The Oncologist 22, no. 4 (2017): 361–68. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0277.
Frontera, Jennifer A., J. Randall Curtis, Judith E. Nelson, Margaret Campbell, Michelle Gabriel, Anne C. Mosenthal, Colleen Mulkerin, Kathleen A. Puntillo, Daniel E. Ray, and Rick Bassett. “Integrating Palliative Care into the Care of Neurocritically Ill Patients.” Critical Care Medicine 43, no. 9 (2015): 1964–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001131.
Mackintosh, David. “Death as ‘Harm’ When It Is an Anticipated Outcome in Palliative Care—Or Anywhere.” Journal of Palliative Medicine 17, no. 5 (2014): 502. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2014.0018.
Mar, JoAnn. “Racial Disparities in End-of-Life Care: How Mistrust Keeps Many African-Americans Away from Hospice.” KALW. November 14, 2018. https://www.kalw.org/post/racial-disparities-end-life-care-how-mistrust-keeps-many-african-americans-away-hospice.
Papadopoulou, Constantina, Bridget Johnston, and Markus Themessl-Huber. “The Experience of Acute Leukaemia in Adult Patients: A Qualitative Thematic Synthesis.” European Journal of Oncology Nursing 17, no. 5 (2013): 640–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2013.06.009.
Ruddy, Kathryn J., Betsy C. Risendal, Judy E. Garber, and Ann H. Partridge. “Cancer Survivorship Care: An Opportunity to Revisit Cancer Genetics.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 6 (2016): 539–41. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.63.5375.
Shapiro, Susan P. Speaking for the Dying: Life-and Death Decisions in Intensive Care. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2019.
Yanada, Masamitsu, Akinao Okamoto, Yoko Inaguma, Masutaka Tokuda, Satoko Morishima, Tadaharu Kanie, Yukiya Yamamoto, Shuichi Mizuta, Yoshiki Akatsuka, Masataka Okamoto et al. “The Fate of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia not Undergoing Induction Chemotherapy.” International Journal of Hematology 102, no. 1 (2015): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-015-1786-0.
CHAPTER TWELVE: COMPASSION AS A CORE VALUE
Approximately 55 percent
of physicians admit to being burned out:
Drummond, Dike. Stop Physician Burnout: What To Do When Working Harder Isn’t Working. New York: Heritage Press Publications, 2014.
Depending on the severity of this experience:
Maslach, Chrostina, Susan Jackson, and Michael Leiter. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychological Press, Inc., 1996.
“Compassion fatigue”:
Peckham, C. “Medscape Lifestyle Report 2017: Race and Ethnicity, Bias and Burnout,” Medscape (2017) 1–28. http://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/lifestyle/2017/overview.
Inability to process grief and loss personally and within our professional lives:
Granek, Leeat, Merav Ben-David, Ora Nakash, Michal Cohen, Lisa Barbera, Samuel Ariad, and Monika K. Krzyzanowska. “Oncologists’ Negative Attitudes towards Expressing Emotion over Patient Death and Burnout.” Supportive Care in Cancer 25, no. 5 (2017): 1607–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-016-3562-y.
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