by Will Durant
45. Lubbock, 67.
46. Lubbock in Thomas, W. I., 108.
47. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 420, 629.
48. Crawley, E., The Mystic Rose, in Thomas, W. I., 515-7, 525.
49. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 638-45; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1737.
50. Ibid., 1753.
51. Vinogradoff, i, 197; Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 208.
CHAPTER IV
1. Darwin, C., Descent of Man, 110.
2. Ellis, H., Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vi, 422.
3. Westermarck, E., History of Human Marriage, i, 32, 35.
4. Briffault, ii, 154.
5. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1547f Further examples of sexual communism may be found in Briffault, i, 645; ii, 2-13; Lubbock, 68-9.
6. Müller-Lyer, Family, 55.
6a. Encyclopedia Britannica, xiii, 206.
7. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1548.
8. Briffault, ii, 81.
9. Lubbock, 69.
10. Lippert, 67.
11. Polo, Marco, Travels, 70.
12. Letourneau, Marriage, in Sumner and Keller, iii, 1521.
13. Westermarck, Short History of Human Marriage, 265; Müller-Lyer, Family, 49; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1563; Briffault, i, 629f.
14. Ibid., 649.
15. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1565.
16. Examples in Briffault, i, 767n; Sumner and Keller iii, 1901; Lippert, 670.
17. Examples in Briffault, i, 641f, 663; Vinogradoff, i, 173. Vinogradoff, i, 173.
18. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 387.
19. Briffault, ii, 315; Hobhouse, 140.
20. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 34.
21. Spencer, Sociology, i, 722; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 388; Sumner, Folkways, 265, 351; Sumner and Keller, i, 22; iii, 1863; Briffault, ii, 261, 267, 271.
22. Lowie, R. H., Are We Civilized?, 128.
23. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1534, 1540; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 399.
24. Gen., xxix. Similar customs existed in Africa, India and Australia; cf. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 123.
25. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1625-6; Vinogradoff, 209; further examples in Lubbock, 91; Müller-Lyer, Family, 86; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 435.
26. Briffault, i, 244L
26a. Lippert, 295; Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 270.
27. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1631. Briffault interprets this wedding custom as a reminiscence of the transition from matrilocal to patriarchal marriage—i, 240-50.
28. Hobhouse, 158.
29. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1629.
30. Briffault, ii, 244.
31. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 125.
32. Hobhouse, 151; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 383; Sumner and Keller, 1650.
33. Ibid., 1648.
34. Ibid., 1649. Herodotus (I, 196) reported a similar custom in the fifth century B.C., and Burckhardt found it in Arabia in the nineteenth century (Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 127).
35. Briffault, i, 219-21.
36. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 125.
37. Briffault, ii, 215.
38. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1658.
39. In Lubbock, 53.
40. Ibid., 54-7; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1503-8; Briffault, ii, 141-3.
41. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 51.
43. Briffault, ii, 7of.
44. Briffault, ii, 2-13, 67, 70-2. Briffault has gathered into a ten-page footnote the evidence for the wide spread of premarital sexual freedom in the primitive world. Cf. also Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 123; and Sumner and Keller, iii, 1553-7.
45. Ibid., 1556; Briffault, ii, 65; Westermarck, i, 441.
46. Lowie, 127.
47. Briffault, iii, 313; Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 32.
48. Briffault, ii, 222-3; Westermarck, Short History, 13.
49. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1682; Sumner, Folkways, 358.
50. Ibid., 361; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1674.
51. Ibid., 1554; Briffault, iii, 344.
52. S & K, iii, 1682.
52a. For examples cf. Westermarck, Human Marriage, i, 530-45; or Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 39-41.
53. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 132-3; Sumner, Folkways, 439.
54. Briffault, iii, 26of.
55. Ibid, 307; Ratzel, 93.
56. Sumner, Folkways, 450.
57. Reinach, Orpheus, 74.
58. cf. Briffault, ii, 112-7; Vinogradoff, 173.
59. S. & K., iii, 1528.
60. Ibid., 1771.
61. Ibid., 1677-8.
62. Ibid., 1831.
63. Quoted in Briffault, ii, 76.
64. Ibid., S & K, iii, 1831.
65. Müller-Lyer, Family, 102.
66. S & K, iii, 1890.
67. Ibid.; Sumner, Folkways, 314; Briffault, ii, 71; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 413; E. A. Rout, “Sex Hygiene of the New Zealand Maori,” in The Medical Journal and Record, Nov. 17, 1926; The Birth Control Review, April, 1932, p. 112.
68. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 394-401.
69. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 138.
70. Müller-Lyer, Family, 104.
71. S & K, i, 54.
72. Briffault, ii, 391.
73. Renard, 135.
74. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 383.
75. Ibid., i, 290; Spencer, Sociology, i, 46.
76. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 88; S & K, i, 336.
77. Kropotkin, 90.
78. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 141.
79. Instances in Thomas, W. I., 108; White, E. M., 40; Briffault, i, 453; Ratzel, 135.
80. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 422, 678.
81. Hobhouse, 79; Briffault, ii, 353.
82. Ibid., 185.
83. Thomas, W. I., 154.
84. Examples in S & K, i, 641-3.
85. Briffault, ii, 143-4.
86. Ibid., 500-1; Kropotkin, 101, 105; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 539-40; Lowie, 141.
87. Hobhouse, 29; Spencer, Sociology, i, 69; Kropotkin, 90-1.
88. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 26; Briffault, i, 636.
89. Ibid., 640.
90. Müller-Lyer, 31.
91. Lowie, 164.
92. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 150-1; Sumner, Folkways, 460.
93. Ibid, 454.
94. Ibid., 13; S & K, i, 358.
95. Kropotkin, 112-3; Briffault, ii, 357, 490; S & K, i, 659; Westermarck, ii, 556.
96. Strabo, Geography, I, 2, 8.
96a. S & K, ii, 1419.
96b. Ibid.
96c. Briffault, ii, 510.
96d. Lippert, 6.
96e. Briffault, ii, 503.
97. Williams, H. S., History of Science, i, 15.
98. Briffault, ii, 645.
99. Ibid., 657.
100. S & K, ii, 859; Lippert, 115.
101. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, iv., 3; Davids, T. W. Rhys, Buddhist India, 252; Deussen, Paul, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, 302.
102. Carpenter, Edward, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 80.
103. Powys, John Cowper, The Meaning of Culture, 180.
104. Briffault, ii, 577, 583-92, 632.
105. Ibid., 147; Carpenter, 48.
106. Jung, C. G., Psychology of the Unconscious, 173.
107. Allen, G., Evolution of the Idea of God, 237.
108. Briffault, ii, 508-9.
109. Frazer, Sir J. G., The Golden Bough, I-V ed., 112, 115.
110. De Morgan, Jacques, Prehistoric Man, 249.
111. Frazer, Golden Bough, 165-7.
112. Jung, 173.
113. Briffault, III, 117.
114. Ibid., ii, 592.
115. Ibid., 481.
116. Reinach, 19.
117. Freud, S., Totem and Taboo . For a criticism of the theory cf. Goldenweiser, A. A., History, Psychology and Culture, 201-8.
118. Durckheim, E., Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.
119. Briffault, ii, 468.
120. Reinach, Orpheus, 1909 ed., 76, 81; Tarde, G., La
ws of Imitation, 273-5; Murray, G., Aristophanes and the War Party, 23, 37.
121. Spencer, Sociology, i, 406; Frazer, Golden Bough, vii.
122. Reinach, 1909 ed., 80.
123. Allen, 30.
124. Examples in Lippert, 103.
125. Smith, W. Robertson, The Religion of the Semites, 42.
126. Hoernle, R. F. A., Studies in Contemporary Metaphysics, 181.
127. Reinach (1909), III.
128. Frazer, Golden Bough, 13.
129. Frazer, Adonis, Attis, Osiris, 356.
130. Briffault, iii, 196.
131. Ibid., 199.
132. Frazer, Golden Bough, 337, 432; Allen, 246.
133. Georg, E., The Adventure of Mankind, 202.
134. S & K, ii, 1252.
135. Ibid.
136. Sumner, Folkways, 336-9, 553-5.
137. Ibid., 337; Frazer, Golden Bough, 489.
138. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 373, 376, 563.
139. Ratzel, 45.
140. Reinach, 1930 ed., 23.
141. Ratzel, 133.
142. 2 Sam. vi, 4-7.
143. Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, I, lxxxiv.
144. Briffault, ii, 366, 387.
145. Sumner, Folkways, 511.
CHAPTER V
1. Ratzel, 34; Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 50-3, 61.
2. Ibid., 46-9, 54; Renard, 57; Robinson, J. H., 735, 740; France, A., M. Bergeret a Paris.
3. Lubbock, 227, 339, 342L
4. Müller, Max, Lectures on the Science of Language, i, 360.
5. Tylor, E. B., Anthropology, 125.
6. Müller, Science of Language, i, 265, 303n; ii, 39.
7. Venkateswara, S. V., Indian Culture through the Ages, Vol. I., Education and the Propagation of Culture, 6; Ratzel, 31.
8. White, W. A., Mechanisms of Character Formation, 83.
9. Lubbock, 353-4.
10. Briffault, i, 106.
11. Ibid., 107; Russell, B., Marriage and Morals, 243.
12. S & K, i, 554.
13. Briffault, ii, 190.
14. Ibid., 192-3.
15. Lubbock, 35.
16. Maspero, G., Dawn of Civilization, quoted in Mason, W. A., History of the Art of Writing, 39.
17. Lubbock, 299.
18. Mason, W. A., ch. ii; Lubbock, 35.
19. Mason, W. A., 146-54.
20. Briffault, i, 18.
21. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 218-26.
22. Mason, W. A., 149; further examples in Lowie, 202.
23. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 247
24. Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 243-8, 261, 266; Lubbock, 299.
25. Thoreau, H. D., Walden.
26. Briffault, ii, 601.
27. Mason, O. T., in Thomas, Source Book, 366.
28. Briffault, i, 485.
29. Examples in Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 250.
29a. Matt., viii, 28.
30. Lowie, 250; S & K, ii, 979; Spencer, Sociology, iii, 194; Garrison, F. H., History of Medicine, 22, 33; Harding, T. Swann, Fads, Frauds and Physicians, 148.
31. Garrison, 26.
32. Marett, H. R., Hibbert Journal, Oct., 1918; Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 176.
33. Lowie, 247.
34. In Garrison, 45.
35. Briffault, ii, 157-8, 162-3.
36. Darwin, Descent of Man, 660.
37. Briffault, ii, 176.
38. Spencer, i, 65; Ratzel, 95.
39. Grosse, E., The Beginnings of Art, 55-63; Pijoan, J., History of Art, i, 4.
40. Grosse, 58.
41. Renard, 91.
42. Lubbock, 45.
43. Ratzel, 105.
44. Lubbock, 51; Grosse, 80.
45. In Thomas, Source Book, 555.
46. Grosse, 70; Lubbock, 46-50.
47. Georg, 104.
48. Grosse, 81.
49. Briffault, ii, 161.
50. Grosse, 83.
51. Ratzel, 95.
52. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 142.
53. Grosse, 53.
54. Ibid.
55. Briffault, ii, 297.
56. Ratzel in Thomas, Source Book, 557.
57. Lowie, 80.
58. Sumner, Folkways, 187.
59. Enc. Brit., xviii, 373.
60. Mason, O. T., 156, 164.
61. Ibid., 52.
62. Pijoan, i, 12.
63. Ibid., 8.
64. Spencer, iii, 294-304; Ratzel, 47.
65. Renard, 56.
66. Pratt, W. S., The History of Music, 26-31.
67. Grosse, E., in Thomas, Source Book, 586.
CHAPTER VI
2. Osborn, H. F., Men of the Old Stone Age, 23.
3. N. Y. Times, July 31 and Nov. 5, 1931.
4. Lull, The Evolution of Man, 26.
5. Sollas, W. J., Ancient Hunters, 438-42.
6. Keith, Sir A., N. Y. Times, Oct. 12, 1930.
7. De Morgan, J., Prehistoric Man, 57-8.
8. Pittard, Eugene, Race and History, 70.
9. Keith, l.c.
10. Pittard, 311; Childe, V. G., The Most Ancient East, 26.
11. Andrews, R. C., On the Trail of Ancient Man, 309-12.
12. Skeat, W. M., An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, 252; Lippert, 166.
14. Osborn, 270-1.
15. Lippert, 133.
16. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 51.
17. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 99; Lippert, 130; S & K, i, 191.
18. Bulley, M., Ancient and Medieval Art, 14.
19. De Morgan, 197.
20. Spearing, H. G., The Childhood of Art, 92; Bulley, 12.
21. Osborn, fig. 166.
22. N. Y. Times, Jan. 22, 1934.
23. Bulley, 17.
24. Spearing, 45.
26. Renard, 86.
27. Rickard, T. A., Man and Metals, i, 67.
28. De Morgan, x.
29. Ibid., 169; Renard, 27.
30. De Morgan, 172, fig. 94.
31. Pitkin, W. B., A Short Introduction to the History of Human Stupidity, 53.
32. Carpenter, E., Pagan and Christian Creeds, 74; Lowie, 58; Ratzel in Thomas, Source Book, 93.
33. Lowie, 60.
34. Febvre, L., A Geographical Introduction to History, 261.
35. Rickard, i, 81; Schneider, H., The History of World Civilization, i, 20.
36. Breasted, J. H., Ancient Times, 29.
37. Renard, 102.
38. De Morgan, 187.
39. Mason, O. T., Origins of Invention, 154.
40. E.g., De Morgan, 226, fig. 135.
41. Renard, 79.
42. Lowie, 114; De Morgan, 269.
43. Renard, 112; Rickard, i, 77.
44. Georg, 105.
45. De Morgan, 235, 240; Renard, 27; Childe, V. G., The Dawn of European Civilization, 129-38; Georg, 89.
46. Schneider, H., i, 23-9.
47. Ibid, 30-1.
48. Garrison, History of Medicine, 28; Renard, 190.
49. Rickard, i, 84.
50. Ibid., 109, 141.
51. Ibid., 114.
52. Ibid., 118.
53. Rostovtzeff, M., in Coomaraswamy, A. K., History of Indian and Indonesian Art, 3.
54. Cambridge Ancient History, i, 103.
55. De Morgan, 126.
56. Rickard, i, 169-70; De Morgan, 91.
57. Rickard, i, 85-6.
58. Ibid., 86.
59. Ibid., 141-8; Renard, 29-30.
60. Mason, W. A., History of Writing, 313.
60a. CAH (Cambridge Ancient History), i, 376.
61. Petrie, Sir W. F., The Formation of the Alphabet, in Mason, W. A., 329.
62. Encyc. Brit., i, 680.
63. Tylor, Anthropology, 168.
64. De Morgan, 257.
65. Breasted, Ancient Times, 42; Mason, W. A., 210, 321.
66. Ibid., 331.
67. Encyc. Brit., i, 681.
68. Plato, Timaeus, 25; Critias, 113.
69. Georg, 223.
70. Childe, The Most Ancient East, 21-6.
71. Georg, 51.
72. Keith, Sir A., N. Y. Times, Oct. 12, 1930; Buxton, L. H. D., The Peoples of Asia, 83.
73. CAH, i, 579.
74. Ibid., 86, 90-1, 362.
75. Keith, I.e.; Briffault, ii, 507; CAH, i, 362; Coomaraswamy, History, 3.
76. CAH, i, 85-6.
CHAPTER VII
1. CAH, i, 86, 361; Childe, The Most Ancient East, 126; Keith in N. Y. Times, April 3, 1932.
2. Breasted, J. H., Oriental Institute, 8.
3. Childe, 128, 146.
4. De Morgan, 208; CAH, i, 362, 578.
5. Moret, 199; CAH, i, 361, 579.
6. Woolley, C. L., The Sumerians, 189.
7. Jastrow, Morris, The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, 101.
8. CAH, i, 127.
9. Pijoan, i, 104; Ball, C. J., in Parmelee, M., Oriental and Occidental Culture, 18.
10. Childe, 160, 173; Maspero, G., Dawn of Civilization, 718-20; CAH, i, 364; Woolley, 13.
11. CAH, i, 456.
12. Berosus in CAH, i, 150.
13. Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, iv.
14. Woolley, 69; CAH, i, 387.
15. Ibid., 388.
16. Woolley, 73; CAH, i, 403.
17. Harper, R. F., ed., Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, I.
18. CAH, i, 405.
19. Woolley, 140; Maspero, Dawn 637; CAH, i, 427.
20. Ibid., i, 435.
21. Ibid., i, 472.
23. Jastrow, 7; Maspero, Dawn, 554; Childe, Ancient East, 124; CAH, i, 463.
24. Woolley, 112-4.
25. Childe, 170.
26. Woolley, 13.
27. Delaporte, L., Mesopotamia, 112.
28. Woolley, 13; Delaporte, 172; CAH, i, 507; N. Y. Times, Aug. 2, 1932.
29. Childe, 147.
30. Ibid., 169; Encyc. Brit., ii, 845; Delaporte, 106.
31. Ibid.; Woolley, 117-8; CAH, i, 427.
32. Woolley, 92; Delaporte, 101.
33. Woolley, 126; CAH, i, 461.
34. Maspero, Dawn, 709f.
35. Ibid., 606-7, 722; Woolley, 79; CAH, i, 540.
36. Maspero, Dawn, 721-3.
37. CAH, i, 461.
38. Woolley, 93.
39. Maspero, 655.
40. CAH, i, 443-4, 448.
41. Jastrow, 277.
42. Woolley, 126.
43. Jastrow, 130.
44. Woolley, 13.
45. Ibid., 120.
46. CAH, i, 400.
47. Langdon, S., Babylonian Wisdom, 18-21.
48. Woolley, 108-9.
49. Ibid., 13.
50. Jastrow, 466.
51. Woolley, 106.
52. CAH, i, 370-1; Woolley, 40, 43, 54.
53. Ibid., 92, 101.
54. CAH, i, 376.
55. Maspero, Dawn, 723-8; CAH, i, 371-2.
56. Maspero, Struggle, iv.