by Will Durant
81. Nitobe, 141.
82. Cf., e.g., the passage quoted in Bryan, 88.
83. Redesdale, 37; Ficke, A. D., Chats on Japanese Prints, 210; Chamberlain, 525; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 200.
84. Brinkley, iv., 116.
85. Ibid., 120.
86. Murdoch, iii, 216.
87. Brinkley, ii, 49.
88. Redesdale, 34.
89. Brinkley, v, 257.
90. By Prince Aki, 740 A.D., in Gatenby, 33.
91. Tr. by Curtis Hidden Page, in Tietjens, 144.
92. Brinkley, v, 207; Murdock, iii, 112.
93. Ibid., ii, 18-9.
94. Ibid., ii, 18; Brinkley, i, 181.
95. Ibid., i, 182.
96. Murdoch, i, 489.
97. Ibid., 603.
98. Ibid., 605; Armstrong, 171.
99. Brinkley, v, 254.
100. Murdoch, iii, 101, 113.
101. Ibid., 115-9.
102. Armstrong, 65f.
103. Ibid., 76, 78; Aston, 263-4.
104. Ekken, Kaibara, Way of Contentment, tr. by K. Hoshino, 7f.
105. Ibid., 90.
106. 24, 17.
107. 24.
108. 33, 39, 43.
109. 35, 44, 59, 61, 49, 54. I have ventured to print the last two lines as poetry, though the text gives them as prose.
110. Murdoch, iii, 127.
111. Armstrong, 133.
112. Ibid.
113. Murdoch, iii, 129f.
114. In Armstrong, 222.
115. Ibid., 236f, 226.
116. 263-4.
117. 261.
118. 24lf.
119. 255; Murdoch, iii, 481.
120. Ibid., iii, 343-4.
121. Ibid. 474.
122. Ibid., 476f, 485; Aston, 319-32.
123. Murdoch, iii, 491-2.
CHAPTER XXX
1. Close, 28.
2. Bryan, 13-15; Aston, 56-7; Gowen, 125.
3. Carter, 35.
4. Ibid., 178.
5. Close, 77.
6. Brinkley, i, 229; iv, 136.
7. Gatenby, 27.
8. Bryan, 54, 74.
9. Aston, 263.
10. Tr. by Curtis Hidden Page, in Tietjens, 162.
11. Tietjens, 163.
12. Murdoch, i, 515,
13. Murasaki, Lady, 239.
14. Ibid., 149, 235; Shonagon, 51.
15. Murdoch, iii, 326.
16. Noguchi, Yone, Spirit of Japanese Poetry, 11.
17. Gatenby, 97-102; Tietjens, 159.
18. Holland, 157.
19. Murdoch, iii, 470.
20. Gowen, 128.
21. Murasaki, 33, 29.
22. Ibid., 75.
23. 98, 134.
24. 144.
25. 46.
26. 50.
27. Bryan, 65; Gowen, 128.
28. Holland, 137; Aston, 56.
29. Ibid., 346-8, 391.
30. Ibid., 269-71.
31. Ibid., 392.
32. Murdoch, i, 571.
33. Aston, 255.
34. Brinkley, v, 112.
35. Aston, 249.
36. Gowen, 268.
37. Murdoch, iii, 240.
38. Aston, 116.
39. Ibid., ii4f. I have changed the order of the last five items.
40. Aston, 197-9; Bryan, 100.
41. Redesdale, 84.
42. Close, 65.
43. Okakura, 132.
44. Noguchi, II.
45. Bryan, 136.
46. Brinkley, iv, 110.
47. Ibid., vi, 113-5.
48. Aston, 279.
49. Okakura, 112; Brinkley, viii, 29.
50. Brinkley, vii, 319.
51. Eneyc. Brit., vii, 960.
52. Brinkley, i, 219; iv, 156; Chamberlain, 340-3.
53. Brinkley, iv, 78.
54. Murasaki, 212.
55. Chamberlain, 84.
56. Brinkley, vii, 157.
57. Ibid., vii, 84.
58. Fenollosa, i, 56.
59. Gowen, 105.
60. Murdoch, i, 593.
61. Ledoux, L. V., Art of Japan, 62.
62. Armstrong, 9.
63. Brinkley, vii, 77.
64. Gowen, 124.
65. Ibid., 213.
66. Brinkley, viii, 11.
67. Ibid., 265.
68. 25.
69. 180.
70. 185.
71. 236.
72. Brinkley, vii, 339.
73. Ibid., 9.
74. Binyon, 53.
75. Ibid., 20.
76. Fenollosa, ii, 81.
77. Okakura, 113.
78. Encyc. Brit., vii, 964.
79. Ledoux, 26.
80. Ibid., 28.
81. Gowen, 284.
82. Fenollosa, ii, 183. It should be added that in the opinion of some critics Matabei is a mythical personage.
83. Ficke, 282-94.
84. Gowen, 285; Ficke, 363.
85. Noguchi, 27.
86. Ficke, 363.
87. Gowen, 284.
88. Fenollosa, ii, 204.
89. Gowen, 286.
90. Dickinson, G. Lowes, 65.
91. Ten O’Clock, sub fine.
CHAPTER XXXI
1. Murdoch, iii, 456; Gowen, 287.
2. Ibid., 298-9.
3. 300.
4. 312.
5. Brinkley, iv, 217.
6. Ibid., 81, 256.
7. Close, 325.
8. Ibid., 165.
9. Gowen, 349.
10. Close, 149.
12. Gowen, 376.
13. Close, 372.
14. World Almanac, 1935, p. 667.
15. Close, 395.
16. Almanac, 668; Close, 391; N. Y. Times, April 15, 1934.
17. Gowen, 341.
18. Close, 289.
19. Eddy, 119; Park, 250; Holland, 148-52; Barnes, Jos., ed., Empire in the East, 50
20. Eddy, 124f.
21. Ibid., 118, 136.
22. Hearn, 488.
23. Barnes, 69; Close, 373. The Maurette Report, of June 1, 1934, to the International Labor Office, accepts this explanation of the low wage-level in Japan.
24. Close, 344.
25. Hearn, 17.
26. Close, 134-42.
27. Chamberlain, 314; Close, 302.
28. Ibid., 198.
29. Chamberlain, 447.
30. Close, 177f.
31. Eddy, 127.
32. Almanac, 669.
33. Brinkley, v, 83.
34. Almanac, 669.
35. Tsurumi, Y., Present-Day Japan, 68f.
36. Walsh, 116; Bryan, 40, 194.
37. Tsurumi, 59.
38. Gowen, 416.
39. Barnes, 51.
40. Ibid., 48-50, 197.
41. Gowen, 369-70.
42. Ibid., 402.
43. Barnes, 75; Close, 377.
44. Almanac, 674.
45. Barnes, 62.
Index
I am indebted for this index to the careful and scholarly work of Mr. Wallace Brockway. Dates are given where obtainable, except in the case of living persons who are only incidentally mentioned in the text. The pronunciation of Oriental words is indicated by the system of diacritical marks used in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, but here considerably simplified.* The Indian pronunciations have been supplied by Dr. A. K. Coomaraswamy; Chinese words follow for the most part the pronunciations given in Gowen and Hall’s Outline History of China. Japanese words, and most Chinese words, have no accent. In the case of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern words there is no agreement among the learned; and the pronunciations here offered are merely the present writer’s unauthoritative suggestions. W. D.
A
Aaron (ā’ron), 12, 302*, 309
Abacus, 79
Abbeville, 90
Abdu-r Razzak , Persian traveler (1413-1475?), 457, 458
Abhidhamma , 428*
Abipones, 50, 56
Abortion, in primitive so
cieties, 49–50
in Assyria, 275
in Judea, 334
in Persia, 376
in India, 489
Abraham, 66, 173, 179, 297, 300, 311
Absalom (ăb’-sa-lŭm), son of Solomon (ca. 950 B.C.), 305
Abu , 127
Abu Shahrein see Eridu
Abu Simbel , 128, 213, 214
Abu-1 Fazl , Indian statesman and historian (ca. 1550-1600), 471, 579, 580, 591
Abusir , 189
Abydos , 152, 189, 395†
Abyssinians, 27, 46, 62
Achæans, 215, 397
Achæmenid Dynasty, 352, 385
Acheulean Culture, 93
Achilles, 570
Acre , 154*, 761
Adam, 310, 329
Adam’s Bridge, 393, 602
Adapa , 128
Aden (ä’-den), 291
Admonitions of I puwer , 194–195
Adonai (ä-dō-nī), 332
Adonaïs , 880
Adoni , 295, 297
Adonis, 120, 206
Adultery, in primitive societies, 48
in Sumeria, 130
in Egypt, 164
in Babylonia, 246, 247
in Assyria, 275, 276
in Judea, 335, 336
in India, 490
in China, 788
in Japan, 861
Advaita , 513, 549*
Ægean Sea, 104, 215, 286, 355
Æschylus, Greek dramatist (525-456 B.C.), 95
Æsop, Greek fabulist (619-564 B.C.), 175
Afghanistan , 116, 355, 356, 358, 392, 441, 446, 459, 460
Africa, circumnavigation of, 293
Agade , 118, 121
Agamemnon, 297
Agni , 402, 403
Agra , 393, 467, 468, 473, 474, 481, 501, 580, 608, 609, 610.
Agriculture, 135, 934
in primitive societies, 8–9, 24, 33
in prehistoric cultures, 99
in Sumeria, 124, 135, 136*
in Egypt, 135, 136*, 145–146, 156–157
in Babylonia, 226
in Assyria, 274
in Persia, 357
in India, 399–400, 477–478
in China, 774
in Japan, 851
Ahab (ä’-hăb), King of Israel (ca. 875-850 B.C.), 309*, 314, 317*
Ahasuerus , the Wandering Jew, 349
Ahaz (ä’-hăz), King of Judah (ca. 700 B.C.), 317
Ahimsa , 421, 520, 543, 628, 629
Ahmad Shah , Sultan of Delhi (1422-1435), 461
Ahmadnagar , 458
Ahmasi , Egyptian queen (ca.1500 B.C.), 153
Ahmedabad (äk’-měd-ä-bäd’), 393, 626, 631
Ahmes (äh’-mēz), Papyrus, 180
Ahriman , 351, 366, 367, 368, 369
Ahura-Mazda , 60, 331, 351, 357, 361, 364, 365, 366–367, 368, 369–370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 379
Aihole (ī-hōl’), 598
Ain-i Akbari , 579
Ainus , 831
Ajanta , 452, 456, 557, 589–590, 593, 597, 619, 902
Ajita Kasakambalin , Indian sceptic, 417
Ajmer , 393
Ajur-veda , 530
Akahito (ä-kä-hē-tō), Japanese poet (724-756), 878
Akbar , Mogul emperor (1560-1605), 206, 222*, 391, 443, 446–450, 451, 454, 465–472, 473, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483, 495, 501, 503, 579, 591, 600, 607–608, 702, 838, 842
Akbar Nama, 579
Akerblad, Johan David, Baron, Swedish Orientalist and diplomat (1760-1819), 145*
Akhetaton , 210
Akkad, (āk’-ād), 118, 121, 124, 126, 127, 135, 218, 219, 249, 265, 266
Alasani-Peddana , Indian poet (fl. 1520), 458
Alau-d-din , Sultan of Delhi (1296-1315), 455–456, 461, 462
Alberuni , Arabian scholar (997-1030), 462, 579
Aleutian Islands, 13, 26, 32
Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (336-323 B.C.), 104, 120, 137, 142, 215–216, 244, 263, 270, 271, 288*, 294, 341, 349, 352, 353, 362, 363, 365*, 378, 382–385, 401, 440, 441, 450, 495, 529, 532, 542, 554, 560, 571, 697
Alexandria, 137, 181, 216, 294, 341, 343, 479
Algebra, 527–528, 781
Algiers (ăl-jērz’), 94
Algonquin Indians, 43, 77
Alhambra, 606
Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265-1321), 174, 178, 518, 605, 611
All Men Are Brothers, 718*
Allahabad (àl’-lä-hä-bàd’), 614
Allat (äl-lät’,) 240
Allenby, Edmund Henry, Viscount, British general (1861-), 154
Alphabets, 105, 106, 172, 295–296, 357
Alps, 91
Altamira, 94, 96
Amadai , see Medes
Amara , 117
Amaravati , 593, 594, 597
Amarna Letters, 222, 300, 305§
Amarpal , father of Hammurabi (ca. 2150 B.C.), 301
Amaterasu , 829, 864, 875
Amber (äm’-bār), 454, 475
Amboyna , 60
Amenemhet (ä’-měn-ěm’-hět) I, King of Egypt (2212-2192 B.C.), 151-152, 174
Amenemhet III, King of Egypt (2061-2013 B.C). 152, 187
Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’těp), Egyptian sculptor (ca. 1400 B.C.), 192
Amenhotep II, King of Egypt (1447-1420 B.C.), 155
Amenhotep III, King of Egypt (1412-1376 B.C.), 141, 142, 155, 164, 185, 188, 191, 192, 205, 206, 223, 235
Amenhotep IV, King of Egypt (1380-1362 B.C.), 128, 164, 168, 178, 179, 188, 192, 205–212, 213, 223, 340, 370, 449
Ameni (ä’-mā-nē), 190
Amida , 504, 738, 838, 903; see Buddha
Amitabha (ä-mē-tä-bä), 786
Ammon (city), 312
Ammon (oasis), 353
Ammonites, 285, 299
Amon , 142, 153, 155, 167, 199, 201, 206, 210, 214
Amon-Ra (ă-mon-rä’), 206*
Amorites (ă’-môr-ītz), 123, 285, 298
Amos (ā’-ms), Hebrew prophet (fl. 800 B.C.), 262, 301, 315, 316–317, 319, 320, 365
Amoy River, 767, 806
Ampthill, Odo William Leopold Russell, Baron, British statesman (1829-1884), 532
Amraphael, see Amarpal
Amritsar, 621
Amur , River, 831, 923†
Amurru , 298
An Lu-shan (än loo-shän’), Chinese rebel (fl. 755), 704, 708, 710, 714
Anacharsis, Scythian philosopher (6th century B.C.), 47
Anacreon, Greek poet (560-475 B.C.), 341
Anaita , 365, 371–372
Analects, 665
Ananda , the St. John of Buddhism (ca. 500 B.C.), 398, 431, 438, 439
Ananda, 550, 606
Anatomy, in Egypt, 181–182
in India, 529
in China, 782
Anau (ăn’-ou), 108, 117*, 642, 755
Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher (500-428 B.C.), 59, 533
Anaximander, Greek philosopher (ca. 610-546 B.C.), 533
Anaximenes, Greek philosopher, (fl. 500 B.C.), 533
Ancestor worship, 63, 64
in Persia, 365
in China, 63, 784
in Japan, 63, 832
Ancyra , 286†
Andaman Islands, 45, 87
Andersson, Johan, 641, 755
Andrews, Roy Chapman, 94, 641
Angelico (Giovanni da Fiesole), Fra, Italian painter (1387-1455), 903
Angkor Thom (ăng’-kor tôm), 604
Angkor Wat (wät), 90, 603–604, 605, 611
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 929
Angola (ăn-gō’-lä), 40
Angora (ăng-gôr’-ä), 286†
Angro-Mainyus, see Ahriman
Animal worship, 61
in Egypt, 198–199
in Judea, 314
in Persia, 365
in India, 509–510
in Japan, 832
Animism, 58–59, 67
Annals of the Bamboo Books, 718
Annals of Rajasthan, Tod’s, 455
Annam (
ăn’-năm), 697, 757
Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, French Orientalist (1731-1805), 365*, 391*, 481
Anshan (än-shän’), 352
Antigone, 31
Antiochus I Soter (an-tī’-o-kŭs sō’-tar), King of Syria and Babylonia (280-261 B.C.), 446
Antonines, 3, 364
Anu , 234
Anubis , 201
Anupu , 175-176
Anuradhapura , 506, 595, 603
Aphrodite, 60, 127, 235, 372, 595
Apis , 353
Apollo Belvedere, 280
Apollonius of Perga, Greek geometer (fl.222-205 B.C.), 527
Apsu, 236
Aqueducts, 274
Aquinas, St. Thomas, Italian Scholastic (1225-1274), 547, 731, 734
Arabia, 109, 135, 140, 158, 228, 290, 291, 306, 400, 736
Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, 578†
Arabs, 24*, 47, 139, 169, 216, 218, 298, 460, 479, 505, 527, 529, 532, 756, 780
Aralu , 238, 239, 240
Aramæans, 298, 299
Aramaic alphabet, 106, 357
Aranyaka , 407
Arapaho Indians, 73
Ararat (ăr’-ä-răt), 287; see Armenia
Araru , 251
Araxes River, 356*
Arbela , 265, 385*
Archimedes, Greek scientist (287-212 B.C.), 527
Architecture, 136
in primitive societies, 14, 87
in prehistoric cultures, 101, 102
in Sumeria, 124, 132–133
in Egypt, 136, 184–185
in Babylonia, 136, 224–225, 227, 255–256
in Assyria, 280–282
in Judea, 307–308
in Persia, 378–381
in India, 596–612
in China, 740–744
in Japan, 894–896
Argistis II, King of Armenia (ca. 708 B.C.), 287
Arhats , 421, 435, 450
Ariana , 356
Ariège, 97
Aristobulus, Greek historian (fl. 330 B.C.), 492*
Aristogiton, Athenian patriot (ca. 525 B.C.), 646
Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 20, 107, 529, 532, 535, 536, 539, 560, 671, 731, 868
Arita (är-ē-tä), 900
Arjuna , 508, 565, 566, 620
Ark of the Covenant, 69, 307, 313
Armada, Invincible, 837
Armageddon, 154
Armenia, 119, 266, 269, 270, 286, 354, 355, 363
Armies, Sumerian, 126
Assyrian, 270–271
Persian, 360
Indian, 443, 465–466
Japanese, see Samurai
Arnold, Sir Edwin, English poet and Orientalist (1832-1904), 423*, 541†
Arnold, Matthew, English poet and critic (1822-1888), 368
Arran, 356
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian, 441†, 442, 445*, 455*
Arsacid Dynasty, 365*
Arses (är’-sēz), King of Persia, (339-336 B.C.), 382
Arsinöe, 164
Art, 83, 936–937
in Sumeria, 132–134
in Egypt, 184–193
in Babylonia, 254–256