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Our Oriental Heritage Page 130

by Will Durant


  81. Nitobe, 141.

  82. Cf., e.g., the passage quoted in Bryan, 88.

  83. Redesdale, 37; Ficke, A. D., Chats on Japanese Prints, 210; Chamberlain, 525; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 200.

  84. Brinkley, iv., 116.

  85. Ibid., 120.

  86. Murdoch, iii, 216.

  87. Brinkley, ii, 49.

  88. Redesdale, 34.

  89. Brinkley, v, 257.

  90. By Prince Aki, 740 A.D., in Gatenby, 33.

  91. Tr. by Curtis Hidden Page, in Tietjens, 144.

  92. Brinkley, v, 207; Murdock, iii, 112.

  93. Ibid., ii, 18-9.

  94. Ibid., ii, 18; Brinkley, i, 181.

  95. Ibid., i, 182.

  96. Murdoch, i, 489.

  97. Ibid., 603.

  98. Ibid., 605; Armstrong, 171.

  99. Brinkley, v, 254.

  100. Murdoch, iii, 101, 113.

  101. Ibid., 115-9.

  102. Armstrong, 65f.

  103. Ibid., 76, 78; Aston, 263-4.

  104. Ekken, Kaibara, Way of Contentment, tr. by K. Hoshino, 7f.

  105. Ibid., 90.

  106. 24, 17.

  107. 24.

  108. 33, 39, 43.

  109. 35, 44, 59, 61, 49, 54. I have ventured to print the last two lines as poetry, though the text gives them as prose.

  110. Murdoch, iii, 127.

  111. Armstrong, 133.

  112. Ibid.

  113. Murdoch, iii, 129f.

  114. In Armstrong, 222.

  115. Ibid., 236f, 226.

  116. 263-4.

  117. 261.

  118. 24lf.

  119. 255; Murdoch, iii, 481.

  120. Ibid., iii, 343-4.

  121. Ibid. 474.

  122. Ibid., 476f, 485; Aston, 319-32.

  123. Murdoch, iii, 491-2.

  CHAPTER XXX

  1. Close, 28.

  2. Bryan, 13-15; Aston, 56-7; Gowen, 125.

  3. Carter, 35.

  4. Ibid., 178.

  5. Close, 77.

  6. Brinkley, i, 229; iv, 136.

  7. Gatenby, 27.

  8. Bryan, 54, 74.

  9. Aston, 263.

  10. Tr. by Curtis Hidden Page, in Tietjens, 162.

  11. Tietjens, 163.

  12. Murdoch, i, 515,

  13. Murasaki, Lady, 239.

  14. Ibid., 149, 235; Shonagon, 51.

  15. Murdoch, iii, 326.

  16. Noguchi, Yone, Spirit of Japanese Poetry, 11.

  17. Gatenby, 97-102; Tietjens, 159.

  18. Holland, 157.

  19. Murdoch, iii, 470.

  20. Gowen, 128.

  21. Murasaki, 33, 29.

  22. Ibid., 75.

  23. 98, 134.

  24. 144.

  25. 46.

  26. 50.

  27. Bryan, 65; Gowen, 128.

  28. Holland, 137; Aston, 56.

  29. Ibid., 346-8, 391.

  30. Ibid., 269-71.

  31. Ibid., 392.

  32. Murdoch, i, 571.

  33. Aston, 255.

  34. Brinkley, v, 112.

  35. Aston, 249.

  36. Gowen, 268.

  37. Murdoch, iii, 240.

  38. Aston, 116.

  39. Ibid., ii4f. I have changed the order of the last five items.

  40. Aston, 197-9; Bryan, 100.

  41. Redesdale, 84.

  42. Close, 65.

  43. Okakura, 132.

  44. Noguchi, II.

  45. Bryan, 136.

  46. Brinkley, iv, 110.

  47. Ibid., vi, 113-5.

  48. Aston, 279.

  49. Okakura, 112; Brinkley, viii, 29.

  50. Brinkley, vii, 319.

  51. Eneyc. Brit., vii, 960.

  52. Brinkley, i, 219; iv, 156; Chamberlain, 340-3.

  53. Brinkley, iv, 78.

  54. Murasaki, 212.

  55. Chamberlain, 84.

  56. Brinkley, vii, 157.

  57. Ibid., vii, 84.

  58. Fenollosa, i, 56.

  59. Gowen, 105.

  60. Murdoch, i, 593.

  61. Ledoux, L. V., Art of Japan, 62.

  62. Armstrong, 9.

  63. Brinkley, vii, 77.

  64. Gowen, 124.

  65. Ibid., 213.

  66. Brinkley, viii, 11.

  67. Ibid., 265.

  68. 25.

  69. 180.

  70. 185.

  71. 236.

  72. Brinkley, vii, 339.

  73. Ibid., 9.

  74. Binyon, 53.

  75. Ibid., 20.

  76. Fenollosa, ii, 81.

  77. Okakura, 113.

  78. Encyc. Brit., vii, 964.

  79. Ledoux, 26.

  80. Ibid., 28.

  81. Gowen, 284.

  82. Fenollosa, ii, 183. It should be added that in the opinion of some critics Matabei is a mythical personage.

  83. Ficke, 282-94.

  84. Gowen, 285; Ficke, 363.

  85. Noguchi, 27.

  86. Ficke, 363.

  87. Gowen, 284.

  88. Fenollosa, ii, 204.

  89. Gowen, 286.

  90. Dickinson, G. Lowes, 65.

  91. Ten O’Clock, sub fine.

  CHAPTER XXXI

  1. Murdoch, iii, 456; Gowen, 287.

  2. Ibid., 298-9.

  3. 300.

  4. 312.

  5. Brinkley, iv, 217.

  6. Ibid., 81, 256.

  7. Close, 325.

  8. Ibid., 165.

  9. Gowen, 349.

  10. Close, 149.

  12. Gowen, 376.

  13. Close, 372.

  14. World Almanac, 1935, p. 667.

  15. Close, 395.

  16. Almanac, 668; Close, 391; N. Y. Times, April 15, 1934.

  17. Gowen, 341.

  18. Close, 289.

  19. Eddy, 119; Park, 250; Holland, 148-52; Barnes, Jos., ed., Empire in the East, 50

  20. Eddy, 124f.

  21. Ibid., 118, 136.

  22. Hearn, 488.

  23. Barnes, 69; Close, 373. The Maurette Report, of June 1, 1934, to the International Labor Office, accepts this explanation of the low wage-level in Japan.

  24. Close, 344.

  25. Hearn, 17.

  26. Close, 134-42.

  27. Chamberlain, 314; Close, 302.

  28. Ibid., 198.

  29. Chamberlain, 447.

  30. Close, 177f.

  31. Eddy, 127.

  32. Almanac, 669.

  33. Brinkley, v, 83.

  34. Almanac, 669.

  35. Tsurumi, Y., Present-Day Japan, 68f.

  36. Walsh, 116; Bryan, 40, 194.

  37. Tsurumi, 59.

  38. Gowen, 416.

  39. Barnes, 51.

  40. Ibid., 48-50, 197.

  41. Gowen, 369-70.

  42. Ibid., 402.

  43. Barnes, 75; Close, 377.

  44. Almanac, 674.

  45. Barnes, 62.

  Index

  I am indebted for this index to the careful and scholarly work of Mr. Wallace Brockway. Dates are given where obtainable, except in the case of living persons who are only incidentally mentioned in the text. The pronunciation of Oriental words is indicated by the system of diacritical marks used in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, but here considerably simplified.* The Indian pronunciations have been supplied by Dr. A. K. Coomaraswamy; Chinese words follow for the most part the pronunciations given in Gowen and Hall’s Outline History of China. Japanese words, and most Chinese words, have no accent. In the case of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern words there is no agreement among the learned; and the pronunciations here offered are merely the present writer’s unauthoritative suggestions. W. D.

  A

  Aaron (ā’ron), 12, 302*, 309

  Abacus, 79

  Abbeville, 90

  Abdu-r Razzak , Persian traveler (1413-1475?), 457, 458

  Abhidhamma , 428*

  Abipones, 50, 56

  Abortion, in primitive so
cieties, 49–50

  in Assyria, 275

  in Judea, 334

  in Persia, 376

  in India, 489

  Abraham, 66, 173, 179, 297, 300, 311

  Absalom (ăb’-sa-lŭm), son of Solomon (ca. 950 B.C.), 305

  Abu , 127

  Abu Shahrein see Eridu

  Abu Simbel , 128, 213, 214

  Abu-1 Fazl , Indian statesman and historian (ca. 1550-1600), 471, 579, 580, 591

  Abusir , 189

  Abydos , 152, 189, 395†

  Abyssinians, 27, 46, 62

  Achæans, 215, 397

  Achæmenid Dynasty, 352, 385

  Acheulean Culture, 93

  Achilles, 570

  Acre , 154*, 761

  Adam, 310, 329

  Adam’s Bridge, 393, 602

  Adapa , 128

  Aden (ä’-den), 291

  Admonitions of I puwer , 194–195

  Adonai (ä-dō-nī), 332

  Adonaïs , 880

  Adoni , 295, 297

  Adonis, 120, 206

  Adultery, in primitive societies, 48

  in Sumeria, 130

  in Egypt, 164

  in Babylonia, 246, 247

  in Assyria, 275, 276

  in Judea, 335, 336

  in India, 490

  in China, 788

  in Japan, 861

  Advaita , 513, 549*

  Ægean Sea, 104, 215, 286, 355

  Æschylus, Greek dramatist (525-456 B.C.), 95

  Æsop, Greek fabulist (619-564 B.C.), 175

  Afghanistan , 116, 355, 356, 358, 392, 441, 446, 459, 460

  Africa, circumnavigation of, 293

  Agade , 118, 121

  Agamemnon, 297

  Agni , 402, 403

  Agra , 393, 467, 468, 473, 474, 481, 501, 580, 608, 609, 610.

  Agriculture, 135, 934

  in primitive societies, 8–9, 24, 33

  in prehistoric cultures, 99

  in Sumeria, 124, 135, 136*

  in Egypt, 135, 136*, 145–146, 156–157

  in Babylonia, 226

  in Assyria, 274

  in Persia, 357

  in India, 399–400, 477–478

  in China, 774

  in Japan, 851

  Ahab (ä’-hăb), King of Israel (ca. 875-850 B.C.), 309*, 314, 317*

  Ahasuerus , the Wandering Jew, 349

  Ahaz (ä’-hăz), King of Judah (ca. 700 B.C.), 317

  Ahimsa , 421, 520, 543, 628, 629

  Ahmad Shah , Sultan of Delhi (1422-1435), 461

  Ahmadnagar , 458

  Ahmasi , Egyptian queen (ca.1500 B.C.), 153

  Ahmedabad (äk’-měd-ä-bäd’), 393, 626, 631

  Ahmes (äh’-mēz), Papyrus, 180

  Ahriman , 351, 366, 367, 368, 369

  Ahura-Mazda , 60, 331, 351, 357, 361, 364, 365, 366–367, 368, 369–370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 379

  Aihole (ī-hōl’), 598

  Ain-i Akbari , 579

  Ainus , 831

  Ajanta , 452, 456, 557, 589–590, 593, 597, 619, 902

  Ajita Kasakambalin , Indian sceptic, 417

  Ajmer , 393

  Ajur-veda , 530

  Akahito (ä-kä-hē-tō), Japanese poet (724-756), 878

  Akbar , Mogul emperor (1560-1605), 206, 222*, 391, 443, 446–450, 451, 454, 465–472, 473, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483, 495, 501, 503, 579, 591, 600, 607–608, 702, 838, 842

  Akbar Nama, 579

  Akerblad, Johan David, Baron, Swedish Orientalist and diplomat (1760-1819), 145*

  Akhetaton , 210

  Akkad, (āk’-ād), 118, 121, 124, 126, 127, 135, 218, 219, 249, 265, 266

  Alasani-Peddana , Indian poet (fl. 1520), 458

  Alau-d-din , Sultan of Delhi (1296-1315), 455–456, 461, 462

  Alberuni , Arabian scholar (997-1030), 462, 579

  Aleutian Islands, 13, 26, 32

  Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (336-323 B.C.), 104, 120, 137, 142, 215–216, 244, 263, 270, 271, 288*, 294, 341, 349, 352, 353, 362, 363, 365*, 378, 382–385, 401, 440, 441, 450, 495, 529, 532, 542, 554, 560, 571, 697

  Alexandria, 137, 181, 216, 294, 341, 343, 479

  Algebra, 527–528, 781

  Algiers (ăl-jērz’), 94

  Algonquin Indians, 43, 77

  Alhambra, 606

  Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265-1321), 174, 178, 518, 605, 611

  All Men Are Brothers, 718*

  Allahabad (àl’-lä-hä-bàd’), 614

  Allat (äl-lät’,) 240

  Allenby, Edmund Henry, Viscount, British general (1861-), 154

  Alphabets, 105, 106, 172, 295–296, 357

  Alps, 91

  Altamira, 94, 96

  Amadai , see Medes

  Amara , 117

  Amaravati , 593, 594, 597

  Amarna Letters, 222, 300, 305§

  Amarpal , father of Hammurabi (ca. 2150 B.C.), 301

  Amaterasu , 829, 864, 875

  Amber (äm’-bār), 454, 475

  Amboyna , 60

  Amenemhet (ä’-měn-ěm’-hět) I, King of Egypt (2212-2192 B.C.), 151-152, 174

  Amenemhet III, King of Egypt (2061-2013 B.C). 152, 187

  Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’těp), Egyptian sculptor (ca. 1400 B.C.), 192

  Amenhotep II, King of Egypt (1447-1420 B.C.), 155

  Amenhotep III, King of Egypt (1412-1376 B.C.), 141, 142, 155, 164, 185, 188, 191, 192, 205, 206, 223, 235

  Amenhotep IV, King of Egypt (1380-1362 B.C.), 128, 164, 168, 178, 179, 188, 192, 205–212, 213, 223, 340, 370, 449

  Ameni (ä’-mā-nē), 190

  Amida , 504, 738, 838, 903; see Buddha

  Amitabha (ä-mē-tä-bä), 786

  Ammon (city), 312

  Ammon (oasis), 353

  Ammonites, 285, 299

  Amon , 142, 153, 155, 167, 199, 201, 206, 210, 214

  Amon-Ra (ă-mon-rä’), 206*

  Amorites (ă’-môr-ītz), 123, 285, 298

  Amos (ā’-ms), Hebrew prophet (fl. 800 B.C.), 262, 301, 315, 316–317, 319, 320, 365

  Amoy River, 767, 806

  Ampthill, Odo William Leopold Russell, Baron, British statesman (1829-1884), 532

  Amraphael, see Amarpal

  Amritsar, 621

  Amur , River, 831, 923†

  Amurru , 298

  An Lu-shan (än loo-shän’), Chinese rebel (fl. 755), 704, 708, 710, 714

  Anacharsis, Scythian philosopher (6th century B.C.), 47

  Anacreon, Greek poet (560-475 B.C.), 341

  Anaita , 365, 371–372

  Analects, 665

  Ananda , the St. John of Buddhism (ca. 500 B.C.), 398, 431, 438, 439

  Ananda, 550, 606

  Anatomy, in Egypt, 181–182

  in India, 529

  in China, 782

  Anau (ăn’-ou), 108, 117*, 642, 755

  Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher (500-428 B.C.), 59, 533

  Anaximander, Greek philosopher (ca. 610-546 B.C.), 533

  Anaximenes, Greek philosopher, (fl. 500 B.C.), 533

  Ancestor worship, 63, 64

  in Persia, 365

  in China, 63, 784

  in Japan, 63, 832

  Ancyra , 286†

  Andaman Islands, 45, 87

  Andersson, Johan, 641, 755

  Andrews, Roy Chapman, 94, 641

  Angelico (Giovanni da Fiesole), Fra, Italian painter (1387-1455), 903

  Angkor Thom (ăng’-kor tôm), 604

  Angkor Wat (wät), 90, 603–604, 605, 611

  Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 929

  Angola (ăn-gō’-lä), 40

  Angora (ăng-gôr’-ä), 286†

  Angro-Mainyus, see Ahriman

  Animal worship, 61

  in Egypt, 198–199

  in Judea, 314

  in Persia, 365

  in India, 509–510

  in Japan, 832

  Animism, 58–59, 67

  Annals of the Bamboo Books, 718

  Annals of Rajasthan, Tod’s, 455

  Annam (
ăn’-năm), 697, 757

  Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, French Orientalist (1731-1805), 365*, 391*, 481

  Anshan (än-shän’), 352

  Antigone, 31

  Antiochus I Soter (an-tī’-o-kŭs sō’-tar), King of Syria and Babylonia (280-261 B.C.), 446

  Antonines, 3, 364

  Anu , 234

  Anubis , 201

  Anupu , 175-176

  Anuradhapura , 506, 595, 603

  Aphrodite, 60, 127, 235, 372, 595

  Apis , 353

  Apollo Belvedere, 280

  Apollonius of Perga, Greek geometer (fl.222-205 B.C.), 527

  Apsu, 236

  Aqueducts, 274

  Aquinas, St. Thomas, Italian Scholastic (1225-1274), 547, 731, 734

  Arabia, 109, 135, 140, 158, 228, 290, 291, 306, 400, 736

  Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, 578†

  Arabs, 24*, 47, 139, 169, 216, 218, 298, 460, 479, 505, 527, 529, 532, 756, 780

  Aralu , 238, 239, 240

  Aramæans, 298, 299

  Aramaic alphabet, 106, 357

  Aranyaka , 407

  Arapaho Indians, 73

  Ararat (ăr’-ä-răt), 287; see Armenia

  Araru , 251

  Araxes River, 356*

  Arbela , 265, 385*

  Archimedes, Greek scientist (287-212 B.C.), 527

  Architecture, 136

  in primitive societies, 14, 87

  in prehistoric cultures, 101, 102

  in Sumeria, 124, 132–133

  in Egypt, 136, 184–185

  in Babylonia, 136, 224–225, 227, 255–256

  in Assyria, 280–282

  in Judea, 307–308

  in Persia, 378–381

  in India, 596–612

  in China, 740–744

  in Japan, 894–896

  Argistis II, King of Armenia (ca. 708 B.C.), 287

  Arhats , 421, 435, 450

  Ariana , 356

  Ariège, 97

  Aristobulus, Greek historian (fl. 330 B.C.), 492*

  Aristogiton, Athenian patriot (ca. 525 B.C.), 646

  Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 20, 107, 529, 532, 535, 536, 539, 560, 671, 731, 868

  Arita (är-ē-tä), 900

  Arjuna , 508, 565, 566, 620

  Ark of the Covenant, 69, 307, 313

  Armada, Invincible, 837

  Armageddon, 154

  Armenia, 119, 266, 269, 270, 286, 354, 355, 363

  Armies, Sumerian, 126

  Assyrian, 270–271

  Persian, 360

  Indian, 443, 465–466

  Japanese, see Samurai

  Arnold, Sir Edwin, English poet and Orientalist (1832-1904), 423*, 541†

  Arnold, Matthew, English poet and critic (1822-1888), 368

  Arran, 356

  Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian, 441†, 442, 445*, 455*

  Arsacid Dynasty, 365*

  Arses (är’-sēz), King of Persia, (339-336 B.C.), 382

  Arsinöe, 164

  Art, 83, 936–937

  in Sumeria, 132–134

  in Egypt, 184–193

  in Babylonia, 254–256

 

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