by Will Durant
Szuma Kuang (dwäng), Chinese historian (fl. 1076), 719, 726
T
Ta Hsüeh (gä shü’-ŭh), 665
Tabi-utul-Enlil , King of Nippur, 260–261
Tabus , 69–70
Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, Roman historian (fl. 55-120), 578
Tagore, Abanindranath , Indian artist, 619
Tagore, Davendranath , Indian reformer, 619
Tagore, Dwijendranath , Indian philosopher, 619
Tagore, Gogonendranath , Indian artist, 619
Tagore, Rabindranath , Indian poet (1861-), 391, 415, 493, 582†, 619–621, 622
Tagtug, 129
Tahiti, 6, 10, 32, 38, 45, 77, 107
Tahito (tä-hē-tō), Japanese poet (665-731), 856
T’ai Tsu , Chinese emperor (960-976), 724
T’ai Tsung , Chinese emperor 627-650), 675, 702, 782
T’ai Tsung, Chinese emperor (976-998), 731
T’ai Tsung, Korean emperor (15th century), 730
Taiko (tī-kō), 839
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828-1893), French critic, 199, 719
T’ai-p’ing Rebellion, 742, 758–759, 805, 915
Taira family, 835
Tai-shan (tī-shän) (mountain), 787
Taj Mahal , 473, 609–610, 611, 897
Takamine , Japanese scientist, 924
Takayoshi (tä-kä-yō-shē), Japanese painter (ca. 1010), 904
Ta-ki , wife of Chou Hsin (ca. 1135 B.C.), 645
Tale of the Water Margins, 718
Talent (money), 306*, 358*
Talikota , 457, 459
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Prince of Benevento, French statesman and wit (1754-1838), 151
Talmud , 329, 519
Tambura , 586
Tamerlane , 463; see Timur-i-lang
Tamil language, 555, 581
Tamils, 446, 490
Tammuz , 120, 127, 238–239, 241*, 295, 312, 341
Tamura Maro , Japanese general (ca. 800), 854
T’ang (täng) Dynasty, 675, 702, 703, 724, 728, 735, 736 740, 745*, 749, 751, 755, 775, 780, 782, 790, 797, 800, 835
T’ang (state), 683
Tangut , 761
Tanjore (tan-jôr’), 393, 490, 585, 594, 602, 610
Tanka , 880, 926
Tantras , 518, 519, 541
Tao (dou), 653, 689, 783
T’ao Ch’ien (dow chē-ăn’), Chinese poet (365-427), 713–714
T’ao Hung-ching , Chinese writer (6th century), 782
Taoism 653-658, 675, 728, 731, 741, 746, 748, 754, 786–787
Tao-Te-Ching (dou-dā-jing), 653, 657
Tarahumaras, 7
Tashkent , 453
Tasmanians, 14, 21, 74, 79
Tata (tä-tä) Iron and Steel Company, 622
Tatars , 701, 750, 770
Tattooing, 85
Tattwas , 537–538, 539
Taxation, in Sumeria, 126
in Egypt, 160, 214
in Judea, 308
in Persia, 363
in India, 480
in China, 699
in Japan, 851–852
Taxila , 440, 441–442, 450, 492*, 557
Taylor, Meadows, 601*
Tcheou-ta-Kouan , Chinese diplomat (ca. 1275), 604, 605
Tecunas, 73
Tefnut , 201
Tejahpala Temple, 598
Tekoschet , 189
Tell-Asmar , 395*
Tell-el-Amarna , 188, 205, 211, 212*
Tell-el-Ubaid , 133
Tell Halaf , 286
Tello (těl’lō), 131
Telugu (dialect), 458, 555
Telugus (tribe), 495
Temple, 307–308, 309, 314, 315, 318, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327, 332, 333, 335, 337
Ten Commandments, 312, 331–379, 374
Ten Thousand (Xenophon’s), 284
Tenchi (těn-chē), 834
Tenchi Tenno (těn-nō), Emperor of Japan (668-671), 833, 850, 877
Teng Shih , Chinese radical (ca. 530 B.C.), 651–652
Tengri, 60
Tennyson, Alfred, Baron, English poet (1809-1892), 491, 550*, 620
Tepe Gawra , 265
Thaïs, Athenian courtesan (4th century B.C.), 82
Thales, Greek philosopher and scientist (640-546 B.C.), 533, 552
Thamos , King of Egypt (mythical), 76
Thanatopsis, 408
Thapsacus , 228
Thebes, 140, 151, 153, 154, 155, 167, 190, 191, 210, 213, 217*, 248, 307, 314, 449
Théodut, Father, 13
Theosophy, 554*, 616†
Third Dynasty (Egypt), 140, 147, 165
Thirteen, as an unlucky number, 79
Thomas, Elbert, 693*
Thoreau, Henry David, American writer (1817-1862), 79, 631, 889
Thoth (thōth), 76, 147, 179, 199, 203*, 277*, 331‡
Thracians, 494
Thucydides, Greek historian (ca. 471-399 B.C.), 578, 719
Thugs, 499–500
Thutmose (thŭt’-mōz), Egyptian artist (ca. 1370 B.C.), 188, 192
Thutmose I, King of Egypt (1545-1514 B.C.), 153, 154, 185
Thutmose II, King of Egypt (1514-1501), 153
Thutmose III, King of Egypt (1479-1447 B.C.), 111, 142, 143, 153, 154–155, l60, 178, 181, 184, 185, 188, 189, 205, 210, 222, 270, 300, 302*
Thutmose IV, King of Egypt (1420-1412 B.C.), 155
Ti, 60
Tiamat , 236–237, 278
Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar, Roman emperor (14-37), 381
Tibet , 38, 39, 45, 140, 329, 391, 401, 449, 501, 504, 506–507, 589, 602, 606, 767, 798
Tientsin , 765, 778, 805
Tiglath-Pileser I, King of Assyria (1115-1102 B.C.), 266-267, 280
Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria (745-727 B.C.), 267, 270
Tigris River, 117, 118, 119, 124, 135, 136, 218, 221, 265, 286†, 299, 756
Tilak , Bal Gangadhar, Indian Nationalist leader (1856-1920), 626, 632
Timbuktu, 3
Timon of Athens, 175, 689
Timur-i-lang , Turkish conqueror (1336-1405), 463, 464, 465
Ting , Duke of Lu (ca. 500 B.C.), 662, 663
Tinnevelly , 456
Tirumalai Nayyak , Prince of Madura (1623-1659), 600, 602
Tiruvallaver , Indian poet (ca. 950), 581–582
Tiy mother of Amenhotep IV (ca. 1400 B.C.), 168
Tlingits, 6
To no-Chujo , 893
Toba Sojo , Japanese painter (1053-1140), 904
Tod, James, British army officer and Orientalist (1782-1835), 455, 492†, 496*
Todaiji (tō-dī-jē) Temple, 892, 895
Todas, 39
Togo, Count Heihachiro , Japanese naval hero (1847-1934), 919
Togos, 42
Tokugawa Shogunate, 829, 838, 844, 846, 852, 853, 855, 865, 866, 871, 875, 877, 886, 905, 906, 914
Tokyo (tō-kyō), 830, 841, 847, 852*, 862, 867, 873, 877, 884, 886, 895, 905, 910, 914, 919, 920*, 921, 931
Tokyo, University of, 877, 926
Toledo, Spain, 896
Tolstoy, Count Leo Nikolaiěvitch, Russian writer and reformer (1828-1910), 627, 631, 693
Tom Jones, 718, 882, 891
Tom Sawyer, 410
Tomb of Nakht, 191
Tools, in primitive societies, 12–13
12-13 Prehistoric cultures, 93–95, 100–101, 103, 104
in Sumeria, 124
in Egypt, 145
in Babylonia, 227
in India, 395, 601*
Topheth (tō’-fět), 321
Torah , 328
Toramana , Hunnish King (500-502), 452
Torres Straits, 85
Torture, in Egypt, 162
in Assyria, 272, 275–276
in Persia, 361–362, 373
in India, 483
in China, 797
in Japan, 850
Toru Kojomoto , Japanese engraver (fl. 1687), 907–908
Tosa Gon-no-kumi , Japanese painter (ca. 1250), 903
Tosa School (of Japanese painting), 843, 903–904
Toson , Japanese novelist and poet, 926–927
Totemism, 61–62, 76–77, 332
Tours, 460
“Towers of Silence,” 372
Toyama, Mitsuru, Japanese nationalist leader (1855-), 923
Trade, in primitive societies, 15–16
in prehistoric cultures, 101
in Sumeria, 125, 131, 135
in Egypt, 135, 160–161
in Babylonia, 228
in Assyria, 274
in Phoenicia, 292–293
in Judea, 306
in Persia, 358
in India, 400, 479
in China, 778–779, 815
in Japan, 932
Trajan, Marcus Ulpius, Roman emperor (98-117), 364
Trans-Baikalia, 932
Transport, in primitive societies, 14–15
in prehistoric cultures, 101
in Sumeria, 125
in Egypt, 160
in Babylonia, 227
in Phoenicia, 292–293
in Persia, 358
in India, 400, 444–445, 479
in China, 778
in Japan, 920†, 934
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 931
Travancore , 456
Trebizond , 766
Tribe, the, 22
Trichinopoly , 393, 602
Trobriand Islanders, 31, 54
Troubadours, 177
Troy, 91, 107, 215
Ts’ai Lun , inventor of paper (ca. 105), 727–728
Tseng Ts’an (dzŭng tsän), Confucian disciple (ca. 490 B.C.), 665
Ts’i (state), see Ch’i (state)
Ts’i, Duke of, see Ch’i, Duke of
Tsin, see Chin
Tsing-tao , 639*, 929
Tsoa , Chinese general (ca. 740), 715
Tso-chuan (dzō jwăn), 718, 723
Tsu Ch’ung-chih , Chinese mathematician (430-501), 781
Tsunayoshi , Japanese shogun (1680-1709), 843
Tsurayaki , Japanese poet (883-946), 858, 863, 878–879
Tsushima , 919
Tsze-kung , Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.), 664, 666, 670, 671–672
Tsze-loo , Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.), 662, 663, 664, 666, 669
Tuaregs, 46, 47
Tu Fu , Chinese poet (712-770), 707, 713, 714–717, 747
Tukaram , Indian poet (1608-1649), 581
Tulsi Das , Indian poet (1532-1624), 581
Tung Cho , Boxer general, 746
Tungabadra River, 457
T’ungchow , 808*
Tungus, 21
Tun-huang 728
Tunis, 94
Turgeniev, Ivan, Russian novelist and dramatist (1818-1883), 687
Turin Musuem, 188
Turkestan, 108, 140, 506, 571, 594, 606, 642, 728, 729, 739, 741, 767, 779, 902
Turkey, 703
Turks, 24*, 154, 286†, 362, 450, 459, 464*, 756
Tutenkhamon , King of Egypt (1360-1350 B.C.), 141, 155, 191, 213
Tutenkhaton , see Tutenkhamon
Twelfth Dynasty (Egypt), 151, 185, 187
Twenty-one Demands, 813, 928–929
Twenty-second Dynasty (Egypt,) 185
Twoshtri , 492
Tycoon, 839
Tyre (tīr), 106, 227, 228, 292, 294, 295, 303, 306, 308, 317, 318, 324, 337, 384
T’zu Hsi (tzŭ shē), Chinese dowager empress (1834-1908), 782, 806–808, 810
U
Udaipur , 393, 475
Udayana , Indian scientist (ca. 975), 529
Uganda, 45
Uimala-Kirti , Buddhist saint, 747
Ujjain , 451, 557, 575
Ukiyoye engravers, 907, 908, 910
Ulysses, 570
Uma , aspect of Kali, 509
Uma no-Kami , 884
Ungut , 765
United Provinces, 486†
United States, 93, 391, 444–445, 737, 805, 806, 808, 809, 813, 815, 829, 835, 891, 915, 917*, 918, 928, 929–930, 931, 932–933
United States Army Medical Corps, 925
United States Bureau of Standards, 400
Unkei , Japanese woodcarver (1180-1220), 897*
Untouchables, see Outcastes
Upanishads , 58, 391, 404, 407, 409, 410–415, 416, 417, 419, 470, 542, 545, 546, 547, 551*, 554, 564, 566, 571, 690
Ur 103, 118, 119, 120, 122–123, 132, 133–134, 136, 179, 215–234, 300, 395
Urartu , 287; see Armenia
Urdu , 555
Ur-engur , King of Ur (ca. 2450 B.C.), 122-123, 127, 135
Urfé, Honoré d’, French novelist (1568-1626), 756*
Urga , 931
Uriah , Hittite general (ca. 900 B.C.), 305
Ur-nina , King of Lagash (3100 B.C.), 133
Uruguay, 932
Uruk , 118, 119, 120, 123, 127, 234, 250, 251, 252, 253
Urukagina , King of Lagash (ca. 2900 B.C.), 120-121, 128, 129
Uruvela , 426
Urvashi , 511
Ushas , 403
Ussher, James, Archbishop of Armagh and biblical chronologer (1581-1656), 300
Ussuri River, 806
Utamaro , Japanese engraver (1753-1806), 908
Uzzah , 69, 313
V
Vaccination, 531–5
Vachaspati , Indian scientist (850), 529
Vadnagar , 599
Vaghbata , Indian medical writer (ca. 625), 530
Vaishali , 419, 422
Vaisheshika philosophy, 528, 536
Vaishnavites , 508, 598, 606
Vaisyas , 399, 487, 623, 678
Vajjians , 398
Valley of the Kings, 154
Valmiki , Indian poet (ca. 100 B.C.), 567, 570
Vanaprastha , 522
Vandamme, Dominique-René, French general (1770-1830), 466
Varahamihira , Indian astronomer (505-587), 452, 526
Varuna , 285, 397†, 402, 403–404
Vasanti , 501
Vashubandu , Buddhist commentator (ca. 320-380), 452
Vatsyayana , 490
Vayu , 402
Vedanta philosophy, 541, 546–551, 552, 554, 618, 621, 731
Vedas , 365*, 366, 398, 401, 403, 406–409, 416, 419, 420, 433, 485, 486, 493, 505, 507, 511, 523, 534, 535, 542, 546, 553, 557, 562*, 565, 571, 572, 596, 616
Veddahs , 14, 21, 56
Vedic Age, 397–398, 399, 401, 406, 493, 494, 495, 524, 530, 618
Vegetation rites, 65
Velasquez de Silva, Diego Rodriguez, Spanish painter (1599-1660,) 910
Vemana , Indian poet (17th century), 523–524
Vendidad , 365‡
Venezuela, 99*
Venice, 2, 479, 640, 753, 760, 766, 769, 776
Venus, 60, 235, 238, 255
Venus (planet), 257
Versailles, 704*, 835
Victoria (Australia), 50
Victoria Institute, Madras, 585
Vidarbha , 557
Videhas , 533, 567
Vijayanagar (city), 456, 457–458, 459
Vijayanagar (state), 456–459, 477†, 495, 602
Vikramaditya Chalukya , King of Magadha (1076-1126), 457*, 602
Vikramaditya Gupta , King of Magadha (380-413), 451, 478, 576
Vimala Temple, 598–599
Vina (vē-nä’), 586
Vinaya , 428*
Vinaya Pitaka, 589
Vinci, Leonardo da, Italian artist (1452-1519), 97, 182, 589, 590, 751, 905, 912
Virginity, in primitive societies, 45–46
Virocana , 416
Virupaksha Temple, 602
Vishnu , 402, 413*, 458, 506, 507, 508, 511, 523, 524, 552, 565, 588, 590, 594, 598, 602, 604, 625
Vishnupurana, 511-513
Vishtaspa , 364
see Hystaspes
Vispered , 365‡
Vivasvat , 403
Vivekananda, Swami (Narendranath Dutt), Indian philosopher (1863-1902), 617*, 618
Vizierate, in Egypt, 162–163
Vla
divostok , 932
Volga River, 355
Vologesus V, King of Parthia (209-222) 365‡
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet de), French writer (1694-1778), 348, 445, 511, 550, 578, 594, 639, 657, 683, 688, 693, 695, 768, 788–789
Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, 225‡
Vyasa , the Indian Homer, 511, 561
W
Wabunias, Queen of the, 86
Wagakusha scholars, 874
Wages, in Egypt, 159, 214
in Babylonia, 231
in Persia, 363
in India, 481
in China, 816
in Japan, 852, 921
Wagner, Richard, German composer (1813-1883), 58
Wagon-wheel, 14, 117
Wales, 92
Waley, Arthur, 703†, 704*, 714, 883
Wallace, Alfred Russel, English biologist and naturalist (1822-1913), 25–26
Wang An-shih , Chinese socialist statesman (fl. 1070), 724–726
Wang Chieh , Chinese printer (fl. 868), 729
Wang Hsi-chih , Chinese calligrapher (ca. 400), 745*
Wang Mang (wäng mäng), Chinese emperor (5-25), 700–701
Wang Shu-ho , Chinese medical writer (ca. 300), 782
Wang Wei (wäng wā), Chinese painter (699-759), 748–749
Wang Yang-ming , Chinese philosopher (1472-1528), 733–735, 748, 871
Wan-li (wän-lē), see Shen Tsing
War, in primitive societies, 22–23
War and Peace, 718
Ward, C. O., 302
Ward, Lester Frank, American sociologist (1841-1913), 23
Warfare, Sumerian, 126
Assyrian, 270–271, 272–273
Persian, 360
Indian, 443
Chinese, 647
Japanese, 918
(see, also, Samurai)
Warka, see Uruk
Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (“The King-Maker”), 834
Washington Conference (1922), 929
Waterloo, 613
Wealth, of Egypt, 214, 215
of Babylonia, 229
of Phoenicia, 294
of Judea, 306
of Persia, 363
of India, 481–482
of China, 703, 763
of Japan, 920
Weaving, in primitive societies, 13
in prehistoric cultures, 100–101
in Egypt, 191
in Babylonia, 227
in India, 478–479, 585
in China, 776–777
Wei (wā) (state), 663, 680, 695
Wei, Dukes of, 663, 666, 688
Wei River, 641, 651
Wei Sheng , 790
Weigall, Arthur, British Egyptologist (1880-1934) 134
Weismann, August, German zoologist (1834-1914), 529
Wen Ti , Chinese emperor (179-157 B.C.), 698
Wen T’ien-hsian , Chinese patriot and scholar (ca. 1260), 764
Wen Wang , Chinese emperor (fl. 1123 B.C.), 650
Westermarck, Edward, 499