by Mark Dyal
[←212 ]
Bromberger, 1993.
[←213 ]
Leed, 1979, p. 92.
[←214 ]
Frantzen, 2004, p. 261.
[←215 ]
Nietzsche, 2007, p. 90.
[←216 ]
Barzini, 1996, p. 13.
[←217 ]
Poppi, 1992, p. 81; Allum, 2000, p. 43.
[←218 ]
Putnam, 1993, p. 27.
[←219 ]
Hallyn, 1990, pp. 55–56.
[←220 ]
Movimento Ultras is a loose confederation of various Ultra groups across Italia. It was started in the mid-1990s after the death of Genoa Ultra Vincenzo Spagnolo at the hands of AC Milan Ultras. It released a manifesto and several press releases from 1996 to 2006 but has been quiet since. Federations of this type are unpopular amongst Roma’s Ultras because they presuppose an amount of unity with enemy Ultras that is often impossible to achieve.
[←221 ]
Painter, Jr., 2005, pp. 1–5.
[←222 ]
Falasca-Zamponi, 1997, pp. 90–91; Koon, 1995, p. 7.
[←223 ]
Falasca-Zamponi, 1997, p. 90.
[←224 ]
Farrell, 2003, p. 222.
[←225 ]
Fugo, 2003, p. 23.
[←226 ]
Ibid, pp. 20–23.
[←227 ]
Koon, 1985, p. 19.
[←228 ]
Koon, 1985, p. 20–21.
[←229 ]
Evola, 2002, p. 115.
[←230 ]
Ibid, p. 114.
[←231 ]
Nietzsche, 1997, p. 115.
[←232 ]
Ibid, pp. 115–116.
[←233 ]
Evola, 2002, p. 181.
[←234 ]
Ibid, p. 115.
[←235 ]
Evola, 2002, p. 259.
[←236 ]
Ibid, p. 181; Evola, 2003, pp. 107–109.
[←237 ]
Gentile, 2003, p. 59.
[←238 ]
Ibid, p. 60.
[←239 ]
Gentile, 2003, p. 60.
[←240 ]
Sternhell, 1994, p. 3.
[←241 ]
Evola, 2007, p. 62.
[←242 ]
Garsia, 2004, p. 209.
[←243 ]
Markovits and Hellerman, 2001, pp. 10–12.
[←244 ]
Williams, 2006, p. xiv.
[←245 ]
Winner, 2000, p. 60.
[←246 ]
Martin, 2004, p. 27.
[←247 ]
Foot, 2006, pp. 1–41.
[←248 ]
Guttman, 1981, p. 11.
[←249 ]
Ibid, p. 12.
[←250 ]
Ibid.
[←251 ]
Ibid.
[←252 ]
Sorel, 1999, pp. 24–28.
[←253 ]
Ibid, p. 29.
[←254 ]
Ibid, p. 32.
[←255 ]
Nietzsche, 2003, p. 182; Nietzsche, 2003, p. 176.
[←256 ]
Kertzer, 1988, p. 13.
[←257 ]
Duggan, 2007, p. 350.
[←258 ]
Farrell, 2003, p. 30.
[←259 ]
Sorel, 1999, p. 46.
[←260 ]
The Figli della Lupa were elite Fascist youth groups as part of the Opera Nazionale Balilla, the afterschool indoctrination and exercise camps of the Italian Fascist State. The Ultras use the term in the same way, to distinguish themselves from others less aware of the history and traditions of the city (or of Fascism).
[←261 ]
Zarkia, 1996, pp. 87–109.
[←262 ]
Pedregal, 1996, pp. 45–62.
[←263 ]
Creed, 2011, pp. 1–27.
[←264 ]
Southgate, 2010, pp. 124–131.
[←265 ]
Said, 1993, pp. 97–111.
[←266 ]
Herzfeld, 2009, p. 3.
[←267 ]
Hallyn, 1990, pp. 55–56.
[←268 ]
Griffin, 2007, p. 222.
[←269 ]
Il Romanista, Anno IV, Numero 321, 21 November 2007, pp. 1–3.
[←270 ]
Forsythe, 2005, pp. 59–74.
[←271 ]
Gentile, 1996, p. 76.
[←272 ]
Falasca-Zamponi, 1997, p. 92.
[←273 ]
Ibid, p. 91.
[←274 ]
Martin, 2004, p. 170.
[←275 ]
AS Roma Ultras, Vecchie Maniere, Tuesday 18 February 2003, pp. 8–9.
[←276 ]
The saying comes from the film The Gladiator. Maximus, the main character, is asked what Rome means to him. He replies that, having seen that most of the world is brutal, crude, and dark, Rome, for him, is ‘the light.’ The saying is popular amongst AS Roma’s Ultras.
[←277 ]
Painter, Jr., 2005; Herzfeld, 2009.
[←278 ]
Livy, 2002, pp. 118–120.
[←279 ]
Cacciari, 2004, p. 15.
[←280 ]
Nini, 2007, p. 42.
[←281 ]
Ibid, p. 43.
[←282 ]
Cacciari, 2004, p. 31.
[←283 ]
Ibid, p. 35.
[←284 ]
Ibid, p. 16.
[←285 ]
Garsia, 2004, p. 1.
[←286 ]
O’Meara, 2004, pp. 20–22.
[←287 ]
Lyttleton, 2004, p. 51.
[←288 ]
O’Meara, 2004, p. 23.
[←289 ]
Ibid.
[←290 ]
Kertzer, 1988, p. 13.
[←291 ]
Ginsborg, 2003b, pp. 17–35.
[←292 ]
Gentile, 1996, p. 96.
[←293 ]
Ibid, p. 76.
[←294 ]
Ibid, p. 77.
[←295 ]
For information on the Pope’s lecture see http://www.catholicsocialscientists.org/CSSR/Archival/2009/Burke%20-%20Article.pdf, accessed January 2010.
[←296 ]
Polanyi, 1974, p. 242.
[←297 ]
Nietzsche, 2003, p. 176.
[←298 ]
Ibid, p. 166.
[←299 ]
Nietzsche, 2006, p. 42.
[←300 ]
Sorel, 1999, p. 182.
[←301 ]
O’Meara, 2004, p. 104.
[←302 ]
Ginsborg, 2003b, pp. 129–134.
[←303 ]
Il Romanista, Anno IV, Numero 136, 16 June, 2007, p. 2.
[←304 ]
Allum and Diamanti, 1996, pp. 152–154.
[←305 ]
Blog sites have been rendered less common since Facebook has cornered the market on most discourse in the West. See https://facebook.com/forzanuovaroma.
[←306 ]
Sniderman et al, 2000, p. 4.
[←307 ]
Ibid, pp. 8–11.
[←308 ]
Ibid, pp. 91–119.
[←309 ]
Cole, 1997, p. 92.
[←310 ]
Zamagni, 2000, pp. 55–61.
[←311 ]
Ginsborg, 2003a, p. 220.
[←312 ]
Hobsbawm and Ranger, 1992, pp. 1–12.
[←313 ]
Crapanzano, 2004, pp. 156–157.
[←314 ]
Berezin, 2009, p. 34.
[←315 ]
Ibid, pp. 30–31.
[←316 ]
Il Romanista. Anno IV Numero 260. Venerdi 21 Settembre 2007, p. 11.
[←317 ]
Translated from an original document in the collection of the a
uthor.
[←318 ]
Il Romanista. Anno IV, n. 301. 16 November 2007, pp. 1, 3.
[←319 ]
Ginsborg, 2003, p. 119.
[←320 ]
Ginsborg, 2003b, pp. 112–119.
[←321 ]
I had presented myself as a fan of AS Roma, which I was, knowing that without a sincere devotion to what they hold most dear, I would have been seen as just another interloper attempting to make a name off the Ultras.
[←322 ]
Although it is not part of this book’s scope to describe the relationship between the English language media and the particular understanding of the game in English-speaking countries, the discussion that follows is largely based on English examples and statistics, because these issues are being explained by English language scholars.
[←323 ]
Giulianotti and Williams, 1994, p. 9.
[←324 ]
Markovits and Hellerman, 2001, pp. 128–161.
[←325 ]
Giulianotti and Williams, 1994, p. 7.
[←326 ]
Sandvoss, 2003, p. 161.
[←327 ]
Recent changes in the ownership and spending power of two other clubs have led to their having ‘global’ aspirations. These are Chelsea FC and Manchester City FC (both of England).
[←328 ]
G14 disbanded in early-2008 after winning their battle against FIFA and UEFA. The fourteen were, in addition to the seven noted above, Marseilles and Paris Saint-Germain of France, Ajax and PSV Eindhoven of Netherlands, Bayern Munich and Borrusia Dortmund of Germany, and Porto of Portugal. In 2002, the G14 expanded by four: Arsenal of England, Valencia of Spain, Lyon of France, and Bayer Leverkusen of Germany.
[←329 ]
Armstrong, 1998, pp. 5–9.
[←330 ]
Overall attendance given from 2004 to 2008 because Serie A’s increase from 18 to 20 teams in 2004 increased the attendance figures from 2003, even as most team’s per-game-average fell.
[←331 ]
Statistics from an official AS Roma document in the collection of the author.
[←332 ]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League.
[←333 ]
The cost to renew was 155 euros. For a non-renewing subscriber, the cost was 235 euros. However, the Curva, as every year, sold out during the renewal phase of AS Roma’s season ticket campaign.
[←334 ]
McGill, 2001, p. 8.
[←335 ]
McGill, 2001, p. 7.
[←336 ]
Dunning, 1999, p. 48.
[←337 ]
The FSA merged with European bodies of similar design in 2007. It is now known as the Football Supporters Federation.
[←338 ]
McGill, 2001, p. 11.
[←339 ]
Creed, 2011, p. 3.
[←340 ]
Andrews and Ritzer, 2007, p. 41.
[←341 ]
Sandvoss, 2003, p. 12.
[←342 ]
Deleuze and Guattari, 1987.
[←343 ]
Castells, 1996, pp. 1–14.
[←344 ]
Deleuze, 1995, pp. 30–31.
[←345 ]
LaFeber, 2002.
[←346 ]
Featherstone, 1995, p. 114.
[←347 ]
Sandvoss, 2003, pp. 28–30.
[←348 ]
Featherstone, 1995, p. 117.
[←349 ]
Deleuze and Guattari, 1983, p. 4.
[←350 ]
Hardt and Negri, 2000, p. xiii.
[←351 ]
Lipovetsky, 2005, pp. 29–71.
[←352 ]
Maguire, 1999, pp. 13–14.
[←353 ]
Giddens, 1990, p. 64.
[←354 ]
Harvey, 1990, p. 117.
[←355 ]
‘Addio, Dolce Vita: A Survey of Italy’ in The Economist. Volume 377, Number 8454, Nov 26–Dec 2, 2005, p. 6.
[←356 ]
Plesset, 2006; Strathern and Stewart, 2006; Merry, 2009.
[←357 ]
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 2004, p. 1.
[←358 ]
Strathern and Stewart, 2006, pp. 1–7.
[←359 ]
Fry, 2005, p. 168.
[←360 ]
Comaroff and Comaroff, 1992, p. 3.
[←361 ]
Daniel, 1996, p. 8.
[←362 ]
Crapanzano, 2004, p. 2.
[←363 ]
Plesset, 2006; Merry, 2009.
[←364 ]
Scheper-Hughes et al., 2004, p. 7.
[←365 ]
Vincent, 2002, p. 9.
[←366 ]
Armstrong et al., 2000, p. 180.
[←367 ]
Dal Lago and De Biasi, 1994, p. 85.
[←368 ]
Foot, 2006, p. 197.
[←369 ]
Stefanini, 2009, pp. 132–136.
[←370 ]
Mariottini, 2006; Roversi, 1994; Stefanini, 2009.
[←371 ]
Stefanini, 2009, p. 132.
[←372 ]
Stefanini, 2009, p. 135.
[←373 ]
Stefanini, 2009, pp. 131–134.
[←374 ]
Stefanini, 2009, p. 127.
[←375 ]
Farrell, 2003, pp. 97–103.
[←376 ]
Falk, 1999, pp. 1–27; Prempeh, 2006, pp. 14–39.
[←377 ]
Andrews and Ritzer, 2007, p. 41.
[←378 ]
‘You will never get rid of us because we are a dream, an emotion … we are freedom!’
[←379 ]
Nietzsche, 2005, p. 59
[←380 ]
Gemes, ‘Nietzsche on the Will to Truth, the Scientific Sprit, Free Will, and Genuine Selfhood’ in Gudrun von Tevenar (ed.) Nietzsche and Ethics (Bern: Peter Lang, 2007), p. 27
[←381 ]
Clastres, Society Against the State, translated by Robert Hurley, New York: Zone Books, 1987, pp. 60–64.