19. Carol Estes, “Second Chance for Black Farmers: After Decades of Discrimination, Black Farmers Are Struggling for Justice,” Yes! Magazine, June 30, 2001, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/reclaiming-the-commons/second-chance-for-black-farmers.
20. https://www.southernfoodways.org/the-greenwood-food-blockade/
21. Nathan A. Rosenberg and Bryce Wilson Stucki, “The Butz Stops Here: Why the Food Movement Needs to Rethink Agricultural History,” Journal of Food Law and Policy 13, no. 12 (2017).
22. Pete Daniel, “African American Farmers and Civil Rights,” Journal of Southern History 73, no. 1 (2007).
23. Allison Alkon, “Paradise or Pavement: The Social Constructions of the Environment in Two Urban Farmers’ Markets and Their Implications for Environmental Justice and Sustainability,” Local Environment 13, no. 3 (2008): 271–89.
24. Pete Daniel, Dispossession (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 21.
25. “Historical Shift from Explicit to Implicit Policies Affecting Housing Segregation in Eastern Massachusetts,” Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston, http://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1934-FHA.html; Federal Housing Administration, Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the National Housing Act with Revisions to April 1, 1936 (Washington, DC), Part II, Section 2, Rating of Location.
26. Brentin Mock, “Redlining Is Alive and Well,” CityLab, 2015, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/09/redlining-is-alive-and-welland-evolving/407497.
27. Juan F. Pereas, “The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act,” Ohio State Law Journal 72, no. 1 (2011).
28. Alicia Bugarin and Elias Lopez, Farm Workers in California (Sacramento: California Research Bureau, 1998).
29. “Urban Renewal Under Fire,” CQ Researcher, August 21, 1963, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1963082100.
30. Dan Baum, “Legalize It All,” Harper’s Magazine, April 2016, https://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all.
31. Flynn et al., Rewrite the Racial Rules.
32. Mariame Kaba, “Juvenile Justice in Illinois: A Data Snapshot,” 2014, https://chiyouthjustice.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/juvenile_justice_in_illinois.pdf.
33. Rakesh Kochhar and Richard Fry, “Wealth Inequality Has Widened Along Racial, Ethnic Lines Since End of Great Recession,” Pew Research Center, December 12, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/12/racial-wealth-gaps-great-recession.
34. Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman, eds., Slavery’s Capitalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016).
35. Flynn et al., Rewrite the Racial Rules.
36. Amy Traub et al., The Asset Value of Whiteness (New York: Demos, 2014), http://www.demos.org/publication/asset-value-whiteness-understanding-racial-wealth-gap.
37. Antonio Moore, “Who Owns Almost All America’s Land?,” Inequality.org, 2016, https://inequality.org/research/owns-land.
38. Alison Leff, “Race, Poverty and Hunger,” Poverty & Race, July–August 2002, http://www.prrac.org/full_text.php?text_id=757&item_id=7796&newsletter_id=63&header=Race+%2F+Racism.
39. Richard L. Zweigenhaft, “Diversity Among CEOs and Corporate Directors: Has the Heyday Come and Gone?,” Guilford College, 2013, http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/diversity_among_ceos.html.
40. Derwin Dubose, “The Nonprofit Sector Has a Ferguson Problem,” Nonprofit Quarterly, December 5, 2014, https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/12/05/the-nonprofit-sector-has-a-ferguson-problem.
41. Jason Byrne and Jennifer Wolch, “Nature, Race, and Parks: Past Research and Future Directions for Geographic Research,” Progress in Human Geography 33, no. 6 (2009): 743–65.
42. Susan Strife and Liam Downey, “Childhood Development and Access to Nature: A New Direction for Environmental Inequality Research,” Organization & Environment 22, no. 1 (2009): 99–122.
43. Jaimee Swift, “It’s Not Just Flint: Environmental Racism Is Slowly Killing Blacks Across America,” The Grio, January 24, 2016, https://thegrio.com/2016/01/24/flint-water-environmental-racism-blacks.
44. Henry Bodkin, “Childhood Trauma Can Be Inherited by Future Generations—New Study,” Telegraph, November 29, 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/11/29/childhood-trauma-can-inherited-future-generations-new-study.
45. Eric J. Nestler, “The Mind’s Hidden Switches,” November 22, 2011, in Science Talk, produced by Scientific American, podcast, audio, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-minds-hidden-switches-11-11-22.
46. Erika Beras, “Traces of Genetic Trauma Can Be Tweaked,” April 15, 2017, in 60-Second Science, produced by Scientific American, podcast, audio, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/traces-of-genetic-trauma-can-be-tweaked.
47. Ron Eyerman, Cultural Trauma: Slavery and the Formation of African American Identity (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
48. Marlene F. Watson, Facing the Black Shadow (self-published, 2013).
49. Henry Louis Gates Jr., “The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross,” video, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/video/black-is-beautiful.
50. Reginald, personal communication to the author, 2016.
51. Kamari Maxine Clarke, Mapping Yorùbá Networks: Power and Agency in the Making of Transnational Communities (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).
52. Nicole Monteiro and Diana J. Wall, “African Dance as Healing Modality Throughout the Diaspora: The Use of Ritual and Movement to Work Through Trauma,” Journal of Pan African Studies 4, no. 6 (2011): 234.
53. Herb Guide and Vegetable Catalogue (Goodwood, Canada: Richters, 2018).
54. Catherine Yronwode, Hoodoo Herb and Root Magic: A Materia Magica of African-American Conjure (Forestville, CA: Lucky Mojo Curio Company, 2002).
Chapter 15: Movement Building
1. Jess Gilbert et al., The Decline (and Revival?) of Black Farmers and Rural Landowners: A Review of the Research Literature (Madison, WI: Land Tenure Center at the University of Wisconsin, 2001), https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/12810/1/ltcwp44.pdf.
2. “Food Sovereignty Prize Honors Grassroots Initiatives in Haiti, Brazil, Basque Country, Mali and India,” US Food Sovereignty Alliance, August 13, 2013, http://foodsovereigntyprize.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Food-Sov-Prize-Honorees-2013-Press-Release-8-13.pdf.
3. “Services,” Black Belt Justice Center, 2012, http://blackbeltjustice.org/services.html.
4. Carol Estes, “Second Chance for Black Farmers: After Decades of Discrimination, Black Farmers Are Struggling for Justice,” Yes! Magazine, June 30, 2001, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/reclaiming-the-commons/second-chance-for-black-farmers.
5. Pete Daniel, “African American Farmers and Civil Rights (Pigford v. Glickman),” Journal of Southern History (2007), http://www.federationsoutherncoop.com/pigford/AfricanAmericanfarmers.pdf.
6. More information about the cy pres distributions can be found at https://www.blackfarmercase.com.
7. Layla Eplett, “Organic Synthesis: Towards an Inclusion of African Americans in Organic Farming,” Scientific American, November 5, 2013, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/food-matters/organic-synthesis-towards-an-inclusion-of-african-americans-in-organic-farming.
8. Addie Louise and Joyner Butler, The Distinctive Black College: Talladega, Tuskegee, and Morehouse (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1977); History of Tuskegee University, https://www.tuskegee.edu/about-us/history-and-mission.
9. “Clipped Wings,” Guardian, July 26, 2000, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2000/jul/26/guardiansocietysupplement1.
10. “Afro-Descendant Women March
in Defense of Life and the Ancestral Territories,” Afro-Colombian Solidarity Network, November 16, 2014, https://afrocolombian.org/2014/11/16/afro-descendant-women-march-in-defense-of-life-and-the-ancestral-territories.
11. Kay Bailey, “Women Leaders Bring Indigenous and Black Issues to Colombia Peace Table,” Antyajaa: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 1 (2016): 10–18.
12. Wangari Maathai, “Speak Truth to Power (Speech),” Green Belt Movement, May 4, 2000, http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai/key-speeches-and-articles/speak-truth-to-power.
13. Mara Gittleman, Lenny Librizzi, and Edie Stone, Community Garden Survey New York City (New York: GreenThumb and GrowNYC, 2010).
14. Claire Provost, “La Vía Campesina Celebrates 20 Years of Standing Up for Food Sovereignty,” Guardian, June 17, 2013.
15. “Rationale & Strategy,” National Black Food & Justice Alliance, http://www.blackfoodjustice.org/rationale-strategy.
16. Will Higgins, “Indiana’s Pre–Civil War Black Farming Community a Smithsonian Surprise,” Indianapolis Star, 2017.
17. 49th Anniversary 2015–2016 Report (East Point, GA: Federation of Southern Cooperatives Land Assistance Fund, 2016).
18. Leah Douglas, “African Americans Have Lost Untold Acres of Land Over the Last Century: An Obscure Legal Loophole Is Often to Blame,” Nation, June 26, 2017.
19. W. Terry Whalin, Sojourner Truth: Liberated in Christ (Uhrichsville, OH: Barbour Publishing, 1997).
20. Estes, “A Second Chance for Black Farmers.”
21. “Racial Equity in the Farm Bill: Context and Foundations,” National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, December 1, 2017, http://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/racial-equity-in-the-farm-bill/?utm_source=roundup&utm_medium=email.
22. Leah Penniman, “4 Not-So-Easy Ways to Dismantle Racism in the Food System,” Yes! Magazine, April 27, 2017, http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/4-not-so-easy-ways-to-dismantle-racism-in-the-food-system-20170427.
23. “Platform,” Movement for Black Lives, https://policy.m4bl.org/platform.
24. Franky Abbott, “The United Farm Workers and the Delano Grape Strike,” Digital Public Library of America, https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike.
25. William F. Holmes, “The Arkansas Cotton Pickers’ Strike of 1891 and the Demise of the Colored Farmers’ Alliance,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 32, no. 2 (1973): 107–19.
26. Sarafina Wright, “Black Farmers Org Still Stands 50 Years Later,” Washington Informer, November 1, 2017, http://washingtoninformer.com/black-farmers-org-still-stands-50-years-later.
Chapter 16: White People Uprooting Racism
1. “Budget Highlights 2017,” NYS Department of Corrections and Community, 2017, https://www.budget.ny.gov/pubs/archive/fy17archive/eBudget1617/agencyPresentations/appropData/CorrectionsandCommunitySupervisionDepartmentof.html.
2. Alex Friedmann, “Lowering Recidivism Through Family Communication,” Prison Legal News, April 15, 2014, https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2014/apr/15/lowering-recidivism-through-family-communication.
3. Audry Smedley, “The History of the Idea of Race … And Why It Matters,” presented at the Race, Human Variation and Disease: Consensus and Frontiers Conference, March 14–17, 2007, http://www.understandingrace.org/resources/pdf/disease/smedley.pdf.
4. Nathan A. Rosenberg and Bryce Wilson Stucki, “Rural America’s Trump Vote Was Decades in the Making. Democrats’ Farm Policies—Starting with the New Deal—Are Partly to Blame,” The New Food Economy, December 6, 2017, https://newfoodeconomy.org/rural-trump-vote-democrat-farm-policy.
5. Ellen Tuzzolo, personal communication to the author, 2016.
6. Tracy Dunn and Jeff Neumann, “40 Acres and a Mule Would Be at Least $6.4 Trillion Today—What the US Really Owes Black America,” Yes! Magazine, May 14, 2015, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/make-it-right/infographic-40-acres-and-a-mule-would-be-at-least-64-trillion-today.
7. Laura Shin, “The Racial Wealth Gap: Why a Typical White Household Has 16 Times the Wealth of a Black One,” Forbes, March 26, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/2015/03/26/the-racial-wealth-gap-why-a-typical-white-household-has-16-times-the-wealth-of-a-black-one.
8. Sarah Safransky, “Greening the Urban Frontier: Race, Property, and Resettlement in Detroit,” Geoforum 56 (2014): 237–48.
9. “Role Models,” White Noise Collective, https://www.conspireforchange.org/?page_id=7.
10. Amory Starr, Global Revolt: A Guide to the Movements Against Globalization (London: Zed Books, 2013).
11. Mel Mariposa, “A Practical Guide to Calling In,” The Consent Crew, May 29, 2016, https://theconsentcrew.org/2016/05/29/calling-in.
12. Francis Lee, “Why I’ve Started to Fear My Fellow Social Justice Activists,” Yes! Magazine, October 13, 2017, http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/why-ive-started-to-fear-my-fellow-social-justice-activists-20171013.
13. Katrina Brown, Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North (Washington, DC: PBS, 2008), http://www.tracingcenter.org/library/discussion_guide.pdf.
14. “Truelove Seeds & Owen Taylor,” The Table Underground, February 9, 2018, https://thetableunderground.com/the-table-underground/2018/2/5/truelove-seeds.
15. bell hooks, Black Looks: Race and Representation (Boston: South End Press, 1992), 31.
16. Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 2013), 20–21.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Leah Penniman is a Black Kreyol farmer who has been tending the soil for 22 years and organizing for an anti-racist food system for 16 years. She began with The Food Project in Boston, Massachusetts, and went on to work at Farm School in Athol, Massachusetts, and Many Hands Organic Farm in Barre, Massachusetts. She co-founded Youth Grow urban farm in Worcester, Massachusetts. She currently serves as founding co-executive director of Soul Fire Farm in Grafton, New York, a people-of-color-led project that works to dismantle racism in the food system through a low-cost fresh-food delivery service for people living under food apartheid, training programs for Black, Latinx, and Indigenous aspiring farmer-activists, Uprooting Racism training for food justice leaders, and regional-national-international coalition building between farmers of color advocating for policy shifts and reparations. She has dedicated her life’s work to racial justice in the food system and has been recognized by the Soros Equality Fellowship, NYSHealth Emerging Innovator Awards, The Andrew Goodman Foundation Hidden Heroes Award, Fulbright Distinguished Awards in Teaching Program, New Tech Network National Teaching Award, Presidential Award for Excellence in Teaching (New York finalist), among others. She has contributed to two published volumes, authored numerous online articles, and given dozens of public talks on the subject.
Chelsea Green Publishing sees books as tools for effecting cultural change and seeks to empower citizens to participate in reclaiming our global commons and become its impassioned stewards. If you enjoyed Farming While Black, please consider these other great books related to food and farming.
REBUILDING THE FOODSHED
How to Create Local, Sustainable, and Secure Food Systems
PHILIP ACKERMAN-LEIST
9781603584234
PAPERBACK • $19.95
WILL BONSALL’S ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO RADICAL, SELF-RELIANT GARDENING
Innovative Techniques for Growing Vegetables, Grains, and Perennial Food Crops with Minimal Fossil Fuel and Animal Inputs
WILL BONSALL
9781603584425
PAPERBACK • $34.95
FRUITFUL LABOR
The Ecology, Economy, and Practice of a Family Farm
MIKE MADISON
9781603587945
PAPERBACK • $18.00
PAWPAW
In Search of America’s Forgotten Fruit
ANDREW MOORE
9781603587037
PAPERBACK • $19.95
THE CARBON FARMING SOLUTION
A Global Toolkit of Perennial Crops and Regenerative Agriculture Practices for Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation
ERIC TOENSMEIER
9781603585712
HARDCOVER • $75.00
RAISING DOUGH
The Complete Guide to Financing a Socially Responsible Food Business
ELIZABETH Ü
9781603584289
PAPERBACK • $19.95
THE SMALL-SCALE POULTRY FLOCK
An All-Natural Approach to Raising Chickens and Other Fowl for Home and Market Growers
HARVEY USSERY
9781603582902
PAPERBACK • $39.95
Farming While Black Page 48