Understand Politics

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Understand Politics Page 39

by Peter Joyce


  soundbites, 153–4

  spin doctors, 158–9

  Merkel, Angela, 90

  ministerial responsibility, 178–9, 188

  monarchy in the UK, 208, 209–12

  multinational companies, 322

  Murdoch, Rupert, 157

  nationalism, 96–7, 315–16

  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 294, 318, 329

  neo-conservatism, 61–2

  neo-corporatism, 257

  new public management, 228–9

  new right ideology, 6, 45, 54, 60–2

  and federalism, 289

  New Zealand, 27, 29, 36, 61, 166

  adversarial politics, 260

  civil service, 219

  electoral system, 80, 88

  select committees, 267

  ‘Next Steps’ Programme, 231–2

  NGOs (non–governmental organizations), 119–20

  Nice, Treaty of (2003), 327–8, 332

  Nixon, Richard M., 143, 152, 200, 207, 292

  Northern Ireland, 37, 180–1, 296, 297

  Obama, Barack, 69, 201, 202, 205

  official secrecy, 234–5

  oligarchies, 22

  one-party states, 93

  opinion polls, 32–5, 211

  Owen, Robert, 50

  partisan dealignment, 109–10

  patronage, 104–5, 107, 218

  Péron, Juan, 9, 64

  pluralism, 8, 140

  policing, 270–3

  policy making, 30–5, 299

  civil service influence over, 220–4

  and pressure groups, 120–1, 135

  political action committees (PACs), 138

  political culture, 2–4

  political ideologies, 6, 41–65

  political leaders, selection of, 98–102

  political obligation, 7

  political parties, 2, 92–117

  and candidates for national office, 26

  dominant party systems, 93

  factions and tendencies, 94

  funding, 107–8

  legislators and public opinion, 27

  and legislatures, 249, 258–9

  loss of support for, 105–6

  one-party states, 93

  party systems, 95–7, 249

  and pressure groups, 121–2, 129

  reforms, 111–16

  role of, 97–105

  and social and economic change, 109–11

  traditional functions of, 106–8

  political spectrum, 42–3

  political systems, 4, 18–19

  political toleration, 24–5

  Ponting, Clive, 235

  populism, 63–4

  positive discrimination, 14–15

  power, 6–8, 10

  and authority, 7, 9–10

  of legislatures, 255–9

  legitimate use of, 5, 10–11

  and regional government, 296–7

  prefectoral system, 304–5

  pressure groups, 2, 31, 118–41

  activities of, 124–32

  benefits of, 134–6

  classifying, 122–3

  disadvantages of, 136–9

  influence of, 132–4

  and local government, 301

  NGOs, 119–20

  pluralism and hyper-pluralism, 140

  and political parties, 121–2, 129

  and the private sector, 121

  and public opinion, 129–30

  role of, 120–1

  privacy and the media, 146–50

  private sector, and pressure groups, 121

  privatization, 61, 232–3

  professional control of policing, 272–3

  progressivism, 58–9

  promotional (cause) groups, 122, 123

  proportional representation, 27, 77–80

  additional member system, 79–80

  party list system, 78–9

  single transferable vote, 77–8

  strengths and weaknesses of, 85–8

  psephology (voting behaviour), 73–4

  public opinion

  and electoral systems, 82–3

  and legislatures, 26–30

  and local government elections, 301–2

  and the media, 143

  and MPs’ expense claims, 263

  opinion polls, 32–5, 211

  and populism, 63–4

  and pressure groups, 129–30

  and prime ministerial power, 198–9

  public sector broadcasting, 160

  public services, and local government, 300

  Reagan, Ronald, 6, 54, 60, 100, 111, 201, 207, 226, 337

  realism in international relations, 315

  Redwood, John, 94

  referenda, 35–9, 58, 329

  regionalism, 96–7, 295–8

  reinforcement theory of the media, 156–7

  religion

  and political parties, 95–6

  theocracies, 21–2

  representation in liberal democracies, 18–19, 26

  Ricardo, David, 50

  right–wing political ideologies, 43, 59–64 see also new right ideology

  Robinson, Mary, 209

  Rome, Treaty of (1957), 325, 329

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 56, 204, 207, 282

  Salonika Summit (2003), 328–9

  sanctions, 8

  Saudi Arabia, 22

  Scotland, 275, 296, 316

  Scottish Parliament, 179–80, 297

  sectional groups, 122, 123

  select committees, 266–7

  Single European Act (1986), 325, 332

  sleaze, 262–2

  social class

  and political parties, 95, 96, 110–11

  and voting behaviour, 73

  social contract theory, 56

  social democracy, 50–1, 52–5

  social equality, 13

  socialism, 14, 50–1, 54

  social movements, 119–20

  soundbites, 153–4

  sovereignty, 5, 18, 314–15

  threats to, 317–24

  of the UK parliament, 316–17

  Soviet Union (former), 21, 24, 47, 48

  Spain, 298, 303, 305, 316

  spin doctors, 158–9

  states, 4–6

  federal, 288–92

  sovereignty, 5, 18, 314–15

  statute law, 176

  sub-national government, 287–311

  Supreme Court, 275, 277–8

  Sweden, 2, 288, 299, 305

  Switzerland, 294

  television

  and the conduct of politics, 151–3

  and cross-media ownership, 160–1

  and globalization, 320

  terrorism, 336, 338–40

  Thatcher, Margaret, 6, 54, 60, 94, 159, 196, 207, 337

  theocracies, 21–2

  the third way, 54–5

  totalitarian political systems, 4, 20–2

  trade unions, 118, 126, 128, 132–3

  Trotksy, Leon, 49

  unitary states, 288

  United Kingdom, 2, 19

  adversarial politics, 260

  cabinet government, 194–6

  cabinet reshuffles, 198–9

  Citizens’ Charter, 233

  civil service

  and ministers, 220–4, 225

  reform, 227–33

  coalition government, 90

  collectivism, 45

  Constitution, 166, 175–7

  constitutional reform, 177–84

  Data Protection Act, 149

  delegated legislation, 221–2

  elections, 67, 69, 71, 90

  voting behaviour, 73

  electoral system, 27–8, 82, 83, 84, 85

  and the European Union, 256, 324, 333, 335

  Social Chapter, 326

  executive government, 186–7, 193, 194–6

  human rights legislation, 149–50, 181–2

  joined-up government, 216

  judicial accountability, 283
/>   judicial control of local government, 305

  judicial system, 273, 274–5, 276, 279

  tenure of judges, 285

  lobbying, 137–8

  local government, 300, 303

  reform, 306–10

  media regulation, 146, 147, 148, 149

  members of parliament (MPs)

  social composition of, 30

  status of, 28

  ministerial advisers, 224

  ministerial responsibility, 178–9, 188

  monarchy, 208, 209–12

  new right ideology, 6, 54, 60

  Official Secrets Act, 235–6

  parliament, 254

  law making, 239–41, 256–7

  and prime ministerial power, 197–8

  sovereignty of, 316–17

  political parties, 95, 110–11

  dominant, 93

  leadership elections, 98–9

  reforms, 112, 114–16

  whip system, 102

  pressure groups, 125–6, 130, 132, 133

  prime ministers, 193, 195–6, 212

  and political authority, 9–10

  power of, 197–9

  progressivism, 59

  quangos, 217

  referenda, 37, 38–9

  Royal Prerogative, 205, 211, 215, 258

  select committees, 266–7

  sleaze, 262–3

  Social Democratic Party, 157

  Supreme Court, 275, 277–8

  Terrorism Act (2000), 25

  and terrorist legislation, 340

  unitary state, 288

  and the US ‘special relationship’, 336–8

  Welfare State, 6, 13, 45

  see also under names of political parties

  United Nations (UN), 318–19

  United States

  affirmative action programmes, 14–15

  banning of communism, 24

  Bill of Rights, 170, 171

  cabinet government, 192

  civil rights movement, 128

  confederacy, 293

  Constitution, 94, 97, 165, 166, 167, 168–9, 170–2

  amendments to, 171, 172, 173, 174

  contracting out, 232–3

  direct democracy, 36

  ‘divided government’, 203, 204

  elections, 23–4, 69

  and the European Union, 335–6

  executive government, 187, 192, 193–4, 207

  federal bureaucracy, 225–6

  federalism, 287, 290, 292

  iron triangles, 127

  judicial politics, 282–3, 284

  judicial system, 273, 275, 276

  law making in Congress, 241–3

  legislators, 27, 29–30

  legislature, 246, 251–2, 255, 261–2, 264

  lobbying, 127–8, 137

  local government, 299

  New Deal liberalism, 56

  new right ideology, 6, 61–2

  policing, 272

  political action committees (PACs), 138

  political parties, 95, 97, 102–3, 108, 110, 111

  and pressure groups, 129

  reform, 112–14

  political system, 19

  populism, 63–4

  presidential elections, 102–3, 194

  selection of candidates, 100–1, 113–14

  presidential powers, 199–206

  presidents, 212

  pressure groups, 133

  progressivism, 58–9

  and the rule of law, 12

  televised political debates, 152

  and terrorism, 338, 339, 340

  and the UK ‘special relationship’ 336–8

  vice presidency, 205–6

  voting registration, 68

  Wales, 180, 296, 297, 316

  Weber, Max, 9, 215

  Welsh Assembly, 180, 297

  whistle blowing, 235

  women, 29, 32, 51–2

  World Bank, 322

  World Trade Organization (WTO), 321

  xenophobia, 316

 

 

 


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