by Peter Joyce
soundbites, 153–4
spin doctors, 158–9
Merkel, Angela, 90
ministerial responsibility, 178–9, 188
monarchy in the UK, 208, 209–12
multinational companies, 322
Murdoch, Rupert, 157
nationalism, 96–7, 315–16
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 294, 318, 329
neo-conservatism, 61–2
neo-corporatism, 257
new public management, 228–9
new right ideology, 6, 45, 54, 60–2
and federalism, 289
New Zealand, 27, 29, 36, 61, 166
adversarial politics, 260
civil service, 219
electoral system, 80, 88
select committees, 267
‘Next Steps’ Programme, 231–2
NGOs (non–governmental organizations), 119–20
Nice, Treaty of (2003), 327–8, 332
Nixon, Richard M., 143, 152, 200, 207, 292
Northern Ireland, 37, 180–1, 296, 297
Obama, Barack, 69, 201, 202, 205
official secrecy, 234–5
oligarchies, 22
one-party states, 93
opinion polls, 32–5, 211
Owen, Robert, 50
partisan dealignment, 109–10
patronage, 104–5, 107, 218
Péron, Juan, 9, 64
pluralism, 8, 140
policing, 270–3
policy making, 30–5, 299
civil service influence over, 220–4
and pressure groups, 120–1, 135
political action committees (PACs), 138
political culture, 2–4
political ideologies, 6, 41–65
political leaders, selection of, 98–102
political obligation, 7
political parties, 2, 92–117
and candidates for national office, 26
dominant party systems, 93
factions and tendencies, 94
funding, 107–8
legislators and public opinion, 27
and legislatures, 249, 258–9
loss of support for, 105–6
one-party states, 93
party systems, 95–7, 249
and pressure groups, 121–2, 129
reforms, 111–16
role of, 97–105
and social and economic change, 109–11
traditional functions of, 106–8
political spectrum, 42–3
political systems, 4, 18–19
political toleration, 24–5
Ponting, Clive, 235
populism, 63–4
positive discrimination, 14–15
power, 6–8, 10
and authority, 7, 9–10
of legislatures, 255–9
legitimate use of, 5, 10–11
and regional government, 296–7
prefectoral system, 304–5
pressure groups, 2, 31, 118–41
activities of, 124–32
benefits of, 134–6
classifying, 122–3
disadvantages of, 136–9
influence of, 132–4
and local government, 301
NGOs, 119–20
pluralism and hyper-pluralism, 140
and political parties, 121–2, 129
and the private sector, 121
and public opinion, 129–30
role of, 120–1
privacy and the media, 146–50
private sector, and pressure groups, 121
privatization, 61, 232–3
professional control of policing, 272–3
progressivism, 58–9
promotional (cause) groups, 122, 123
proportional representation, 27, 77–80
additional member system, 79–80
party list system, 78–9
single transferable vote, 77–8
strengths and weaknesses of, 85–8
psephology (voting behaviour), 73–4
public opinion
and electoral systems, 82–3
and legislatures, 26–30
and local government elections, 301–2
and the media, 143
and MPs’ expense claims, 263
opinion polls, 32–5, 211
and populism, 63–4
and pressure groups, 129–30
and prime ministerial power, 198–9
public sector broadcasting, 160
public services, and local government, 300
Reagan, Ronald, 6, 54, 60, 100, 111, 201, 207, 226, 337
realism in international relations, 315
Redwood, John, 94
referenda, 35–9, 58, 329
regionalism, 96–7, 295–8
reinforcement theory of the media, 156–7
religion
and political parties, 95–6
theocracies, 21–2
representation in liberal democracies, 18–19, 26
Ricardo, David, 50
right–wing political ideologies, 43, 59–64 see also new right ideology
Robinson, Mary, 209
Rome, Treaty of (1957), 325, 329
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 56, 204, 207, 282
Salonika Summit (2003), 328–9
sanctions, 8
Saudi Arabia, 22
Scotland, 275, 296, 316
Scottish Parliament, 179–80, 297
sectional groups, 122, 123
select committees, 266–7
Single European Act (1986), 325, 332
sleaze, 262–2
social class
and political parties, 95, 96, 110–11
and voting behaviour, 73
social contract theory, 56
social democracy, 50–1, 52–5
social equality, 13
socialism, 14, 50–1, 54
social movements, 119–20
soundbites, 153–4
sovereignty, 5, 18, 314–15
threats to, 317–24
of the UK parliament, 316–17
Soviet Union (former), 21, 24, 47, 48
Spain, 298, 303, 305, 316
spin doctors, 158–9
states, 4–6
federal, 288–92
sovereignty, 5, 18, 314–15
statute law, 176
sub-national government, 287–311
Supreme Court, 275, 277–8
Sweden, 2, 288, 299, 305
Switzerland, 294
television
and the conduct of politics, 151–3
and cross-media ownership, 160–1
and globalization, 320
terrorism, 336, 338–40
Thatcher, Margaret, 6, 54, 60, 94, 159, 196, 207, 337
theocracies, 21–2
the third way, 54–5
totalitarian political systems, 4, 20–2
trade unions, 118, 126, 128, 132–3
Trotksy, Leon, 49
unitary states, 288
United Kingdom, 2, 19
adversarial politics, 260
cabinet government, 194–6
cabinet reshuffles, 198–9
Citizens’ Charter, 233
civil service
and ministers, 220–4, 225
reform, 227–33
coalition government, 90
collectivism, 45
Constitution, 166, 175–7
constitutional reform, 177–84
Data Protection Act, 149
delegated legislation, 221–2
elections, 67, 69, 71, 90
voting behaviour, 73
electoral system, 27–8, 82, 83, 84, 85
and the European Union, 256, 324, 333, 335
Social Chapter, 326
executive government, 186–7, 193, 194–6
human rights legislation, 149–50, 181–2
joined-up government, 216
judicial accountability, 283
judicial system, 273, 274–5, 276, 279
tenure of judges, 285
lobbying, 137–8
local government, 300, 303
reform, 306–10
media regulation, 146, 147, 148, 149
members of parliament (MPs)
social composition of, 30
status of, 28
ministerial advisers, 224
ministerial responsibility, 178–9, 188
monarchy, 208, 209–12
new right ideology, 6, 54, 60
Official Secrets Act, 235–6
parliament, 254
law making, 239–41, 256–7
and prime ministerial power, 197–8
sovereignty of, 316–17
political parties, 95, 110–11
dominant, 93
leadership elections, 98–9
reforms, 112, 114–16
whip system, 102
pressure groups, 125–6, 130, 132, 133
prime ministers, 193, 195–6, 212
and political authority, 9–10
power of, 197–9
progressivism, 59
quangos, 217
referenda, 37, 38–9
Royal Prerogative, 205, 211, 215, 258
select committees, 266–7
sleaze, 262–3
Social Democratic Party, 157
Supreme Court, 275, 277–8
Terrorism Act (2000), 25
and terrorist legislation, 340
unitary state, 288
and the US ‘special relationship’, 336–8
Welfare State, 6, 13, 45
see also under names of political parties
United Nations (UN), 318–19
United States
affirmative action programmes, 14–15
banning of communism, 24
Bill of Rights, 170, 171
cabinet government, 192
civil rights movement, 128
confederacy, 293
Constitution, 94, 97, 165, 166, 167, 168–9, 170–2
amendments to, 171, 172, 173, 174
contracting out, 232–3
direct democracy, 36
‘divided government’, 203, 204
elections, 23–4, 69
and the European Union, 335–6
executive government, 187, 192, 193–4, 207
federal bureaucracy, 225–6
federalism, 287, 290, 292
iron triangles, 127
judicial politics, 282–3, 284
judicial system, 273, 275, 276
law making in Congress, 241–3
legislators, 27, 29–30
legislature, 246, 251–2, 255, 261–2, 264
lobbying, 127–8, 137
local government, 299
New Deal liberalism, 56
new right ideology, 6, 61–2
policing, 272
political action committees (PACs), 138
political parties, 95, 97, 102–3, 108, 110, 111
and pressure groups, 129
reform, 112–14
political system, 19
populism, 63–4
presidential elections, 102–3, 194
selection of candidates, 100–1, 113–14
presidential powers, 199–206
presidents, 212
pressure groups, 133
progressivism, 58–9
and the rule of law, 12
televised political debates, 152
and terrorism, 338, 339, 340
and the UK ‘special relationship’ 336–8
vice presidency, 205–6
voting registration, 68
Wales, 180, 296, 297, 316
Weber, Max, 9, 215
Welsh Assembly, 180, 297
whistle blowing, 235
women, 29, 32, 51–2
World Bank, 322
World Trade Organization (WTO), 321
xenophobia, 316