hypothermia, 123, 135, 139
IBM, 120, 126, 128
IgA nephropathy, 317
immune system, 52, 60–61
lymphocytes in, 29, 62
transplant rejection, 27, 29, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 96, 97, 159, 160, 169, 170, 251
of heart, 153
of kidney, 78, 92, 93
of lung, 162
skin grafts and, 54
transplant tolerance, 60, 64, 65, 89–90, 338
immunology, 339
golden age of, 95
immunosuppression therapy, 18, 60, 76, 85, 89, 91, 92, 96, 97, 151, 156, 158, 159, 160, 165, 167, 172, 176, 187, 211, 251, 282, 283, 305, 338
antithymocyte globulin, 204
azathioprine, 95–96, 97, 99, 189, 191, 204, 324
cyclosporine, 97–99, 156, 160, 161, 162, 170, 204–5
FK506, 205
prednisone, 99, 191
radiation, 29, 91, 324
in kidney transplantation, 88–89, 91, 92, 94–96
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), 94, 95, 188
steroids, 91, 92, 96, 97, 99, 161, 189, 204, 324
xenotransplantation and, 325
Imuran, see azathioprine
insulin, 186, 188
diabetes and, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 177
International Transplant Society, 203
Jackson Memorial Hospital, 184
Jason (patient), 211–21
jaundice, 185, 191, 212–13, 214, 244
Jay (husband of patient Lisa), 228–31
JB (patient), 171–76
Jefferson Medical College, 120, 128
Jobs, Steve, 307
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 26–28, 184
Johns Hopkins Medical Society, 27
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 76
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 154, 289
Kalayoğlu, Münci, 206, 236
Karp, Bob, 110–12
Katie (donor), 133, 134
Kelly, William, 169
Keynes, John Maynard, 30
kidney, 39–40
kidney disease (renal disease) and kidney failure, 40, 74
Bright’s disease, 45, 78, 92
diabetes and, 167, 168, 169
dialysis for, 19, 40, 43–52, 51–52, 71, 74, 85, 175–76, 301, 322–23, 325
Hume and, 73
Kolff’s invention of, 44–52, 66, 72–73, 113, 129, 139
kidney transplants, 4, 8, 10, 67–99, 103, 140, 153, 157, 166, 188, 204, 284–85, 286, 301
in animals, 25, 71, 77, 78, 83, 94, 95, 98
from animals to humans, 323–25
anuria from deceased-donor kidneys in, 77–78
author’s first as attending surgeon, 67–70
author’s first witnessing of, 40, 42–43, 53, 87
Barnard and, 143
bladder in, 39
Carrel’s work in, 25, 28, 40, 43, 103
for Cindy, 19–20
C.L. as donor for, 259–63
complications following, 310, 317–21
donor kidney preparation in, 36–37
first successful, 83–87
for Gladys, 90–92
Hume’s work in, 70–74, 76–80, 83
Kolff’s work in, 52, 103
dialysis, 44–52, 66, 72–73, 113, 129, 139
living-donor, 74–76, 123, 293–94, 295–96, 300–302, 305
donor’s decision in, 84–85, 295–96, 300
Herrick brothers, 83–87, 91, 96
National Kidney Registry for, 293–94
removal of kidney in, 297–300
Matson procedure as source of kidneys for, 77, 91
Murray’s work in, 83–87, 90–96, 103, 188–89
pancreas transplants combined with, 8, 169, 170, 171
placement of kidney in, 36, 75, 76, 77, 86
radiation in, 88–89, 91, 92, 94–96
rejection in, 78, 92, 93
removal of sick kidneys in, 36
Starzl’s work in, 188, 191
surgical procedure for, 35–39
survival rate in 1960s and 1970s, 97
in twins, 83–87, 91, 93, 94, 96, 188–89
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1
Kirk, Allan, 336
Kirklin, John, 128–29
Klett, Joseph, 153
Knechtle, Stuart, 215
Kohmoto, Takushi, 133
Kolff, Willem, 59
dialysis developed by, 44–52, 66, 72–73, 113, 129, 139
kidney transplant work of, 52, 103
membrane oxygenator of, 52, 129
Nazis and, 46–47, 51
Koop, C. Everett, 205
Korean War, 80, 83, 135, 323
Küss, René, 74–76, 83
Kylie, 279–82
Lancet, 94
Last Lecture, The (Pausch), 209
LeAnn (mother of donor Caleb), 277–79
left ventricular assist device (LVAD), 132–34
legal issues, see ethical and legal issues
Leroudier, Madame, 23
Lillehei, C. Walton, 122, 137, 169, 333, 335
Barnard and, 137–38, 319
bypass and, 128, 129
bubble oxygenator, 129, 135, 141–42
cross-circulation, 122–26, 129, 135
Lillehei, Richard, 169
Lindbergh, Charles, 30, 31
Lisa (patient), 225–32
Lister, Joseph, 27
liver
self-repair in, 184–85, 215
vena cava and, 178–79, 187
liver disease and liver failure, 213, 301
ALC (alcoholic liver disease), 240, 244
see also alcoholism
alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and, 311
ascites in, 17, 185, 189, 191, 226, 244, 263, 311
cirrhosis, 185, 191, 213, 226, 263, 311
alcoholic, 225, 226, 230, 236, 244
hepatitis, 72, 96, 212, 240, 246
alcoholic, 217, 223–24, 225, 235, 237
NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), 224, 240
MELD score and, 12, 215, 225, 240, 244–47, 250–51, 301
NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), 224, 240
primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 213, 214, 217, 219, 220, 242–43, 246, 248
from Wilson’s disease, 258
liver transplants, 96, 99, 164, 178–206, 286, 331–32, 335–36
for alcoholics, 222–38, 246
Herb’s story, 233–38
Lisa’s story, 225–32, 237–38
allocation of livers for, 12, 215, 246–47, 301
MELD scores in, 12, 215, 225, 240, 244–47, 250–51, 301
selection meetings for, 239–40, 244–45
artery clots following, 250, 254
Calne’s work in, 202–4
for Cindy, 11–20
complications following, 311–15, 331–32
cyclosporine in, 204–5
failures and subsequent moratorium on, 200, 201
for Gary, 311–15
and health choices of recipients, 210
alcoholics, 222–38
health evaluation for, 13–14
for Jason, 213–21
living-donor, 245, 247, 300–303, 336
risks in, 301
for Michaela, 255–68
Moore’s work in, 187, 200
for Nate, 240–54
in pigs, 202
procurement operation for, 6–8, 9–10
second transplants, 219–20, 250–51, 254
standard anatomy and variations in, 262
Starzl’s training of surgeons in, 205, 206, 236
Starzl’s work in, 157, 181–89, 199–206
with dogs, 183, 186–88, 191, 200
first human transplant, 191–92, 199–200, 220
for Tito, 193–99
Loma Linda University Medical Center, 325
Lori (mother of donor C.L.), 255–56, 259, 260, 261, 265–67
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 290
>
Lourdes, 24
Lower, Richard, 139–40, 143, 144
heart transplant of, 152–55
lung transplants, 159, 161–62
airway connection in, 159, 160
in animals, 25, 158
double, 162
first, by Hardy, 157–59
heart-lung, 160–61
rejection in, 162
survival rate in, 162
LVAD (left ventricular assist device), 132–34
lymphocytes, 29, 62
Ma, Yo-Yo, 314
Macleod, J. J. R., 168
Man, the Unknown (Carrel), 30–31
M and M (morbidity and mortality) conferences, 315–16
Mary J. (patient), 166–67
Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 73, 87–88, 113–16, 287
Matrix, The, 43
Matson, Donald, 77, 91
Mauriac, François, 178
Mayo Clinic, 128–29, 243
McBride Center for the Professional, 235
McRae, Donald, 148
McRae, Edward, 271
McRae, Stuart, 271
Medawar, Peter, 53, 58–63, 93, 94, 95, 103
acquired immunological tolerance discovered by, 60, 65, 89
skin graft work of, 61–66, 87
MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) scores, 12, 215, 225, 240, 244–47, 250–51, 301
membrane oxygenator, 52, 129
mental illness, 231
alcoholism as, 222, 228, 231
Merrill, John, 73, 74, 84
Mezrich, Joshua D.:
as cardiac surgery resident, 109–12
family of, 9, 11, 340
fellowship at University of
Wisconsin, 4, 9, 25, 164
first kidney transplant as attending surgeon, 67–70
first kidney transplant witnessed by, 40, 42–43, 53, 87
internship and residency at University of Chicago, 87–88, 104–12, 116–19, 164
in medical school, 40–43, 53, 55, 87, 104, 330, 331
patients of, 209–11, 331, 332, 338–39
Cindy, 11–20
Gary, 310–15
Herb, 233–38
Jason, 211–21
JB, 171–76
Lisa, 225–32, 237–38
Mary J., 166–67
Nate, 240–54
Tito, 193–99
Torril, 305
Wayne, 290–91
MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital), 73, 87–88, 113–16, 287
mice, 30, 60, 65, 66, 87
Michaela (patient), 255–68
Miller, Charlie, 302–4
Miller, Henry, 292
Milwaukee Psychiatric Hospital, 235
monkeys, 160, 323
Moore, Francis D. “Franny,” 73–74, 79–80, 83, 86, 94, 187, 200, 203, 328, 335, 337–38
morbidity and mortality conferences, 315–16
motorcycle accidents, 4
Mount Sinai Hospital, 302–3
MRCP, 242
Mukherjee, Siddhartha, 207
Murphy, James, 29
Murray, Joseph, 74, 80–83, 126, 282–86, 288–89, 328, 332–33
kidney transplant work of, 83–87, 90–96, 103, 188–89
Surgery of the Soul, 93, 329–30
Musat, Alex, 227
Mussolini, Benito, 31
Nagasaki, 91
NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), 224, 240
Nate (patient), 240–54
National Academy of Medicine, 336
National Institutes of Health, 28
National Kidney Registry (NKR), 293–94
Nature, 65, 94
Nazis, 31, 44
Kolff and, 46–47, 51
Necker Hospital, 75–76
New England Journal of Medicine, 204, 287
New Yorker, 11, 314
New York Firefighters Skin Bank, 53–58
New York Hospital, 53, 55
New York Times, 303
Nobel Prize, 29, 95, 157
Carrel awarded, 29, 31
Noeud de Vipères, Le (Mauriac), 178
Northwestern University Medical School, 184, 186–87
Notebook E (Fitzgerald), 269
Novartis, 97
nuclear weapons, 91
Odorico, Jon, 260–61
One Life (Barnard), 130
open-heart surgery, 103–29
see also cardiovascular surgery
organ donation, 269
organ donors, deceased, 20, 155, 271–91, 325, 340–41
Caleb, 277–79
C.L., 255–56, 259–63, 264–68
Darvall, Denise, 144–49
death determination and
brain death, 271–72, 273, 280, 281, 285–91
circulatory death, 273, 274
families of, 4, 5, 134, 275–82
information about, 15
Katie, 133, 134
Kylie, 279–82
Tucker, Bruce, 152–55
organ donors, living, 4, 292–305
decisions by, 84–85, 295–96, 300, 302, 304
for kidney transplants, 74–76, 123, 293–94, 295–96, 300–302, 305
donor’s decision in, 84–85, 295–96, 300
Herrick brothers, 83–87, 91, 96 National Kidney Registry for, 293–94
removal of kidney in, 297–300
for liver transplants, 245, 247, 300–303, 336
risks in, 301
risks for, 301–4
Torril, 305
Wayne, 290–91
organ procurement, 4–10, 55–56, 273–76, 281, 284–85
ethical and legal issues in, see
ethical and legal issues
operation in, 5–8
of skin, 55–58
as “procurement” vs. “harvesting,” 56, 275
organ procurement organization (OPO), 4, 214, 216, 259–61, 266
organ recipients
author’s patients, 209–11
Cindy, 11–20
Gary, 310–15
Herb, 233–38
Jason, 211–21
JB, 171–76
Lisa, 225–32
Mary J., 166–67
Nate, 240–54
Tito, 193–99
Blaiberg, Philip, 151–52
donor’s family and, 5, 265–68
Doucette, Mel, 96
Gladys, 90–92
Glidden, Gregory, 123–24, 135
Gohlke, Mary, 160–61
Hall, Tom, 161–62
Herrick, Richard, 83–87, 91, 96
Klett, Joseph, 153
Michaela, 255–68
Riteris, John, 92
Rodriguez, Julie, 201
Russell, John Richard, 158–59
Smith, Winnie, 203
Solis, Bernie, 191–92, 199–200
Tina, 130–34
transplant coordinators and, 216, 240
Washkansky, Louis, 145–52
organ transplantation, historic milestones in, xi
Barnard’s first heart transplant, 144–52, 155, 157, 289
brain death defined, 74, 154, 285–91
Carrel’s work
organ transplantation, 23, 25–29, 31, 32, 40, 43, 52, 59–61, 66, 103
vascular anastomosis, 21–27, 32
cyclosporine, 97–99, 156, 160, 161, 162, 170, 204–5
Gibbon’s cardiopulmonary bypass, 103, 113–16, 119–21, 122, 126–29
Kolff’s work, 52, 103
dialysis, 44–52, 66, 72–73, 113, 129, 139
Medawar’s work, 58, 60–66, 87, 103
acquired immunological tolerance, 60, 65, 89
Murray’s kidney transplant work, 83–87, 90–96, 103, 188–89
Starzl’s first liver transplant in a human, 191–92, 199–200, 220
organ transplants, 19–20, 199, 211, 282, 341
in animals, 25, 27, 60, 74
in dogs, 28, 71, 83, 94, 95, 98
of hearts, 25, 89, 98
of kidneys, 25
, 71, 77, 78, 83, 94, 95, 98
in mice, 60, 65, 66, 87
in pigs, 89–90, 94, 98, 202
in rats, 98
skin grafts, 60, 62, 65, 66, 87
from animals to humans (xenotransplantation), 322–28, 338
baboons in, 325
chimpanzees in, 157, 159, 323–25, 326
FDA and, 325–26
moratorium on, 325
pigs in, 338
rhesus monkey in, 323
viruses and, 326
back-table surgery in, 36–37
coordinators for, 216, 240
ethical and legal issues in, see
ethical and legal issues
immunosuppression therapy for, see immunosuppression therapy
rejection of, 27, 29, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 96, 97, 159, 160, 169, 170, 251
of heart, 153
of kidney, 78, 92, 93
of lung, 162
scar tissue and, 172
tolerance of, 60, 64, 65, 89–90, 338
see also heart transplants; kidney transplants; liver transplants; lung transplants; pancreas transplants; skin grafts
Osler, William, 27, 178
Owen, Ray, 63–64
Oxford University, 59, 62
pancreas, 186
El Diablo (disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome) and, 171–76
surgery on, 163–64
pancreas transplants, 10, 162, 163–77
bladder and, 165
bowel and, 164–65, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174
C.L. as donor for, 260–63
in dogs, 165, 168–69
first human, 169
future of, 176–77
kidney transplants combined with, 8, 169, 170, 171
for Mary J., 166–67
quality-of-life benefit of, 170, 177
Sollinger’s work in, 164–65, 174
Parker, Edith, 322–23, 324–25
patent ductus arteriosus, 127, 128
patients, 207
of author, 209–11, 331, 332, 338–39
Cindy, 11–20
Gary, 310–15
Herb, 233–38
Jason, 211–21
JB, 171–76
Lisa, 225–32, 237–38
Mary J., 166–67
Nate, 240–54
Tito, 193–99
Torril, 305
Wayne, 290–91
see also organ recipients
Pausch, Randy, 209
penicillin, 60
peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), 131–32
PERV (porcine endogenous retrovirus), 327
Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (the Brigham), 71–74, 77–79, 81, 82, 84–87, 90–91, 94–96, 187–89, 200, 287
physical genius, 11, 23, 61, 314
“Physical Genius, The” (Gladwell), 11, 314
pigs, 89–90, 94, 98, 202, 326–27, 336, 338
placebo effect, 287
porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), 327
prednisone, 99, 191
primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 213, 214, 217, 219, 220, 242–43, 246, 248
procurement, see organ procurement
Prometheus, 178
PTSD, 229, 231
pulmonary valve stenosis, 142
Puzzle People, The (Starzl), 181–82, 186
How Death Becomes Life Page 34