by Jason Fung
48. Minor, R. K., et al. “Dietary Interventions to Extend Life Span and Health Span Based on Calorie Restriction.” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 65, no. 7 (2010): 695–703.
49. Minor, R. K., et al. “Dietary Interventions to Extend Life Span and Health Span Based on Calorie Restriction.” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 65, no. 7 (2010): 695–703; Levine, M. E., et al. “Low Protein Intake Is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population.” Cell Metabolism 19, no. 3 (2014): 407–17; Solon-Biet, S. M., et al. “The Ratio of Macronutrients, Not Caloric Intake, Dictates Cardiometabolic Health, Aging, and Longevity in Ad Libitum-Fed Mice.” Cell Metabolism 19, no. 3 (2014): 418–30.
50. Blagosklonny, M. V. “Rapamycin and Quasi-Programmed Aging: Four Years Later.” Cell Cycle 9, no. 10 (2010): 1859–62.
Chapter 4
1. Levine, M. E., et al. “Low Protein Intake Is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1 Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population.” Cell Metabolism 19, no. 3 (2014): 407–17.
2. Fontana, L., et al. “Long-Term Effects of Calorie or Protein Restriction on Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 Concentration in Humans.” Aging Cell 7, no. 5 (2008): 681–7.
3. De Bandt, J. P., and L. Cynober. “Therapeutic Use of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Burn, Trauma, and Sepsis.” Journal of Nutrition 136, 1 Suppl (2006): 308s–13s.
4. Miller, R. A., et al. “Methionine-Deficient Diet Extends Mouse Lifespan, Slows Immune and Lens Aging, Alters Glucose, T4, IGF-I and Insulin Levels, and Increases Hepatocyte MIF Levels and Stress Resistance.” Aging Cell 4, no. 3 (2005): 119–25.
5. McCarty, M. F., and J. J. DiNicolantonio. “The Cardiometabolic Benefits of Glycine: Is Glycine an ‘Antidote’ to Dietary Fructose?” Open Heart (2014). 1:e000103. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2014-000103.
6. “Body Fat Calculator.” Active website. Accessed at www.active.com/fitness/calculators/bodyfat.
7. Rosedale, R. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Protein” (lecture, American Society of Bariatric Physicians (ASBP), October 31, 2006). Accessed at http://drrosedale.com/resources/pdf/The_good_the_bad_and_the_ugly_of_protein.pdf.
8. Cuervo, A. M., et al. “Autophagy and Aging: The Importance of Maintaining ‘Clean’ Cells.” Autophagy 1, no. 3 (2005): 131–40.
9. Cheng, C. W., et al. “Prolonged Fasting Reduces IGF-1/PKA to Promote Hematopoietic-Stem-Cell-Based Regeneration and Reverse Immunosuppression.” Cell Stem Cell 14, no. 6 (2014): 810–23.
10. Brandhorst, S., et al. “A Periodic Diet that Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan.” Cell Metabolism 22, no. 1 (2015): 86–99.
11. Rosedale, R., E. C. Westman, and J. P. Konhilas. “Clinical Experience of a Diet Designed to Reduce Aging.” Journal of Applied Research 9, no. 4 (2009): 159–65.
Chapter 5
1. Hancox, D. “The Unstoppable Rise of Veganism: How a Fringe Movement Went Mainstream.” The Guardian, April 1, 2018. Accessed at www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/01/vegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare.
2. Zelman, K. M. “The Power of Plant Protein.” United Healthcare. Accessed at www.uhc.com/health-and-wellness/nutrition/power-of-plant-protein.
3. “Lacalbumin.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactalbumin.
4. Bounous, G., and P. Gold. “The Biological Activity of Undenatured Dietary Whey Proteins: Role of Glutathione.” Clinical and Investigative Medicine 14, no. 4 (1991): 296–309.
5. Bounous, G., G. Batist, and P. Gold. “Whey Proteins in Cancer Prevention.” Cancer Letter 57, no. 2 (1991): 91–4.
6. Bounous, G., G. Batist, and P. Gold. “Immunoenhancing Property of Dietary Whey Protein in Mice: Role of Glutathione.” Clinical and Investigative Medicine 12, no. 3 (1989): 154–61.
7. Sekhar, R. V., et al. “Glutathione Synthesis Is Diminished in Patients with Uncontrolled Diabetes and Restored by Dietary Supplementation with Cysteine and Glycine.” Diabetes Care 34, no. 1 (2011): 162–7.
8. Berk, M., et al. “The Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine as an Adjunctive Treatment in Bipolar Depression: An Open Label Trial.” Journal of Affective Disorders 135, no. 1–3 (2011): 389–94.
9. Dean, O., F. Giorlando, and M. Berk. “N-Acetylcysteine in Psychiatry: Current Therapeutic Evidence and Potential Mechanisms of Action.” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 36, no. 2 (2011): 78–86.
10. Breitkreutz, R., et al. “Massive Loss of Sulfur in HIV Infection.” AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 16, no. 3 (2000): 203–9.
11. Bounous, G., et al. “Whey Proteins as a Food Supplement in HIV-Seropositive Individuals.” Clinical and Investigative Medicine 16, no. 3 (1993): 204–9.
12. Tse, H. N., et al. “High-Dose N-Acetylcysteine in Stable COPD: The 1-Year, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled HIACE Study.” Chest 144, no. 1 (2013): 106–18; De Flora, S., C. Grassi, and L. Carati. “Attenuation of Influenza-Like Symptomatology and Improvement of Cell-Mediated Immunity with Long-Term N-Acetylcysteine Treatment.” European Respiratory Journal 10, no. 7 (1997): 1535–41.
13. Droge, W. “Oxidative Stress and Ageing: Is Ageing a Cysteine Deficiency Syndrome?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (London) 360, no. 1464 (2005): 2355–72.
14. Op den Kamp, C. M., et al. “Muscle Atrophy in Cachexia: Can Dietary Protein Tip the Balance?” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 12, no. 6 (2009): 611–6.
15. Marchesini, G., et al. “Nutritional Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Advanced Cirrhosis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial.” Gastroenterology 124, no. 7 (2003): 1792–801.
16. D’Antona, G., et al. “Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Promotes Survival and Supports Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Middle-Aged Mice.” Cell Metabolism 12, no. 4 (2010): 362–72.
17. Hoppe, C., et al. “Differential Effects of Casein Versus Whey on Fasting Plasma Levels of Insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3: Results from a Randomized 7-Day Supplementation Study in Prepubertal Boys.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, no. 9 (2009): 1076–83.
18. Cheng, Z., et al. “Inhibition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Hepatitis B Virus Transfected Mice by Low Dietary Casein.” Hepatology 26, no. 5 (1997): 1351–4.
19. Siri-Tarino, P. W., et al. “Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Evaluating the Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 3 (2010): 535–46.
20. Simon, S. “World Health Organization Says Processed Meat Causes Cancer.” American Cancer Society, Oct 26, 2015. Accessed at www.cancer.org/latest-news/world-health-organization-says-processed-meat-causes-cancer.html.
21. Sugiyama, K., Y. Kushima, and K. Muramatsu. “Effect of Dietary Glycine on Methionine Metabolism in Rats Fed a High-Methionine Diet.” Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo) 33, no. 3 (1987): 195–205.
22. McCarty, M. F., and J. J. DiNicolantonio. “The Cardiometabolic Benefits of Glycine: Is Glycine an ‘Antidote’ to Dietary Fructose?” Open Heart 1, no. 1 (2014): e000103.
23. Fang, X., et al. “Dietary Magnesium Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, and All-Cause Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” BMC Medicine 14, no. 1 (2016): 210; Adebamowo, S. N., et al. “Association Between Intakes of Magnesium, Potassium, and Calcium and Risk of Stroke: 2 Cohorts of US Women and Updated Meta-Analyses.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101, no. 6 (2015): 1269–77; Choi, M. K., and Y. J. Bae. “Association of Magnesium Intake with High Blood Pressure in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2009.” PLoS One 10, no. 6 (2015): e0130405; and Aburto, N. J., et al. “Effect of Increased Potassium Intake on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease: System
atic Review and Meta-Analyses.” British Medical Journal 346 (2013): f1378.
24. Song, M., et al. “Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality.” JAMA Internal Medicine 176, no. 10 (2016): 1453–63.
25. Key, T. J., et al. “Mortality in British Vegetarians: Review and Preliminary Results from EPIC-Oxford.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (3 Suppl) (2003): 533s–538s.
26. Shinwell, E. D., and R. Gorodischer. “Totally Vegetarian Diets and Infant Nutrition.” Pediatrics 70, no. 4 (1982): 582–6.
27. McCarty, M. F. “Vegan Proteins May Reduce Risk of Cancer, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease by Promoting Increased Glucagon Activity.” Medical Hypotheses 53, no. 6 (1999): 459–85.
28. Freeman, A. M., et al. “A Clinician’s Guide for Trending Cardiovascular Nutrition Controversies: Part II.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72, no. 5 (2018): 553–68.
29. See note 2 above.
30. Mozaffarian, D., et al. “Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men.” New England Journal of Medicine 364, no. 25 (2011): 2392–404.
31. Jaceldo-Siegl, K., et al. “Tree Nuts Are Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: The Adventist Health Study-2.” PLoS One 9, no. 1 (2014): e85133.
32. Bao, Y., et al. “Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality.” New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 21 (2013): 2001–11.
33. Ibid.
34. Fraser, G. E., and D. J. Shavlik. “Ten Years of Life: Is It a Matter of Choice?” Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1645–52.
35. Rantanen, T., et al. “Midlife Muscle Strength and Human Longevity Up to Age 100 Years: A 44-Year Prospective Study Among a Decedent Cohort.” Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 34, no. 3 (2012): 563–70.
36. Haub, M. D., et al. “Effect of Protein Source on Resistive-Training-Induced Changes in Body Composition and Muscle Size in Older Men.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, no. 3 (2002): 511–7.
37. Campbell, W. W., et al. “Effects of an Omnivorous Diet Compared with a Lactoovovegetarian Diet on Resistance-Training-Induced Changes in Body Composition and Skeletal Muscle in Older Men.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 6 (1999): 1032–9.
38. Campbell, W. W., et al. “The Recommended Dietary Allowance for Protein May Not Be Adequate for Older People to Maintain Skeletal Muscle.” Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56, no. 6 (2001): M373–80.
39. Babault, N., et al. “Pea Proteins Oral Supplementation Promotes Muscle Thickness Gains During Resistance Training: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial vs. Whey Protein.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12, no. 1 (2015): 3.
40. Joy, J. M., et al. “The Effects of 8 Weeks of Whey or Rice Protein Supplementation on Body Composition and Exercise Performance.” Nutrition Journal 12 (2013): 86.
41. Appel, L. J., et al. “Effects of Protein, Monounsaturated Fat, and Carbohydrate Intake on Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids: Results of the OmniHeart Randomized Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 294, no. 19 (2005): 2455–64.
42. Fung, T. T., et al. “Low-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Two Cohort Studies.” Annals of Internal Medicine 153, no. 5 (2010): 289–98.
43. Salvioli, S., et al. “Why Do Centenarians Escape or Postpone Cancer? The Role of IGF-1, Inflammation and p53.” Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 58, no. 12 (2009): 1909–17.
44. Jenkins, D. J., et al. “The Effect of a Plant-Based Low-Carbohydrate (‘Eco-Atkins’) Diet on Body Weight and Blood Lipid Concentrations in Hyperlipidemic Subjects.” Archives of Internal Medicine 169, no. 11 (2009): 1046–54.
45. Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., et al. “Diet-Dependent Acid Load and Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies.” Diabetologia 60, no. 2 (2017): 270–9.
46. Frassetto, L., et al. “Diet, Evolution and Aging—the Pathophysiologic Effects of the Post-Agricultural Inversion of the Potassium-to-Sodium and Base-to-Chloride Ratios in the Human Diet.” European Journal of Nutrition 40, no. 5 (2001): 200–13.
47. Frassetto, L. A., et al. “Worldwide Incidence of Hip Fracture in Elderly Women: Relation to Consumption of Animal and Vegetable Foods.” Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences Med Sci 55, no. 10 (2000): M585–92.
48. See notes 46 and 47 above.
49. Jackson, R. D., et al. “Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Fractures.” New England Journal of Medicine 354, no. 7 (2006): 669–83.
50. Reddy, S. T., et al. “Effect of Low-Carbohydrate High-Protein Diets on Acid-Base Balance, Stone-Forming Propensity, and Calcium Metabolism.” American Journal of Kidney Disease 40, no. 2 (2002): 265–74.
51. Sebastian, A., et al. “Improved Mineral Balance and Skeletal Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women Treated with Potassium Bicarbonate.” New England Journal of Medicine 330, no. 25 (1994): 1776–81; and Goraya, N., et al. “Dietary Acid Reduction with Fruits and Vegetables or Bicarbonate Attenuates Kidney Injury in Patients with a Moderately Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate Due to Hypertensive Nephropathy.” Kidney International 81, no. 1 (2012): 86–93.
Chapter 6
1. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids.” National Academies Press (2005). Accessed at www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/1.
2. Humayun, M. A., et al. “Reevaluation of the Protein Requirement in Young Men with the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, no. 4 (2007): 995–1002.
3. Jackson, A. A., et al. “Synthesis of Erythrocyte Glutathione in Healthy Adults Consuming the Safe Amount of Dietary Protein.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, no. 1 (2004): 101–7.
4. Zelman, K. “The Power of Plant Protein.” United HealthCare Services Inc. Accessed at www.uhc.com/health-and-wellness/nutrition/power-of-plant-protein.
5. Dupont, C. “Protein Requirements During the First Year of Life.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, no. 6 (2003): 1544s–9s.
6. Gartner, L. M., et al. “Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk.” Pediatrics 115, no. 2 (2005): 496–506.
7. Stephens, T. V., et al. “Protein Requirements of Healthy Pregnant Women During Early and Late Gestation Are Higher Than Current Recommendations.” Journal of Nutrition 145, no. 1 (2015): 73–8.
8. Kortebein, P., et al. “Effect of 10 Days of Bed Rest on Skeletal Muscle in Healthy Older Adults.” Journal of the American Medical Association 297, no. 16 (2007): 1772–4.
9. Bauer, J., et al. “Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group.” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 14, no. 8 (2013): 542–59.
10. Alexander, J. W., et al. “The Importance of Lipid Type in the Diet After Burn Injury.” Annals of Surgery 204, no. 1 (1986): 1–8; Berbert, A. A., et al. “Supplementation of Fish Oil and Olive Oil in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Nutrition 21, no. 2 (2005): 131–6; Murphy, R. A., et al. “Nutritional Intervention with Fish Oil Provides a Benefit Over Standard of Care for Weight and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Patients with Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy.” Cancer 117, no. 8 (2011): 1775–82; Rodacki, C. L., et al. “Fish-Oil Supplementation Enhances the Effects of Strength Training in Elderly Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 2 (2012): 428–36; and Ryan, A. M., et al. “Enteral Nutrition Enriched with Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Preserves Lean Body Mass Following Esophageal Cancer Surgery: Results of a Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.” Annals of Surgery 249, no. 3 (2009): 355–63.
11. McWhirter, J., and C. R. Pennington. “Incidence and Recognition of Malnutrition in Hospital.” British Medical Journal 308, no. 693
4 (1994): 945–8.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Healthcare-Associated Infections.” Accessed at www.cdc.gov/HAI/surveillance/.
13. Aquilani, R., et al. “Effects of Oral Amino Acid Supplementation on Long-Term-Care-Acquired Infections in Elderly Patients.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 52, no. 3 (2011): e123–8.
14. Brown, R. O., et al. “Comparison of Specialized and Standard Enteral Formulas in Trauma Patients.” Pharmacotherapy 14, no. 3 (1994): 314–20.
15. Paddon-Jones, D., et al. “Essential Amino Acid and Carbohydrate Supplementation Ameliorates Muscle Protein Loss in Humans During 28 Days Bedrest.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 89, no. 9 (2004): 4351–8.
16. Stokes, T., et al. “Recent Perspectives Regarding the Role of Dietary Protein for the Promotion of Muscle Hypertrophy with Resistance Exercise Training.” Nutrients 10, no. 2 (2018).
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Macnaughton, L. S., et al. “The Response of Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Whole-Body Resistance Exercise Is Greater Following 40 g Than 20 g of Ingested Whey Protein.” Physiology Report 4, no. 15 (2016).
23. See note 16 above.
24. Ibid.
25. Lemon, P. W. “Beyond the Zone: Protein Needs of Active Individuals.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19, 5 Suppl (2000): 513s–21s.
26. See note 16 above.
27. Ibid.
28. Li, P., and G. Wu. “Roles of Dietary Glycine, Proline, and Hydroxyproline in Collagen Synthesis and Animal Growth.” Amino Acids 50, no. 1 (2018): 29–38; Melendez-Hevia, E., et al. “A Weak Link in Metabolism: The Metabolic Capacity for Glycine Biosynthesis Does Not Satisfy the Need for Collagen Synthesis.” Journal of Bioscience 34, no. 6 (2009): 853–72.
29. McCarty, M. F., and J. J. DiNicolantonio. “The Cardiometabolic Benefits of Glycine: Is Glycine an ‘Antidote’ to Dietary Fructose?” Open Heart 1, no. 1 (2014): e000103.