17. Sp.Cal. III:ii,861.
18. Ibid., 845.
19. L.P. IV:ii, 2163.
20. Ibid., IV:iii, 2281; 5p. Cal. III:ii, 889.
21. L.P. IV:iii, 2320, 4322.
22. Ibid., 2354,2410.
23. Correspondance du Cardinal Jean du Bellay, ed. R. Scheurer (Paris, 1969), I, 48.
24. L.P. IV:iii, 2576ff.
25. Hall, II, 153.
Chapter 29
1. L.P. IV:iii, 2743; Edward Lowinsky, "A music book for Anne Boleyn," in Florilegium Historiale: Essays Presented to Wallace K. Ferguson, ed. J. G. Rowe and W. H. Stockdale (Toronto, 1971), 170; Ven. Cal. IV, 287; L.P. IV:iii, 2509. Many contemporary comments suggest that it was common knowledge that Henry and Anne were cohabiting. A proposal was made in the Roman consistory to warn Henry "not to cause scandal by his intimate intercourse with his lady friend" {L.P. IV:iii, 3059). Anne herself reportedly bewailed her "lost honor" during the years of waiting for a favorable papal judgment {L.P. IV:iii, 3035). Charles V received information from Rome in December of 1531 that Anne had miscarried {L.P. V, 281). In the previous month Katherine referred to her husband's having "married another woman without obtaining a divorce" {Sp. Cal. IV:ii:i, 291). On the other hand, in January of 1531 the imperial diplomat Mai wrote to the emperor saying there was "no positive proof of adultery, none having yet been produced
here at Rome, but on the contrary several letters proving the contrary" {Sp. Cal. IV:ii:i, 8). But Mai was far from actual events in England.
2. LP. V, 10-11.
3. Ibid., IV:iii, 3035; V, 27-28.
4. Ibid., V,28.
5. Nicolas, Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII. 4, 88, 133, 90, 183, 13, 101, 97.
6. Ibid., 77.
7. Friedmann, I, 37-38.
8. Ven. Cal. IV, 304.
9. Nicolas. 188, 6, 25, 68; L.P. IV;i:ii, 846; IV:iii, 2358.
10. Nicolas, 10.
11. Ibid., 17,36-37, 115.
12. Ibid., 64, 43, 125, %, 80, 106, 117, 184, 188 andpassim.
13. L.P. I, 54; II:i, 176, 875, 326; Nicolas, Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, 150, 40, 93; L.P. II:ii, 1467, 1461.
14. L.P. IV:iii,2812.
15. Scarisbrick, 176 and note.
16. L.P. IViiii, 2895, 2922, 2946, 2987, 3192; Sp. Cal. IV:i, 6%.
17. Sp. Cal. IV;i, 352.
18. Ibid., 359.
19. Stevens, Music and Poetry, passim.
20. L.P. IVriii, 2683.
21. Ibid., 2781.
22. Ibid., 2849.
23. Ibid., 2729.
24. Ibid., 3035,3054.
25. Sp. Cal. IV:i, 351.
26. L.P. IV;iii,3035.
27. Ibid., IV:ii,2253.
28. Chamberlin, 269-71 and passim: Arthur S. MacNalty, Henry VIII: A difficult patient (London, 952). passim. Attempts to prove that Henry's infected thigh was a secondary symptom of syphilis are unconvincing. An alternative diagnosis is osteomyelitis—a chronic septic infection. Scarisbrick, 485n.
29. Stevens, Music and Poetry, 61.
30. L.P. IV:iii, 2834.
31. Ibid., V,21.
32. Ibid., IV:iii,2757.
Chapter 30
1. L.P. VI,243;5p. CaL IV;ii:i, 609.
2. Ibid., 167.
3. Ibid., 230-31.
4. Ibid., 167.
5. Ibid., IIA^IAA,
6. Sp. Cal. IV:ii;i, 214. Anne's slander may have been rooted in Brandon's courtship and subsequent marriage (after the death of his third wife Mary Tudor) to the young heiress. Catherine Willoughby, who had been betrothed to his son.
7. L.P. VI, 167.
8. Ibid., 266.
9. Ibid., V,425; VI, 328, 674.
10. Sp. Cal. IV:i, 475; IV:ii:i, 412.
11. Ven. Cal. IV, 335.
12. Sp. Cal. IV:i, 368-69.
13. Thomas, 401-2.
14. Sp. Cal. IV:i, 852.
15. Ven. Cal. IV, 357-58, 377.
16. L.P. VI, 397.
17. Ibid., 420,444.
18. Ibid., 450.
19. Ibid., V, 244.
PART FIVE
THE MOULDWARP
Chapter 31
1. L.P. VIII, 230-31.
2. EXion, Reform and Reformation, 132, 135-36.
3. However, Chapuys wrote that Cromwell was "remarkably fond of pomp and ostentation in his household and in building." Sp. Cal. V:i, 569.
4. L.P. Xll-.ii, 12.
5. Ibid., VII, 485.
6. Elton, Reform and Reformation, provides the best current guide to the controversies concerning the 1530s. Many interpretive issues remain unsettled. As Elton has written, the years between 1529 and 1534 continue to be "a very difficult sector" of Tudor history, in which "while most of the facts are reasonably agreed, interpretations differ widely."
7. L.P. VII, 540; VIII, 403; X, 370.
8. /^/V/.,XII:ii, 313; VI, 241.
9. Ibid., VIII, 214-15.
10. Ibid., XII:ii, 243; p. 491 gives another version of the story.
11. Ibid., IV:iii, 2851-52.
12. Ibid., VIII, 357.
13. Ibid., VII, 95, 541.
14. Ibid., X, 307.
15. Ibid., VIII, 320-21; Friedmann, I, 10.
16. L.P. X, 295.
Chapter 32
1. L.P. VII, 583.
2. Ibid., VIII, 388-89.
3. Ibid., 345.
4. Ibid., 429.
5. Thomas Stapleton, The Life and Illustrious Martyrdom of Sir Thomas More, trans. P. E. Hallett (London, 1928), 192.
6. L.P. VII, 592; VIII, 391.
7. Ibid.. VIII, 430.
8. Louis L. Martz and Richard S. Sylvester, eds., Thomas More's Prayer Book: A Facsimile Reproduction of the Annotated Pages (New Haven and London, 1%9), 47^>8.
9. William W. Macdonald, "Anticlericalism, Protestantism, and the English Reformation," Journal of Church and State, XV, No. 1 (Winter 1973), 31-32; Elion, Reform and Reformation, 121; Parmiter, 116; Parker, 19.
10. Sp. Cal. IV:i, 367.
11. Elton, Policy and Police (Cambridge, England, 1972), 88.
12. LP. VIII, 290.
13. Ibid., 12.
14. Ibid., 98; IX, 21-22.
15. Ibid., VII, 506.
16. Ibid., VI, 493.
17. Ibid., VII, 22, 44, 615. The surviving evidence makes it difficult to be sure about Anne's medical history in 1534, but see Chamberlin, 160-63.
18. L.P. VII, 465.
19. Ibid., 485.
20. Lowinsky,182, 188-90, 231,232.
21. L.P. VIII, 15, 61; VII, 282; VIII, 169.
22. Sp. Cal. V:ii, 39.
23. E. W.Ives, "Faction at the Court of Henry VIII," //wrory. LVII, No. 190 (June 1972), passim.
Chapter 33
1. J. Hall, ed., The Poems of Laurence Minot, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1914), 110-11; Thomas, 399-400. The Mouldwarp prophecy was originally applied to Henry IV.
2. L.P. XII:i, 340.
3. John Brand, Observations of Popular Antiquities, arr. and rev. Henry Ellis, 3 vols. (London, 1813), II, 582.
4. L.P. XIII:i, 177-79, 267.
5. John G. Nichols, ed.. Narratives of the Days of the Reformation, Camden Society, Old series, LXXVII (London, 1859), 173-75, 319-31.
6. Cited in George Lyman Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1929), 109-10.
7. LP. IViii, 2222; Elton, Policy and Police, 50.
8. Lynn Thomdike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, 8 vols. (New York, 1923-1958), V, 320-21.
9. Sp. Cal. V:ii, 568.
10. LP. XI, 21.
11. Ibid., VIII, 316; Friedmann, I, 10-11.
12. LP. VIII, 55, 64-65.
13. Ibid., 257.
14. Ibid., VII, 222,448.
15. Ibid., VIII, 13, 139; X, 513.
16. Ibid., VIII, 102; VI, 560.
17. Sp. Cat. V:i, 596.
18. L.P. XI, 334.
Chapter 34
1. L.P. X, 371; Sp. Cat. V:ii, 574.
2. L.P. X, 378, 380, 385.
<
br /> 3. Sp. Cal. V:ii, 122. The queen's crown is described in a 1532 inventory of jewels in L.P. V, 737.
4. L.P. X, 380;5p. Cal. V:ii, 121;L./>. X, 104.
5. L.P. XI, 64.
6. Ibid., 97, 102.
7. Elton, Reform and Reformation, Idl-IQ. Scarisbrick, 339-48, adheres to the traditional view of the revolt as fundamentally, though not exclusively, religious.
8. L.P. XI, 404.
9. Ibid., IX, 149; lugiQ%, Reformation in England, I, 53ff.;L./'. XIII:i, xii.
10. L.P. VII, 51^19; Hughts, Reformation in England, I, 53ff., 57.
11. Cited in Froude, 154.
12. L.P. IX, 11,376.
13. Ibid., VIII, 46.
14. Ibid., IX, xxviii.
15. Hnghts, Reformation in England, I, 285.
16. L.P. XI, xiv, 274; XII:i, 256.
17. Margaret Aston, "English Ruins and English History: The Dissolution and the Sense of the Past," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, No. 36 (1973), 240, 245.
18. L.P. VII, 467-68; Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, eds., Tudor Royal Proclamations (New Haven and London, 1%4), I, 244.
19. L.P. XII:i, 64.
20. Ibid., XI, xxi.
21. Ibid., 269.
22. Ibid., 229-30,266.
23. Ibid., 404.
24. Ibid., xxii.
25. Ibid., XII:i, 579, 582-83.
26. Ibid., XII:ii, 123, 296.
Chapter 35
1. L.P. XII:ii, 311; John Leland, Antiquarii de Rebus Brittanicis Collectanea, 6 vols. (London, 1770), II, 670-77; IV, 302.
2. L.P. XII:ii, 139.
3. Ibid., 364,372-74,388.
4. Ihid., XII:i, 24-25.
5. Creighton Gilbert, "When Did Renaissance Man Grow Old?" Studies in the Renaissance, XIV (1967), 12; Hsde, Renaissance Europe, 17; Thomas, 5, 6n.
6. Yen. Cal. Ill, 276-78, 526.
7. Leslie G. Mathews, "Royal Apothecaries of the Tudor Period," Medical History-, VIII, No. 2 (April 1964), 171-73; Nicolas, Pnvy Purse Expenses of Henry VHI, 79, 124, 165.
8. LP. III:ii, 1562.
9. Sp. Cal. VI:i, 430, 446.
10. LP. XIII:i,368.
11. Ibid., XII:ii,454; Elton, Policy and Police, 73-74.
12. L.P. XIII:i,265.
13. Ibid., Xlliii, 114.
14. Yen. Cal. II, 397.
15. L.P. VII, 555.
16. Ibid., 372.
17. Ibid., XII:ii, 479; Oman, "Personality," 90.
18. Nicolas, Privy Purse Expenses of Henry YIII, 351; L.P. XII:ii, 483.
19. Williams, Royal Residences, 152-53; John Dent, The Quest for Nonsuch (London, 1962), 56; Elizabeth Burton, The Pageant of Early Tudor England (New York, 1976), 258.
20. L.P. XIII:i,9.
21. Ibid., IV:ii,2145.
22. Elton, Reform and Reformation, 279-81. Margaret Pole had been under suspicion since the time of the trial of the duke of Buckingham, though Henry in 1535 called her "a fool, of no experience," and could hardly have looked on her as a dangerous conspirator. Brewer, I, 384; L.P. VIII, 101.
23. L.P. Xllliii, 318.
Chapter 36
1. Sp. Cal. VI:i, 24.
2. L.P. Xllhii, 9; Sp. Cal. VI:i, 28.
3. LP. VIII, xiiff.
4. Ibid., XIILii, xxii; A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation, 7; Scarisbrick, 403ff.
5. E. Jeffries Davis, "The Transformation of London," in Tudor Studies presented by the Board of Students in History in the University of London to Albert Frederick Pollard, ed. R. W. Seton-Watson (London, 1924), 305ff.
6. L.P. XIV:i,475;XII:ii, 130.
7. Ibid., XIILii, 355-56, xxviii.
8. Ibid., XIV:i, 438-39.
9. Richard Bruce Wemham, Before the Armada: the Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485-1588 (London, 1966), 143^M; Crowson, 115; L.P. XIILii, 116; XI, 135;XIV:i,401.
10. LP. XIV:i,362.
11. Ibid., 241,339.
12. Ibid., 165.
13. Ibid., xxxiv-xxxvi.
Chapter 37
1. L.P. XIII:i, 9; XII:ii, 414-15.
2. Margaret Bowker, "The Supremacy and the Episcopate: The Struggle for Control, 1539-1540," HistoricalJournal, XVIII, No. 2 (June 1975), 241.
3. L.P. XI, 10.
4. Ibid., XII:ii, 348; XIII:i, 285.
5. Sp. Cal. V:ii, 531.
6. L.P. XII:ii, 419; XIII:i, 109.
7. Sp. Cal. V:ii, 520.
8. L.P. XIII:i, 251;XIV:ii, 141.
9. Ibid., Xlllii, 367,451.
10. Sp. Cal. VI:i, 6.
11. Ibid.; L.P. XIII:ii, 28-29.
12. L.P. XIV:ii, 77.
13. Sp. Cal. V:ii, 574; L.P. Xlllii, 415, 558.
14. L.P. XIII:i,425,367.
15. Ibid., XIV:ii,9.
16. Sp. Cal. V:ii, 509; L.P. XIII:ii, 120.
17. L.P. XV, xix; Elton, Policy and Police, 57.
18. L.P. XIV:i,213.
19. Ibid., 430.
20. Ibid., XIV:ii, 135.
21. Ibid., 203,231.
22. This account of Anne of Cleves' coming to England is taken from L.P. XV, 4-5; XIV:ii, 246-47.
23. Ibid., XV, 4.
24. Ibid., XIV:ii,283.
25. Ibid., XV, 389, 422 and Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on Manuscripts in the Welsh Language, Vol. I (London, 1898), viii.
Chapter 38
1. L.P. XV, 422.
2. Ibid., 3S9, 422.
3. Sp. Cal. VI:i, xi-xii.
4. L.P. XV, 423.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 391, 423; Hall, II, 302.
7. L.P. XV, 391,423.
8. Ibid., 87.
9. Ibid., 27,307.
10. Ibid., 447.
11. Elton, Reform and Reformation, 191-92.
12. Hughes, Reformation in England, I, 224.
13. LP. XIII:i.368, 171.
14. Ibid., XV, 243.
15. Elton, Reform and Reformation, 293-94; Stanford E. Lehmberg, "Parliamentary Attainder in the reign of Henry VIII," HistoricalJournal, XVIII, No. 4 (December 1975), 694-95.
16. L.P. XV, 395.
17. Ibid., 417,457.
18. Ibid., 446.
PART SIX
OLD HARRY
Chapter 39
1. L.P. XVI, 466.
2. Ibid., 507.
3. Ibid., 111.
4. Hall, 11,311.
5. L.P. XV, xvi-xvii.
6. Ibid., XIV:i,53.
7. Ibid., 31.
8. Ibid., XV, 493.
9. Ibid., XIV:i,379;XVI,411.
10. Ibid., XV, 312.
11. Ibid., XVI, 636.
12. Ibid., XV, 321.
13. Sp. Cal. VI:i, 305, 328.
14. LP. XVI, 482.
15. Ibid., 533.
16. Ibid., 532-34.
17. Ibid., 558.
18. Ibid., 598.
Chapter 40
1. LP. XVI, 60^9, 615-16.
2. Ibid., 611,613,630.
3. Ibid., 610.
4. Sp. Cal. VI:i,3%.
5. LP. XVI, 620, 631,666.
6. Ibid., XVII, 44, 50.
7. Sp. Cal. VI:i, 408; J. D. Mackie, The Earlier Tudors 1485-1558 (Oxford, 1952), 419; LP. XVII, 44, 50.
8. Sp. Cal. VI:i, 505.
9. L.P. XVI, 665.
10. Sp.Cal. VI:i, 410-11.
11. L.P. XVI, 284.
12. Ibid., XVIII:ii, 108-10.
13. /6/t/.,XV,57;XIV:i,448.
14. Michael Hattaway, "Marginalia by Henry VIII in His Copy of the Bokes of Salomon," Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, IV, No. 2 (1%5), 166-70.
15. L.P. XVII, 40, 717.
16. Sp. Cal. VI:i, 473.
17. L.P. XVII, 119.
18. Ibid., XVI, 217.
19. Sp.Cal. VI:i,471.
20. Ibid., 413-14. In Flanders an opposite rumor circulated, to the effect that Anne was given to sensual excess and was as deserving of Henry's wrath as Catherine Howard. Or perhaps in his fear that Henry might remarry the Protestant Anne, Chapuys
exaggerated the story. Ibid., 408.
21. Ibid., 549; L.P. XV, 446.
Chapter 41
1. L.P. XVIII:i, 490.
2. William P. Haugaard, "Katherine Parr: The Religious Convictions of a Renaissance Queen,'' Renaissance Quarterly, XXII, No. 4 (Winter 1969), 354-55.
3. L.P. XIX:i, 390-91.
4. Sp.Cal. VI:i, 315-16.
5. L.P. XVII, 198.
6. L. R. Shelby, John Rogers, Tudor Military Engineer (Oxford, 1967), 79.
7. L.P. XIV:ii, 368; XVI, 481; 5p.Ca/. VI:i, 343.
8. L.P. XVI, 339.
9. Ibid., XVIII:ii, 175, 197.
10. Ibid., XIX:i,487.
Chapter 42
1. C. S. L. Davies, "Provisions for Armies, 1509-1560: A Study in the Effectiveness of Early Tudor Government," EconHR, XVII, No. 2 (December 1964), 234; L.P. XIX:i, 145ff., 163.
2. Davies, "Provisions," 244.
3. L.P. XIX:i, 164-65.
4. Ibid., XIX:ii, 101.
5. Cited in Davies, "Provisions," 244n.
6. L.P. XIX:i, 578.
7. Sp. Cal. VII, 262-63.
8. L.P. XIX:i, 592.
9. Byrne, 364. Henry expressed a similar sentiment to De. Courrieres. Sp. Cal., VII, 284.
10. Sp. Cal. VII, 2S6, L.P. XIX:ii, 89.
11. L,P. XIX:ii,65.
12. Ibid., XIX:i,601.
13. Sp. Cal. VII, 335.
14. L.P. XIX:i,601.
15. Ibid., 529-30.
16. Ibid., XIX:ii, 134.
17. Ibid., XIX:i,610.
18. Byrne, 365-68.
19. L.P. XIX:ii, 101.
20. Ibid., XIX:i,606, 611.
21. Ibid., XIX:ii, xxv and note, 124, 241; Shelby, 54.
22. L.P. XIX:ii, 241^2; Sp. Cal. VII, 285, 341-42.
23. L.P. XIX:ii, 99, 206.
24. Ibid., 119, 127.
25. Ibid., 132.
Chapter 43
1. Sp. Cal. VIII, 2.
2. Ibid., 130,L.P. XX:i,24.
3. Sp. Cal. VIII, 190; L.P. XX:ii, 17,39.
4. Sp. Cal. VIII, 204.
5. L.P. XX:ii,6, ix, 104, 154.
6. Sp. Cal. VIII, 236, 237.
7. Elton, Reform and Reformation, 310-11. Estimates of the cost of the campaign of 1544 vary. See Scarisbrick, 453, and Frederick Dietz, English Public Finance, 1485-1641 (New York, 1964).
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