12. Stated in a lecture at the Lenin School on Political Warfare in Moscow, 1931.
13. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. X, pp. 172-173.
14. V.I. Lenin, Lenin On Organization, p. 95.
15. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 351.
16. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. VIII, pp. 315-316.
17. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. V, p. 147.
18. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. V, p. 142.
19. Program of the Communist International, p. 66.
20. P.E. Vyshinsky, "Communism and the Motherland," in Problems in Philosophy, Vol. 2, 1948.
21. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 327.
22. Lenin, The Great Strategist of the Class War, p. 17.
23. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 377.
24. Fundamentals of Communism, published by the Communist Party of America, p. 31.
25. Fundamentals of Communism, published by the Communist Party of America, p. 31.
26. Fundamentals of Communism, published by the Communist Party of America, p. 31.
27. Fundamentals of Communism, published by the Communist Party of America, p. 31.
28. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 298.
29. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 312.
30. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 374.
31. The Communist, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 1921, p. 11.
32. The Communist, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 1921, p. 11.
33. Joseph Stalin, "Party After Seizure of Power," Pravda, August 28, 1921.
34. Program of the Communist International, p. 84.
35. Program of the Communist International, p. 76.
36. The Thesis and Statutes of the Communist International, as adopted at the Second World Congress, July to August 7, 1920, p. 28.
37. Communism in the United States, p. 8.
38. "Resolution On the Relation of Communist Parties To Soviet Government Representatives," adopted by the second convention of the Communist Party of America, in The Communist, Volume II, No. 8, p. 8, August 1, 1920.
39. Alexander Trachtenberg, "The Soviet Union and the American People," appearing in The Communist, Vol. XVIII, No. 9, p. 885, September 1939.
40. "Remarks on the Discussion Concerning the Dissolution of the Communist International," appearing in The Communist, Vol. XXII, No. 11, p. 1020, November 1943.
41. "Remarks on the Discussion Concerning the Dissolution of the Communist International," appearing in The Communist, Vol. XXII, No. 11, p. 1028, November, 1943.
42. "Remarks on the Discussion Concerning the Dissolution of the Communist International," appearing in The Communist, Vol. XXII, No. 11, p. 1021
43. Gil Green, "The Dissolution of the Communist International," a speech delivered on May 26, 1943, p. 3.
44. Gil Green, "The Dissolution of the Communist International," a speech delivered on May 26, 1943, p. 8.
45. Gil Green, "The Dissolution of the Communist International," a speech delivered on May 26, 1943, p. 9.
46. Stalin's Order of the Day, No. 130, May 1, 1942, quoted in On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, Foreign Language Publishing House, Moscow, 1946, p. 59.
47. V.I. Lenin, Left-wing Communism -- An Infantile Disorder, International Publishers, New York, 1940, pp. 75-76.
48. Quoted in Department of State Publication No. 4264, p. 30.
49. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. IX, p. 477.
50. Radio Moscow, August 20, 1950.
51. William Z. Foster, Syndicalism, p. 9.
52. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. IX, p. 478.
53. Marx-Engles, Communist Manifesto; also quoted in the Communist Handbook, p. 35.
54. Friedrich Engels, quoted in Handbook of Marxism, p. 249.
55. Quoted from the Russian Dictionary under Christian Economics, Vol. III, No. 7, March 27, 1951.
56. Friedrich Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 64.
57. Young Bolshevik, No. 5-6, 1946, p. 58.
58. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, International Publishers, New York 1943, Vol. XI.
59. V.I. Lenin, Religion, p. 9.
60. E. Yaroslavsky, Religion in the USSR, p. 20.
61. Young Bolshevik, No. 5-6, 1946, p. 56.
62. Young Communist Truth, October 18, 1947.
63. V.I. Lenin, Religion, p. 14.
64. E. Yaroslavsky, Religion in the USSR, pp. 36-37.
65. Quoted in Congressional Record, Vol. 77, pp. 1539-1540.
66. Quoted from the Small Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1947, Vol. XI, p. 1045.
67. Joseph Stalin, The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, Moscow, 1946, p. 55.
68. Karl Marx, Selected Essays, pp. 92-97.
69. E. Yaroslavsky, Religion in the USSR, p. 61.
70. E. Yaroslavsky, Religion in the USSR, p. 61.
71. V.I. Lenin, Religion, p. 14.
72. Radio Leningrad, August 27, 1950.
73. Joseph Stalin, Leninism, Vol. 1, p. 387.
74. V.I. Lenin, Religion, Introduction, pp. 3-6.
75. Teachers Gazette, March 17, 1947.
76. Quoted in the U.S. Dept of State Publication, No. 4264, p. 25.
77. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. IX, p. 242.
78. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. X, p. 266.
79. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. X, p. 266.
80. V.I. Lenin in Selected Works, Vol. X, p. 266.
81. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. VIII, p. 87.
82. Quoted by Lenin in his Selected Works, Vol. VII, p. 81.
83. Vyshinsky, Law of the Soviet State, MacMillan Co., New York 1948, p. 617.
84. Joseph Stalin, Leninism, Vol. 1, p. 403.
85. Joseph Stalin, Leninism, Vol. I, p. 404.
86. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, Vol. VII, p. 123.
87. Andrei Y. Vyshinsky, The Law of the Soviet State, p. 498.
88. Literary Gazette, September 3, 1949.
89. "For Further Progress In Soviet Schools," taken from Culture and Life, August 31, 1947.
90. Teacher's Gazette, September 13, 1947.
91. V.I. Lenin, Left-Wing Communism, p. 38.
92. Quoted in House Un-American Activities Committee publication, 100 Things You Should Know About Communism, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949, p. 78.
93. Quoted in House Un-American Activities Committee publication, 100 Things You Should Know About Communism, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949, p. 78.
94. Quoted in House Un-American Activities Committee publication, 100 Things You Should Know About Communism, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949, pp. 78-79
95. Fundamentals of Communism, published by the Communist Party of America, p. 19.
Appendix B
How Does a People Build a Free Nation?
During the latter part of the eighteenth century a phenomenal political development occurred which created the framework for a new civilization. This was the establishment of the first free people in modern times. In the panoramic history of the human race it was an epic achievement.
At the time this important political leap took place the whole pattern of human existence was bogged down by three man-made systems which had enslaved mankind. The first was the political system throughout the world which consisted of monarchial dictatorships where life, liberty and property were subject to the more or less fickle whims of individual potentates. The second oppressive system was the economic pattern of the world which was rooted in a variety of feudal contracts where the majority of the people wore out their lives as serfs on vast estates carved from the spoils of military conquest. The third system which dominated the lives of mankind was the overexpansion of institutionalized religion. The professional guardians of man's spiritual welfare had practically choked off all channels of free spiritual expression so that matters of opinion and conscience were often scrutinized and controlled by oppressive surveillance.
Rise of the Liberals
For several hundred ye
ars prior to the eighteenth century a few liberal rebels had struck out fiercely against the Frankenstein systems which enmeshed mankind, and many of these liberals had left their mark. They were called "liberals" because they desired to liberate the race from these man-made systems. They wanted man controlling the systems instead of the systems enslaving man. Today "liberals" are often those who would like to restore those systems and once more make man their minions, but here we shall speak of liberals in the original sense -- "liberators from man-made systems."
The first group of liberals to gravitate together in sufficient quantities to take decisive action was a contingent of visionary men scattered among the American colonies. Historians say it is surprising how few voices in that day were prepared to speak up for complete liberation, but these few were sufficiently strong to chart a blueprint for the first free nation in modern times.
Of course, in many ways it was a most reckless venture. These American political pioneers risked life, property and the rights of citizenship by participating in this liberation movement. Nevertheless, they were successful to a degree never exceeded by political leaders in any other time or generation. Perhaps the following outline will illustrate why.
Political Philosophy of American Founding Fathers
The American founding fathers were very uncommon men. They were neither anarchists nor revolutionists but were among the most successful political and business leaders from each of the colonies. In this sense, they were both physically and mentally equipped to be empire builders, and before the king had made his imperialism completely intolerable they had, in many cases, been among the most active subjects of the king carrying out the crown's business among the colonies. Therefore, by their own contemporary standards, they could scarcely be called "proletariat." As a group they were students of economics and political science, and when they set their hands to the task of creating a new nation they drained off the best thinking of men like John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu and Adam Smith besides adding many ingenious contributions from the inspiration of their own minds.
All of this evolved into a unique political philosophy worthy of the most careful study. The documents these men produced reflect the ingredients of this philosophy. They reveal that those who subscribed to it had the following fundamental convictions:
They believed that certain inalienable rights of man are derived from God and not from any human agency; therefore, no human agency can rightfully disturb them.
They believed class distinctions must be eliminated, that there is no place among free men for classes or castes. The public officer, the merchant, the banker, the farmer, the mechanic, the teacher -- all are honorable and necessary, worthy of being treated as equals. They believed the progress of the human race will not be the result of pitting one class against another but will come by uniting all groups or classes in one concentrated offensive against man's common enemies: poverty, ignorance, disease and war.
They believed that in pursuing happiness, men must be free to work at any livelihood which their experience, training and native qualifications will permit them to secure and hold.
They believed men must be free to enjoy the fruits of their labor -- which means the protection of property rights.
They believed men must be secure in their homes and the Privacy of their lives. They believed there must be good will, generosity and tolerance between those of difference professions, those of different religions and those of different races.
A Philosophy Becomes a Reality
The translating of these principles from theory to practice has been a long and painfully slow process. Nevertheless, the historic steps which were followed constitute the straight and narrow way through which any and every people must pass if they are to gain and retain their freedom. These historic steps were as follows:
First: The redemption of the people's freedom by an official Declaration of Independence in 1776.
Second: The enforcement of that Declaration by resort to arms from 1776 to 1783.
Third: For the first time in the history of the world a government was established with its powers strictly defined in a written document -- the United States Constitution.
Fourth: The Constitution provided for a republican form of government. This is government by elected representatives rather than government by emotional mass participation as a pure democracy.
Fifth: For the first time in history a government was set up under a sovereign trinity -- three equal branches of governmental authority -- the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The separation of powers among three equal branches of government came from the brilliant mind of Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755). James Madison was a particularly warm admirer of Montesquieu and was responsible for the introduction of this principle into the framework of the Constitution.
Sixth: Each branch of government was to be subject to a system of checks and balances from the other two branches so as to maintain a healthy balance of power. Government has been defined as society's power of "organized coercion." The genius of Montesquieu's principle of separation of powers is the fact that when one branch of government exceeds its authority, one or both of the other branches combine against it to use their powers of coercion to put down the oppression of the offending branch. This makes it unnecessary to have the people rise up in revolutionary force to put down oppression.
Seventh: All powers not specifically delegated to the Federal Government were retained by the states and the people. The doctrine of the contractual basis of government with the reservation of political sovereignty in the people was described by John Locke in his "Second Treatise of Civil Government," published in 1690.
Eighth: The following freedoms were guaranteed to the sovereign citizen:
1. Freedom of religion (First Amendment)
2. Freedom of speech (First Amendment)
3. Freedom of press (First Amendment)
4. Freedom of assembly (First Amendment)
5. Freedom to petition the government for grievances (First Amendment)
6. Freedom to bear arms (Second Amendment)
7. Freedom from illegal search of persons, houses, papers or effects (Fourth Amendment)
8. Freedom from prosecution without due process of law (Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments)
9. Freedom from multiple prosecutions for the same offense (Fifth Amendment)
10. Freedom from the necessity of testifying against one's self (Fifth Amendment)
11. Freedom from imprisonment without a speedy and public trial (Sixth Amendment)
12. Freedom from excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments (Eighth Amendment)
13. Freedom from slavery or involuntary servitude (Thirteenth Amendment added in 1865)
14. Freedom to vote regardless of race or sex (Fifteenth Amendment added in 1870 and the Nineteenth Amendment added in 1920)
Ninth: Social and political reform along liberal lines was encouraged within the various states. While serving as governor of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson led the way by encouraging public education, dividing church and state, breaking down the medieval laws of inheritance to prevent monopoly of land and wealth, advocating the emancipation of slaves, prohibiting the importation of slaves, revising the criminal laws, suggesting representation according to population; declaring the right to vote should be extended to all men who might be subject to military duty and not merely to landowners; encouraging self-government in the counties and towns of the state.
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