by Tim Flannery
10 Brookes, R., A New and Accurate System of Natural History: The Natural History of Waters, Earths, Stones, Fossils, and Minerals with their Virtues, Properties and Medicinal Uses, to which Is Added, the Method in which Linnaeus has Treated these Subjects, J. Newberry, London, 1763.
11 International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp
12 Edinger, T., ‘Personalities in Palaeontology—Nopcsa’, Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology News Bulletin, Vol. 43, pp. 35–39, New York, 1955.
13 Colbert, E. H., Men and Dinosaurs, E. P. Dutton, New York, 1968.
14 Veselka, V., ‘History Forgot this Rogue Aristocrat Who Discovered Dinosaurs and Died Penniless’, Smithsonian Magazine, July 2016.
CHAPTER 3
1 Nopcsa, F., ‘Die Dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen Landesteile Ungarns’, Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuch der Ungarischen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Vol. 23, pp. 1–24, 1915. Unsurprisingly, Abel dismissed this work.
2 Colin Groves, personal communication. The skeleton was in fact a composite that had been made up of the bones of several individuals.
3 Thomson, K., ‘Jefferson, Buffon and the Moose’, American Scientist, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 200–02, 2008.
4 Buffetaut, E. et al, ‘Giant Azhdarchid Pterosaurs from the Terminal Cretaceous of Transylvania (Western Romania)’, Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 89, pp. 180–184, 2002.
5 Panciroli, E, ‘Great Winged Transylvanian Predators Could have Eaten Dinosaurs’, Guardian, 8 February 2017.
CHAPTER 4
1 Skelton, T. W., The Cretaceous World, Chapter 5, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
2 Koch, C. F. and Hansen, T. A., ‘Cretaceous Period Geochronology’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1999.
CHAPTER 5
1 Darwin, C., On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, John Murray, London, 1859.
2 Zhang, P. et al, ‘Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Family Salamandridae (Amphibia: Caudata) Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes’, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Vol. 49, pp. 586–97, 2008.
3 Ibid.
CHAPTER 6
1 Mayol, J. et al, ‘Supervivencia de Baleaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Discoglossidae) a Les Muntanyes de Mallorca’, nota preliminar, Butll. Inst. Cat, Hist. Nat., 45 (Sec. Zool., 3) pp. 115–19, 1980.
2 Koestler, A., The Case of the Midwife Toad, Random House, New York, 1971.
3 Semon, R., Die mnemischen Empfindungen, William Engelmann, Leipzig, 1904; English translation: Semon, R., The Mneme, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1921. Both Sigmund Freud and the Church of Scientology borrowed heavily from Semon’s ideas.
4 Cock, A. and Forsdyke, D. R., Treasure Your Exceptions: The Science and Life of William Bateson, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2008.
5 Raje, J.-C. and Rocek, Z., ‘Evolution of Anuran Assemblages in the Tertiary and Quaternary of Europe, in the Context of Palaeoclimate and Palaeogeography’, AmphibiaReptilia, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 133–67, 2003.
CHAPTER 7
1 Vila, B. et al, ‘The Latest Succession of Dinosaur Tracksites in Europe: Hadrosaur Ichnology, Track Production and Palaeoenvironments’, PLOS ONE, 3 September 2013.
2 Perlman, D., ‘Dinosaur Extinction Battle Flares’, Science, 7 February 2013.
3 Keller, G., ‘Impacts, Volcanism and Mass Extinction: Random Coincidence or Cause and Effect’, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 52, pp. 725–57, 2005.
4 Sandford, J. C. et al, ‘The Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary Deposit in the Gulf of Mexico: Large-scale Oceanic Basin Response to the Chicxulub Impact’, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 121, pp. 1240–61, 2016.
5 Yuhas, A., ‘Earth Woefully Unprepared for Surprise Comet or Asteroid, Nasa Scientist Warns’, Guardian, 13 December 2016.
CHAPTER 8
1 International Commission on Stratigraphy, International Union of Geological Sciences, www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
2 Labandeira, C. C. et al, ‘Preliminary Assessment of Insect Herbivory across the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary: Major Extinction and Minimum Rebound’, in Hartman, J. H. et al, eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous, Geological Society of America, 2002.
3 De Bast, E. et al, ‘Diversity of the Adapisoriculid Mammals from the Early Paleocene of Hainin, Belgium’, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 35–52, Warsaw, 2012.
4 Taverne, L. et al, ‘On the presence of the Osteoglossid Fish Genus Scleropages (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes) in the Continental Paleocene of Hainin (Mons Basin, Belgium)’, Belgian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 137, No. 1, pp. 89–97, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, 2007.
5 Delfino, M. and Sala, B., ‘Late Pliocene Albanerpetontidae (Lissamphibia) from Italy’, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 716–19, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, New York, 2007.
6 Puértolas, E. et al, ‘Review of the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene Crocodylomorphs of Europe: Extinction Patterns across the K–PG Boundary’, Cretaceous Research, Vol. 57, pp. 565–90, 2016.
7 Folie, A. & Smith, T., ‘The Oldest Blind Snake Is in the Early Paleocene of Europe’, Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, Turin, Italy, June 2014.
8 Folie, A. et al, ‘New Amphisbaenian Lizards from the Early Paleogene of Europe and Their Implications for the Early Evolution of Modern Amphisbaenians’, Geologica Belgica, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 227–35, 2013.
9 Longrich, N. R. et al, ‘Biogeography of Worm Lizards (Amphisbaenia) Driven by End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Vol. 282, Issue 1806, 2015.
10 Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. et al, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure, Columbia University Press, New York, 2004.
11 Smith, T. and Codrea, V., ‘Red Iron-Pigmented Tooth Enamel in a Multituberculate Mammal from the Late Cretaceous Transylvanian “Hateg Island”’, PLOS ONE, Vol. 10, No. 7, San Francisco, 2015.
12 De Bast, H. et al, ‘Diversity of the Adapisoriculid Mammals from the Early Paleocene of Belgium’, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Vol. 57, pp. 35–52, Warsaw, 2011.
CHAPTER 9
1 Malthe-Sørenssen, A. et al, ‘Release of Methane from a Volcanic Basin as a Mechanism for Initial Eocene Global Warming’, Nature, Vol. 429, pp. 542–45, 2004.
2 Cui, Y. et al, ‘Slow Release of Fossil Carbon during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum’, Nature Geoscience, Vol. 4, pp. 481–85, 2011.
3 Beccari, O., Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo. A Constable & Co, London, 1904.
4 Hooker, J. J., ‘Skeletal Adaptations and Phylogeny of the Oldest Mole Eotalpa (Talpidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) from the UK Eocene: The Beginning of Fossoriality in Moles’, Palaeontology, Vol. 59, Issue 2, pp. 195–216, 2016.
5 He, K. et al, ‘Talpid Mole Phylogeny Unites Shrew Moles and Illuminates Overlooked Cryptic Species Diversity’, Mol. Biol. Evol. Vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 78–87, 2016.
6 Hooker, J. J., A Two-Phase Mammalian Dispersal Event Across the Paleocene–Eocene Transition’, Newsletters on Stratigraphy, Vol. 48, pp. 201–20, 2015. (The elephant shrew genus in question is Cingulodon.)
7 De Bast, E. and Smith, T., ‘The Oldest Cenozoic Mammal Fauna of Europe: Implications of the Hainin Reference Fauna for Mammalian Evolution and Dispersals during the Paleocene’, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 741–85, Natural History Museum, London, 2017.
8 Mayr, G., ‘The Paleogene Fossil Record of Birds in Europe’, Biological Reviews, Vol. 80, Issue 4, pp. 515–42, Cambridge Philosophical Society, 2005.
9 Angst, D. et al, ‘Isotopic and Anatomical Evidence of an Herbivorous Diet in the Early Tertiary Giant Bird Gastornis: Implications for the Structure of Paleocene Terrestrial Ecosystems’, Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 101, Issue 4, pp. 313–
22, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2014.
10 Folie, A. et al, ‘A New Scincomorph Lizard from the Palaeocene of Belgium and the Origin of Scincoidea in Europe’, Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 92, Issue 11, pp. 542–46, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2005.
11 Ibid.
12 Russell, D. E. et al, ‘New Sparnacian Vertebrates from the “Conglomerat de Meudon” at Meudon, France’, Comptes Rendus, Vol. 307, pp. 429–33, Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1988.
CHAPTER 10
1 Switek, B. ‘A Discovery that Will Change Everything (!!!) … Or Not’, ScienceBlogs, 18 May 2009.
2 Strong, S. and Schapiro, R., ‘Missing Link Found? Scientists Unveil Fossil of 47-Million-Year-Old Primate, Darwinius Masillae’, Daily News, 19 May 2009.
3 Leake, J. and Harlow, J., ‘Origin of the Specious’, Times Online, 24 May 2009.
4 Amundsen, T. et al, ‘Ida’ er oversolgt, Aftenposten – Ida er en oversolgt bløff, Nettavisen, Dagbladet, 20 May 2009.
5 Cline, E. ‘Ida-lized! The Branding of a Fossil’, Seed Magazine, USA, 22 May 2009.
6 Hooker, J. J. et al, ‘Eocene–Oligocene Mammalian Faunal Turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: Calibration to the Global Time Scale and the Major Cooling Event’, Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 161, pp. 161–72, March 2004.
7 Mayr, G., ‘The Paleogene Fossil Record of Birds in Europe’, Biological Reviews, Vol. 80, pp. 515–42, 2005.
8 Mayr, G., ‘The Paleogene Fossil Record of Birds in Europe’, Biological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 515–42.
CHAPTER 11
1 Wallace, C. C., ‘New Species and Records from the Eocene of England and France Support Early Diversification of the Coral Genus Acropora’, Journal of Paleonology, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 313–28, 2008.
2 Duncan, P. M., A Monograph of the British Fossil Corals, Second Series, Part 1, ‘Introduction: Corals from the Tertiary Formations’, Palaeontographical Society, London, 1866.
3 Ibid.
4 Tang, C. M., ‘Monte Bolca: An Eocene Fishbowl’, in Bottiger, D. et al, (eds.), Exceptional Fossil Preservation, Columbia University Press, New York, 2002.
5 Ibid.
6 Bellwood, D. R., ‘The Eocene Fishes of Monte Bolca: The Earliest Coral Reef Fish Assemblage’, Coral Reefs, Vol. 15, pp. 11–19, 1996.
CHAPTER 12
1 Huyghe, D. et al, ‘Middle Lutetian Climate in the Paris Basin: Implications of a Marine Hotspot of Palaeobiodiversity’, Facies, Springer Verlag, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 587–604, 2012.
2 Gee, H., ‘Giant Microbes that Lived for a Century’, Nature, 19 August 1999.
3 Kirkpatrick, R., The Nummulosphere: An Account of the Organic Origin of socalled Igneous Rocks and of Abyssal Red Clays, Lamley and Co., London, 1913.
4 Waddell, L. M. and Moore T. C., ‘Salinity of the Eocene Arctic Ocean from Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Fish Bone Carbonate’, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Vol. 23, Issue 1, March 2008.
5 Ibid.
6 Barke, J. et al, (2012). ‘Coeval Eocene Blooms of the Freshwater Fern Azolla in and around Arctic and Nordic Seas’, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 337–38, pp. 108–19, 2012.
CHAPTER 13
1 Sheldon, N. D., ‘Coupling of Marine and Continental Oxygen Isotope Records During the Eocene–Oligocene Transition’, GSA Bulletin, Vol. 128, pp. 502–10, 2015.
2 Hooker, J. J. et al, ‘Eocene–Oligocene Mammalian Faunal Turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: Calibration to the Global Time Scale and the Major Cooling Event’, Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 161, pp. 161–72, March 2004.
3 Arkgün, F. et al, ‘Oligocene Vegetation and Climate Characteristics in North-West Turkey: Data from the South-Western Part of the Thrace Basin’, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 22, pp. 277–303, 2013.
4 Ibid.
5 Mazzoli, S. and Helman, M. ‘Neogene Patterns of Relative Plate Motion for Africa-Europe: Some Implications for Recent Central Mediterranean Tectonics’, Geol Rundsch, Vol. 83, pp. 464–68, 1994.
6 Sundell, K. A., ‘Taphonomy of a Multiple Poebrotherium Kill Site—an Archaeotherium Meat Cache’, Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, Vol. 19, Supp. 3, 79a, 1999.
7 Pickford, M. and Morales, J., ‘On the Tayassuid Affinities of Xenohyus Ginsburg, 1980, and the Description of New Fossils from Spain’, Estudios Geologicos. Vol. 45, pp. 3–4, 1989.
8 Weiler, U. et al, ‘Penile Injuries in Wild and Domestic Pigs’, Animals, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 25, 2016.
9 www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/woman-mauled-byviciousherd-of-javelinas-in-arizona/news-story
10 Menecart, B., ‘The Ruminantia (Mammalia, Certiodactyla) of the Oligocene to the Early Miocene of Western Europe: Systematics, Palaeoecology and Palaeobiogeography’, PhD thesis 1756, University of Fribourg, 2012.
CHAPTER 14
1 Ibid.
2 Mayr, G., ‘The Paleogene Fossil Record of Birds in Europe’, Biological Reviews, Vol. 80, pp. 515–42, 2005.
3 Mayr, G. and Manegold, A., ‘The Oldest European Fossil Songbird from the Early Oligocene of Germany’, Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 91, pp. 173–77, 2004.
4 Low, I., Where Song Began: Australia’s Birds and How They Changed the World, Penguin Books Australia, Melbourne, 2014.
5 Ibid.
6 Naish, D., ‘The Amazing World of Salamander’, Scientific American blog, 1 October 2013.
7 Naish, D., ‘When Salamanders Invaded the Dinaric Karst: Convergence, History and the Re-emergence of the Troglobitic Olm’, Tetrapod Zoology, 17 November 2008.
1 Antoine, P. O. and Becker, D., ‘A Brief Review of Agenian Rhinocerotids in Western Europe’, Swiss Journal of Geoscience, Vol. 106, Issue 2, pp. 135–46, 2013.
CHAPTER 15
2 Campani, M. et al, ‘Miocene Palaeotopography of the Central Alps’, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vols. 337–38, pp. 174–85, 2012.
3 Jiminez-Moreno, G. and Suc, J. P., ‘Middle Miocene Latitudinal Climatic Gradient in Western Europe: Evidence from Pollen Records’, Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiology, Vol. 253, pp. 224–41, 2007.
4 Čerňanskŷ, A. et al, ‘Fossil Lizard from Central Europe Resolves the Origin of Large Body Size and Herbivory of Giant Canary Island Lacertids’, Zoological Journal of the Zoological Society, Vol. 176, pp. 861–77, 2015.
5 Böhme, M. et al, ‘The Reconstruction of Early and Middle Miocene Climate and Vegetation in Southern Germany as Determined from the Fossil Wood Flora’, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 253, pp. 91–114, 2007.
6 Henry, A. and McIntyre, M., ‘The Swamp Cypresses, Glyptostrobus of China and Taxodium of America, with Notes on Allied Genera’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 37, pp. 90–116, 1926.
7 Meller, B. et al, ‘Middle Miocene Macro Floral Elements from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria, Part 1, Ginkgo adiantoides (Unger) Heer’, Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 108, pp. 185–98, 2015.
CHAPTER 16
1 Antoine, P. O. and Becker, D., ‘A Brief Review of Agenian Rhinocerotids in Western Europe’, Swiss Journal of Geoscience, Vol. 106, pp. 135–46, 2013.
2 Hooker, J. J. and Dashzeveg, D., ‘The Origin of Chalicotheres (Perrisodactyla, Mammalia)’, Palaeontology, Vol. 47, pp. 1363–68, 2004.
3 Sembrebon, G. et al, ‘Potential Bark and Fruit Browsing as Revealed by Mibrowear Analysis of the Peculiar Clawed Herbivores Known as Chalicotheres (Perrisodactyla, Chalioctheroidea)’, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, Vol. 18, pp. 33–55, 2010.
4 Barry, J. C. et al, ‘Oligocene and Early Miocene Ruminants (Mammalia:Artiodactyla) from Pakistan and Uganda’, Palaeontologia Electronica, Vol. 8, 2005.
5 Mitchell, G. and Skinner, J. D., ‘On the Origin, Evolution and Phylogeny of Giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis’, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, Vol. 58, pp. 51–73, 2010.
6 Fossilworks: Eotragus.
7 Van der Made, J. and Mazo, A. V., ‘Proboscidean Dispersal from Africa towards Western Europe’, in Reumer, J. W. F. e
t al (eds.), ‘Advances in Mammoth Research’, Proceedings of the Second International Mammoth Conference, Rotterdam, 16–20 May 1999, 2003.
8 Wang, L.-H. and Zhang, Z.-Q., ‘Late Miocene Cervavitus noborossiae (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from Lantian, Shaanxi Province’, Vetebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 52, pp. 303–15, 2013.
9 Menecart, B., ‘The Ruminantia (Mammalia, Certiodactyla) of the Oligocene to the Early Miocene of Western Europe: Systematics, Palaeoecology and Palaeobiogeography’, PhD thesis 1756, University of Fribourg, 2012.
10 Garćes, M. et al, ‘Old World First Appearance Datum of “Hipparion” Horses: Late Miocene Large Mammal Dispersal and Global Events’, Geology, Vol. 25, pp. 19–22, 1997.
11 Agusti, J., ‘The Biotic Environments of the Late Miocene Hominids’, in Henke and Tattersal (eds), Handbook of Palaeoanthropology, Vol. 1, Ch. 5, Springer Reference, 2007.
12 Johnson, W. E. et al, ‘The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment’, Science, Vol. 311, pp. 73–77, 2006.
13 López-Antoňanzas, R. et al, ‘New Species of Hispanomys (Rodentia, Cricetodontinae) from the Upper Miocene of Ballatones (Madrid, Spain)’, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 160, pp. 725–27, 2010.
14 Salesa, M. J. et al, ‘Inferred Behaviour and Ecology of the Primitive SabreToothed Cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain’, Journal of Zoology, Vol. 268, pp. 243–54, 2006. Salesa, M. J. et al, ‘First Known Complete Skulls of the Scimitar-Toothed Cat Machairodus aphanistus (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Spanish Late Miocene Site of Batallones–1’, Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 957–69, 2004.
15 Sotnikova, M. and Rook, L., ‘Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene’, Quaternary International, Vol. 212, pp. 86–97, 2010.
16 AFP, ‘First Python Fossil Unearthed in Germany’, 17 October 2011.