by Demosthenes
[101] Neither do anything that is unworthy of this court, nor, if a worthless person is found among those who enjoy the grant, let him keep it; only let each case be judged on its merits. But if Leptines shall say that that is all talk and humbug, this at any rate is not mere talk; let him bring in the amended law himself and cease to say that we will not do so. It is surely a greater honor to propose the law, stamped with your approval, than this of his own devising.
[102] ἐμοὶ δ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, δοκεῖ Λεπτίνης （καί μοι μηδὲν ὀργισθῇς: οὐδὲν γὰρ φλαῦρον ἐρῶ σε） ἢ οὐκ ἀνεγνωκέναι τοὺς Σόλωνος νόμους ἢ οὐ συνιέναι. εἰ γὰρ ὁ μὲν Σόλων ἔθηκεν νόμον ἐξεῖναι δοῦναι τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ᾧ ἄν τις βούληται, ἐὰν μὴ παῖδες ὦσι γνήσιοι, οὐχ ἵν᾽ ἀποστερήσῃ τοὺς ἐγγυτάτω γένει τῆς ἀγχιστείας, ἀλλ᾽ ἵν᾽ εἰς τὸ μέσον καταθεὶς τὴν ὠφέλειαν ἐφάμιλλον ποιήσῃ τὸ ποιεῖν ἀλλήλους εὖ,
[102] It seems to me, Athenians, that Leptines — and pray, be not angry, for I am not going to say anything offensive about you — Leptines has either never read Solon’s laws or else does not understand them. For if Solon made a law that every man could grant his property to whomsoever he pleased, in default of legitimate offspring, not with the object of depriving the next of kin of their rights of consanguinity, but that by making the prize open to all he might excite a rivalry in doing good one to another;
[103] σὺ δὲ τοὐναντίον εἰσενήνοχας μὴ ἐξεῖναι τῷ δήμῳ τῶν αὑτοῦ δοῦναι μηδενὶ μηδέν, πῶς σέ τις φήσει τοὺς Σόλωνος ἀνεγνωκέναι νόμους ἢ συνιέναι; ὃς ἔρημον ποιεῖς τὸν δῆμον τῶν φιλοτιμησομένων, προλέγων καὶ δεικνὺς ὅτι τοῖς ἀγαθόν τι ποιοῦσιν οὐδ᾽ ὁτιοῦν ἔσται πλέον.
[103] and if you, on the contrary, have proposed a law that the people shall not be permitted to bestow on any man any part of what is their own, how can you be said to have read or understood the laws of Solon? You make the nation barren of would-be patriots by proclaiming unmistakably that those who benefit us shall gain nothing by it.
[104] καὶ μὴν κἀκεῖνος τῶν καλῶς δοκούντων ἔχειν νόμων Σόλωνός ἐστι, μὴ λέγειν κακῶς τὸν τεθνεῶτα, μηδ᾽ ἂν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκείνου τις ἀκούῃ παίδων αὐτός: σὺ δὲ ποιεῖς, οὐ λέγεις κακῶς τοὺς τετελευτηκότας τῶν εὐεργετῶν, τῷ δεῖνι μεμφόμενος καὶ τὸν δεῖν᾽ ἀνάξιον εἶναι φάσκων, ὧν οὐδὲν ἐκείνοις προσῆκεν. ἆρ᾽ οὐ πολὺ τοῦ Σόλωνος ἀποστατεῖς τῇ γνώμῃ;
[104] Again, there is another excellent law of Solon, forbidding a man to speak ill of the dead, even if he is himself defamed by the dead man’s children. You do not speak ill of our departed benefactors, Leptines; you do ill to them, when you blame one and assert that another is unworthy, though these charges have nothing to do with the dead men. Are you not very far from the intention of Solon?
[105] πάνυ τοίνυν σπουδῇ τις ἀπήγγελλέ μοι περὶ τοῦ μηδενὶ δεῖν μηδὲν διδόναι, μηδ᾽ ἂν ὁτιοῦν πράξῃ, τοιοῦτόν τι λέγειν αὐτοὺς παρεσκευάσθαι, ὡς ἄρ᾽ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καλῶς πολιτευόμενοι καὶ Θηβαῖοι οὐδενὶ τῶν παρ᾽ ἑαυτοῖς διδόασι τοιαύτην οὐδεμίαν τιμήν: καίτοι καὶ παρ᾽ ἐκείνοις τινές εἰσιν ἴσως ἀγαθοί. ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκοῦσιν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πάντες οἱ τοιοῦτοι λόγοι παροξυντικοὶ μὲν εἶναι πρὸς τὸ τὰς ἀτελείας ὑμᾶς ἀφελέσθαι πεῖσαι, οὐ μέντοι δίκαιοί γ᾽ οὐδαμῇ. οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοῶ τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι Θηβαῖοι καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ἡμεῖς οὔτε νόμοις οὔτ᾽ ἔθεσιν χρώμεθα τοῖς αὐτοῖς οὔτε πολιτείᾳ.
[105] Now I have been quite seriously informed that with regard to the absolute prohibition of all rewards, whatever a man’s services may be, our opponents are prepared to use some such argument as this. The Lacedaemonians, who are a well-organized state, and the Thebans grant no such reward to any of their citizens, and yet possibly there are some good men among them. In my opinion, men of Athens, all such arguments are provocative, and intended to persuade you to abolish the immunities, but just they are certainly not. For I am quite aware that the Thebans and the Lacedaemonians and ourselves do not observe the same laws and customs, nor the same form of government.
[106] αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο πρῶτον, ὃ νῦν οὗτοι ποιήσουσιν, ἐὰν ταῦτα λέγωσιν, οὐκ ἔξεστι ποιεῖν παρὰ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις, τὰ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἐπαινεῖν νόμιμα οὐδὲ τὰ τῶν δείνων, πολλοῦ γε καὶ δεῖ, ἀλλ᾽ ἃ τῇ παρ᾽ ἐκείνοις πολιτείᾳ συμφέρει, ταῦτ᾽ ἐπαινεῖν ἀνάγκη καὶ ποιεῖν. εἶτα καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῶν μὲν τοιούτων ἀφεστᾶσιν, ἄλλαι δέ τινες παρ᾽ ἐκείνοις εἰσὶ τιμαί, ἃς ἀπεύξαιτ᾽ ἂν ἅπας ὁ δῆμος ἐνταυθοῖ γενέσθαι.
[106] For in the first place, if this is their argument, they are about to do exactly what a man cannot do at Sparta — praise the laws of Athens or of any other state; nay, so far from that, he is obliged to praise, as well as do, whatever accords with his native constitution. Then again, though the Lacedaemonians do not hold with these customs, yet there are other honors at Sparta, which our citizens to a man would shrink from introducing here.
[107] τίνες οὖν εἰσιν αὗται; τὰς μὲν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐάσω, μίαν δ᾽ ἣ συλλαβοῦσα τὰς ἄλλας ἔχει, δίειμι. ἐπειδάν τις εἰς τὴν καλουμένην γερουσίαν ἐγκριθῇ παρασχὼν αὑτὸν οἷον χρή, δεσπότης ἐστὶ τῶν πολλῶν. ἐκεῖ μὲν γάρ ἐστι τῆς ἀρετῆς ἆθλον τῆς πολιτείας κυρίῳ γενέσθαι μετὰ τῶν ὁμοίων, παρὰ δ᾽ ἡμῖν ταύτης μὲν ὁ δῆμος κύριος, καὶ ἀραὶ καὶ νόμοι καὶ φυλακαὶ ὅπως μηδεὶς ἄλλος κύριος γενήσεται, στέφανοι δὲ καὶ ἀτέλειαι καὶ σιτήσεις καὶ τοιαῦτ᾽ ἐστίν, ὧν ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς ὢν τύχοι.
[107] What, then, are those honors? Not to take each singly, I will describe one which comprises all the rest. Whenever a man for his good conduct is elected to the Senate, or Gerusia, as they call it, he is absolute master of the mass of citizens. For at Sparta the prize of merit is to share with one’s peers the supremacy in the State; but with us the people is supreme, and any other form of supremacy is forbidden by imprecations and laws and other safeguards, but we have crowns of honor and immunities and free maintenance and similar rewards, which anyone may win, if he is a good citizen.
[108] καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἀμφότερ᾽ ὀρθῶς ἔχει, καὶ τἀκεῖ καὶ τὰ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν. διὰ τί; ὅτι τὰς μὲν διὰ τῶν ὀλίγων πολιτείας τὸ πάντας ἔχειν ἴσον ἀλλήλοις τοὺς τῶν κοινῶν κυρίους ὁμονοεῖν ποιεῖ, τὴν δὲ τῶν δήμων ἐλευθερίαν ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν �
�μιλλα, ἣν ἐπὶ ταῖς παρὰ τοῦ δήμου δωρειαῖς πρὸς αὑτοὺς ποιοῦνται, φυλάττει.
[108] And both these customs are right enough, the one at Sparta and the other here. Why? Because in an oligarchy harmony is attained by the equality of those who control the State, but the freedom of a democracy is guarded by the rivalry with which good citizens compete for the rewards offered by the people.
[109] καὶ μὴν περὶ τοῦ γε μηδὲ Θηβαίους μηδένα τιμᾶν, ἐκεῖν᾽ ἂν ἔχειν εἰπεῖν ἀληθὲς οἴομαι. μεῖζον, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, Θηβαῖοι φρονοῦσιν ἐπ᾽ ὠμότητι καὶ πονηρίᾳ ἢ ὑμεῖς ἐπὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ καὶ τῷ τὰ δίκαια βούλεσθαι. μήτ᾽ οὖν ἐκεῖνοί ποτε παύσαιντο, εἰ ἄρ᾽ εὔξασθαι δεῖ, τοὺς μὲν ἑαυτοὺς ἀγαθόν τι ποιοῦντας μήτε τιμῶντες μήτε θαυμάζοντες, τοὺς δὲ συγγενεῖς （ἴστε γὰρ ὃν τρόπον Ὀρχομενὸν διέθηκαν） οὕτω μεταχειριζόμενοι, μήθ᾽ ὑμεῖς τἀναντία τούτοις τοὺς μὲν εὐεργέτας τιμῶντες, παρὰ δὲ τῶν πολιτῶν λόγῳ μετὰ τῶν νόμων τὰ δίκαια λαμβάνοντες.
[109] Again, with regard to the absence of honors at Thebes, I think I can express the truth thus. The Thebans, men of Athens, plume themselves more on brutality and iniquity than you on humanity and love of justice. If a prayer may be allowed, may they never cease to withhold honor and admiration from those who do them service, or to deal with kindred states in the same way （For you remember how they treated Orchomenus.） And never may you cease to do the opposite, honoring your benefactors and winning your rights from your fellow-citizens by debate and in harmony with the laws!
[110] ὅλως δ᾽ οἶμαι τότε δεῖν τοὺς ἑτέρων ἐπαινεῖν τρόπους καὶ ἔθη τοῖς ὑμετέροις ἐπιτιμῶντας, ὅταν ᾖ δεῖξαι βέλτιον ἐκείνους πράττοντας ὑμῶν. ὅτε δ᾽ ὑμεῖς, καλῶς ποιοῦντες, καὶ κατὰ τὰς κοινὰς πράξεις καὶ κατὰ τὴν ὁμόνοιαν καὶ κατὰ τἄλλα πάντ᾽ ἄμεινον ἐκείνων πράττετε, τοῦ χάριν ἂν τῶν ὑμετέρων αὐτῶν ἐθῶν ὀλιγωροῦντες ἐκεῖνα διώκοιτε; εἰ γὰρ καὶ κατὰ τὸν λογισμὸν ἐκεῖνα φανείη βελτίω, τῆς γε τύχης ἕνεχ᾽ ᾗ παρὰ ταῦτ᾽ ἀγαθῇ κέχρησθε, ἐπὶ τούτων ἄξιον μεῖναι.
[110] And in general, I think that then only ought you to praise the habits and character of other nations and decry your own, when it is possible to prove that they are more prosperous than you. As long as you （thank Heaven!） are more prosperous than they, in public policy, in internal harmony, and in every other way, why should you belittle your national institutions and imitate theirs? Even if theirs could be proved superior in theory, yet the good fortune that you have enjoyed under your own institutions makes it worth your while to retain them.
[111] εἰ δὲ δεῖ παρὰ πάντα ταῦτ᾽ εἰπεῖν ὃ δίκαιον ἡγοῦμαι, ἐκεῖν᾽ ἂν ἔγωγ᾽ εἴποιμι. οὐκ ἔστι δίκαιον, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίων νόμους οὐδὲ τοὺς Θηβαίων λέγειν ἐπὶ τῷ τοὺς ἐνθάδε λυμαίνεσθαι, οὐδὲ δι᾽ ὧν μὲν ἐκεῖνοι μεγάλοι τῆς ὀλιγαρχίας καὶ δεσποτείας εἰσί, κἂν ἀποκτεῖναι βούλεσθαι τὸν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν τούτων τι κατασκευάσαντα, διὰ δ᾽ ὧν ὁ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν δῆμος εὐδαίμων, ταῦθ᾽ ὡς ἀνελεῖν δεῖ λεγόντων τινῶν ἐθέλειν ἀκούειν.
[111] Besides all this, if I must say what I think is right, I would put it in this way. It is not right, Athenians, to cite the laws of the Lacedaemonians or of the Thebans in order to undermine the laws established here; it is not right that you should want to put a man to death for transplanting to Athens any of the institutions that have made those nations great, and yet lend a willing ear to those who propose to destroy the institutions under which our democracy has flourished.
[112] ἔστι τοίνυν τις πρόχειρος λόγος, ὡς ἄρα καὶ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῶν προγόνων πόλλ᾽ ἀγάθ᾽ εἰργασμένοι τινὲς οὐδενὸς ἠξιοῦντο τοιούτου, ἀλλ᾽ ἀγαπητῶς ἐπιγράμματος ἐν τοῖς Ἑρμαῖς ἔτυχον: καὶ ἴσως τοῦθ᾽ ὑμῖν ἀναγνώσεται τοὐπίγραμμα. ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἡγοῦμαι τοῦτον τὸν λόγον, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, κατὰ πόλλ᾽ ἀσύμφορον εἶναι τῇ πόλει λέγεσθαι, πρὸς δὲ καὶ οὐδὲ δίκαιον.
[112] Then they have another argument ready; that even at Athens in former generations men who had rendered great services met with no recognition of this sort, but were content with an inscription in the Hermes-Portico. Perhaps indeed the inscription will be read to you. But in my opinion, Athenians, this argument is in many ways prejudicial to the State, besides being unjust.
[113] εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἀναξίους εἶναί τις φήσει κἀκείνους τιμᾶσθαι, τίς ἄξιος, εἰπάτω, εἰ μήτε τῶν προτέρων μηδεὶς μήτε τῶν ὑστέρων: εἰ δὲ μηδένα φήσει, συναχθεσθείην ἂν ἔγωγε τῇ πόλει, εἰ μηδεὶς ἐν ἅπαντι τῷ χρόνῳ γέγον᾽ ἄξιος εὖ παθεῖν. καὶ μὴν εἴ γ᾽ ὁμολογῶν ἐκείνους εἶναι σπουδαίους μὴ τετυχηκότας δείξει μηδενός, τῆς πόλεως ὡς ἀχαρίστου δήπου κατηγορεῖ. ἔστι δ᾽ οὐχ οὕτω ταῦτ᾽ ἔχοντα, οὐδ᾽ ὀλίγου δεῖ: ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδάν τις οἶμαι κακουργῶν ἐπὶ μὴ προσήκοντα πράγματα τοὺς λόγους μεταφέρῃ, δυσχερεῖς ἀνάγκη φαίνεσθαι.
[113] For if anyone says that even these men deserved no honor, let him say who does deserve it, if there is no one either before or after them. If he shall say “no one,” I should be very sorry for our city, if no one in the course of its history has proved worthy of reward. Again, if while admitting their merit he points out that they got nothing by it, assuredly he accuses the city of ingratitude. But that is not the truth or anything like it; but whenever a man maliciously gives a wrong twist to his arguments, I think they must appear hateful.
[114] ὡς δὲ τἀληθές τ᾽ ἔχει καὶ δίκαιόν ἐστι λέγειν, ἐγὼ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐρῶ. ἦσαν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πολλοὶ τῶν πρότερον σπουδαῖοι, καὶ ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν ἐτίμα καὶ τότε τοὺς ἀγαθούς: αἱ μέντοι τιμαὶ καὶ τἄλλα πάντα τὰ μὲν τότ᾽ ἦν ἐπὶ τοῖς τότ᾽ ἔθεσιν, τὰ δὲ νῦν ἐπὶ τοῖς νῦν. πρὸς οὖν τί τοῦτο λέγω; ὅτι φήσαιμ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγ᾽ ἐκείνους οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅτου παρὰ τῆς πόλεως οὐ τυχεῖν ὧν ἐβουλήθησαν.
[114] I, however, will explain the case to you, as truth and justice demand. There were, men of Athens, plenty of zealous citizens in former generations, and our city even then honored its good men; only honors then, like everything else, reflected the temper of the times, just as they now reflect the temper of today. And why do I say this? Because for myself I should be inclined to assert that they did get from the State everything that they wished.
[115] τίνι χ
ρώμενος τεκμηρίῳ; ὅτι Λυσιμάχῳ δωρειάν, ἑνὶ τῶν τότε χρησίμων, ἑκατὸν μὲν ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ πλέθρα γῆς πεφυτευμένης ἔδοσαν, ἑκατὸν δὲ ψιλῆς, ἔτι δ᾽ ἀργυρίου μνᾶς ἑκατόν, καὶ τέτταρας τῆς ἡμέρας δραχμάς. καὶ τούτων ψήφισμ᾽ ἔστιν Ἀλκιβιάδου, ἐν ᾧ ταῦτα γέγραπται. τότε μὲν γὰρ ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν καὶ γῆς ηὐπόρει καὶ χρημάτων, νῦν δ᾽ εὐπορήσει: δεῖ γὰρ οὕτω λέγειν καὶ μὴ βλασφημεῖν. καίτοι τίν᾽ οὐκ ἂν οἴεσθε νῦν τὸ τρίτον μέρος τούτων ἀντὶ τῆς ἀτελείας ἑλέσθαι; ὅτι τοίνυν ἀληθῆ λέγω, λαβέ μοι τὸ ψήφισμα τουτί.”Ψήφισμα”
[115] What is my evidence? Lysimachus, only one of the worthies of that day, received a hundred roods of orchard in Euboea and a hundred of arable land, besides a hundred minas of silver and a pension of four drachmas a day. And the decree in which these gifts are recorded stands in the name of Alcibiades. For then our city was rich in lands and money, though now — she will be rich some day; for I must put it in that way to avoid anything like obloquy. Yet today who, think you, would not prefer a third of that reward to mere immunity? To prove the truth of my words, please take the decree. “ Decree”