by Demosthenes
[44] οὐ μόνον δ᾽ ἐπὶ τούτων τοῖς ἐκ προαιρέσεως ὑβρισταῖς χαλεποὺς ὄντας ἰδεῖν ἔστι τοὺς νόμους, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων. τί γὰρ δή ποτ᾽, ἄν τις ὀφλὼν δίκην μὴ ἐκτίνῃ, οὐκέτ᾽ ἐποίησ᾽ ὁ νόμος τὴν ἐξούλην ἰδίαν, ἀλλὰ προστιμᾶν ἐπέταξε τῷ δημοσίῳ; καὶ πάλιν τί δή ποτ᾽, ἂν μὲν ἑκὼν παρ᾽ ἑκόντος τις λάβῃ τάλαντον ἓν ἢ δύ᾽ ἢ δέκα καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἀποστερήσῃ, οὐδὲν αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἐστίν, ἂν δὲ μικροῦ πάνυ τιμήματος ἄξιόν τις λάβῃ, βίᾳ δὲ τοῦτ᾽ ἀφέληται, τὸ ἴσον τῷ δημοσίῳ προστιμᾶν οἱ νόμοι κελεύουσιν ὅσον περ δὴ τῷ ἰδιώτῃ;
[44] It is not only in these, but in all cases, that the laws may be seen to be severe against premeditated outrages. For how is it that if a man who has lost his case fails to pay, the law thereupon is not content with a private suit for ejectment, but directs the imposition of a further fine to the treasury? Or again, how is it that if a man takes from another by mutual consent a sum of one, two, or ten talents, and then fraudulently withholds it, the State has no concern with him; but if a man, taking something that would merit only a trifling fine, keeps it back by force, then the laws direct the jury to impose an additional fine for the treasury equal to that paid to the private owner?
[45] ὅτι πάνθ᾽ ὅσα τις βιαζόμενος πράττει κοίν᾽ ἀδικήματα καὶ κατὰ τῶν ἔξω τοῦ πράγματος ὄντων ἡγεῖθ᾽ ὁ νομοθέτης: τὴν μὲν γὰρ ἰσχὺν ὀλίγων, τοὺς δὲ νόμους ἁπάντων εἶναι, καὶ τὸν μὲν πεισθέντ᾽ ἰδίας, τὸν δὲ βιασθέντα δημοσίας δεῖσθαι βοηθείας. διόπερ καὶ τῆς ὕβρεως αὐτῆς τὰς μὲν γραφὰς ἔδωκεν ἅπαντι τῷ βουλομένῳ, τὸ δὲ τίμημ᾽ ἐποίησεν ὅλον δημόσιον: τὴν γὰρ πόλιν ἡγεῖτ᾽ ἀδικεῖν, οὐ τὸν παθόντα μόνον, τὸν ὑβρίζειν ἐπιχειροῦντα, καὶ δίκην ἱκανὴν τὴν τιμωρίαν εἶναι τῷ παθόντι, χρήματα δ᾽ οὐ προσήκειν τῶν τοιούτων ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῷ λαμβάνειν.
[45] The answer is that the legislator regarded every deed of violence as a public offence, committed against those also who are not directly concerned. For force belongs to the few, but the laws to all alike; and the man who agreed to the transaction can right himself privately, but the victim of violence needs relief at the hands of the State. On this principle, for the actual assault the law grants everyone the right to prosecute, but makes over the whole of the fine to the State. The legislator considered that the State, as well as the injured party, was wronged by the author of the outrage, and that his punishment was sufficient compensation for the victim, who ought not to make money for himself out of such wrongs.
[46] καὶ τοσαύτῃ γ᾽ ἐχρήσαθ᾽ ὑπερβολῇ, ὥστε κἂν εἰς δοῦλον ὑβρίζῃ τις, ὁμοίως ἔδωκεν ὑπὲρ τούτου γραφήν. οὐ γὰρ ὅστις ὁ πάσχων ᾤετο δεῖν σκοπεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρᾶγμ᾽ ὁποῖόν τι τὸ γιγνόμενον: ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ εὗρεν οὐκ ἐπιτήδειον, μήτε πρὸς δοῦλον μήθ᾽ ὅλως ἐξεῖναι πράττειν ἐπέτρεψεν. οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν, οὐκ ἔστιν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῶν πάντων οὐδὲν ὕβρεως ἀφορητότερον, οὐδ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ὅτῳ μᾶλλον ὑμῖν ὀργίζεσθαι προσήκει. ἀνάγνωθι δ᾽ αὐτόν μοι λαβὼν τὸν τῆς ὕβρεως νόμον: οὐδὲν γὰρ οἷον ἀκούειν αὐτοῦ τοῦ νόμου.
[46] Indeed he went to such extreme lengths that even if a slave was assaulted, he granted him the same right of bringing a public action. He thought that he ought to look, not at the rank of the sufferer, but at the nature of the act, and when he found the act unjustifiable, he would not give it his sanction either in regard to a slave or in any other case. For nothing, men of Athens, nothing in the world is more intolerable than a personal outrage, nor is there anything that more deserves your resentment. Read me the actual law with regard to it. There is nothing like hearing the law’s own words.
[47] “Νόμος
ἐάν τις ὑβρίζῃ εἴς τινα, ἢ παῖδα ἢ γυναῖκα ἢ ἄνδρα, τῶν ἐλευθέρων ἢ τῶν δούλων, ἢ παράνομόν τι ποιήσῃ εἰς τούτων τινά, γραφέσθω πρὸς τοὺς θεσμοθέτας ὁ βουλόμενος Ἀθηναίων οἷς ἔξεστιν, οἱ δὲ θεσμοθέται εἰσαγόντων εἰς τὴν ἡλιαίαν τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἂν γραφῇ, ἐὰν μή τι δημόσιον κωλύῃ, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅταν ᾖ πρῶτον οἷόν τε. ὅτου δ᾽ ἂν καταγνῷ ἡ ἡλιαία, τιμάτω περὶ αὐτοῦ παραχρῆμα, ὅτου ἂν δοκῇ ἄξιος εἶναι παθεῖν ἢ ἀποτεῖσαι. ὅσοι δ᾽ ἂν γράφωνται γραφὰς ἰδίας κατὰ τὸν νόμον, ἐάν τις μὴ ἐπεξέλθῃ ἢ ἐπεξιὼν μὴ μεταλάβῃ τὸ πέμπτον μέρος τῶν ψήφων, ἀποτεισάτω χιλίας δραχμὰς τῷ δημοσίῳ. ἐὰν δὲ ἀργυρίου τιμηθῇ τῆς ὕβρεως, δεδέσθω, ἐὰν ἐλεύθερον ὑβρίσῃ, μέχρι ἂν ἐκτείσῃ.”
[47] “Law
If anyone assaults any child or woman or man, whether free or slave, or commits any unlawful act against anyone of these, any Athenian citizen who desires so to do, being qualified, may indict him before the Judges; and the Judges shall bring the case before the Heliastic Court within thirty days from the date of the indictment, unless some public business prevents, in which case it shall be brought on the earliest possible date. Whomsoever the Court shall condemn, it shall at once assess the punishment or the fine which he is considered to deserve. In all cases where an indictment is entered, as the law directs, if anyone fails to prosecute, or after prosecution fails to obtain one fifth of the votes of the jury, he shall pay a thousand drachmas to the Treasury. If he is fined for the assault, he shall be imprisoned until the fine is paid, provided that the offence was committed against a freeman.”
[48] ἀκούετ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦ νόμου τῆς φιλανθρωπίας, ὃς οὐδὲ τοὺς δούλους ὑβρίζεσθαι ἀξιοῖ. τί οὖν πρὸς θεῶν; εἴ τις εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐνεγκὼν τὸν νόμον τοῦτον, παρ᾽ ὧν τὰ ἀνδράποδ᾽ εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας κομίζεται, ἐπαινῶν ὑμᾶς καὶ διεξιὼν περὶ τῆς πόλεως εἴποι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτι
[48] Athenians, you hear the humanity of the law, which does not permit even slaves to be assaulted. In heaven’s name, think what this means. Suppose someone carried this law to the barbarous nations from whom we import our slaves; suppose he praised you and described your city to them in these words:
[49] ‘εἰσὶν Ἕλληνές τινες ἄνθρωποι οὕτως ἥμεροι καὶ φιλάνθρωποι τοὺς τρόπους ὥστε πόλλ᾽ ὑφ᾽ ὑμῶν ἠδικημένοι, καὶ φύσει τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἔχθρας αὐτοῖς ὑπαρχούσης πατρικῆς, ὅμως οὐδ᾽ ὅσων ἂν τιμὴν καταθέντες δούλους κτήσωνται, οὐδὲ τούτους ὑβρίζειν ἀξιοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ νόμον δημοσίᾳ τὸν ταῦτα κωλύσοντα τέθ
εινται τουτονὶ καὶ πολλοὺς ἤδη παραβάντας τὸν νόμον τοῦτον ἐζημιώκασιν θανάτῳ,’
[49] “There are in Greece men so mild and humane in disposition that though they have often been wronged by you, and though they have inherited a natural hostility towards you, yet they permit no insult to be offered even to the men whom they have bought for a price and keep as their slaves. Nay, they have publicly established this law forbidding such insult, and they have already punished many of the transgressors with death.”
[50] εἰ ταῦτ᾽ ἀκούσειαν καὶ συνεῖεν οἱ βάρβαροι, οὐκ ἂν οἴεσθε δημοσίᾳ πάντας ὑμᾶς προξένους αὑτῶν ποιήσασθαι; τὸν τοίνυν οὐ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν μόνον εὐδοκιμοῦντα νόμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις εὖ δόξαντ᾽ ἂν ἔχειν, σκοπεῖσθ᾽ ὁ παραβὰς ἥντινα δοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν ἔσται δεδωκώς.
[50] If the barbarians heard these words and understood their import, do you not think that they would unanimously appoint you their protectors? As regards this law then, which is so well esteemed among the Greeks and would be well esteemed among the barbarians also, consider what penalty he who transgresses it will have to pay before he has paid his deserts.
[51] εἰ μὲν τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μὴ χορηγὸς ὢν ταῦτ᾽ ἐπεπόνθειν ὑπὸ Μειδίου, ὕβριν ἄν τις μόνον κατέγνω τῶν πεπραγμένων αὐτῷ: νῦν δέ μοι δοκεῖ, κἂν ἀσέβειαν εἰ καταγιγνώσκοι, τὰ προσήκοντα ποιεῖν. ἴστε γὰρ δήπου τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι τοὺς χοροὺς ὑμεῖς ἅπαντας τούτους καὶ τοὺς ὕμνους τῷ θεῷ ποιεῖτε, οὐ μόνον κατὰ τοὺς νόμους τοὺς περὶ τῶν Διονυσίων, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὰς μαντείας, ἐν αἷς ἁπάσαις ἀνῃρημένον εὑρήσετε τῇ πόλει, ὁμοίως ἐκ Δελφῶν καὶ ἐκ Δωδώνης, χοροὺς ἱστάναι κατὰ τὰ πάτρια καὶ κνισᾶν ἀγυιὰς καὶ στεφανηφορεῖν.
[51] Now if I had not been chorus-master, men of Athens, when I was thus maltreated by Meidias, it is only the personal insult that one would have condemned; but under the circumstances I think one would be justified in condemning also the impiety of the act. You surely realize that all your choruses and hymns to the god are sanctioned, not only by the regulations of the Dionysia, but also by the oracles, in all of which, whether given at Delphi or at Dodona, you will find a solemn injunction to the State to set up dances after the ancestral custom, to fill the streets with the savour of sacrifice, and to wear garlands.
[52] ἀνάγνωθι δέ μοι λαβὼν αὐτὰς τὰς μαντείας.
“Μαντείαιαὐδῶ Ἐρεχθείδῃσιν, ὅσοι Πανδίονος ἄστυ
ναίετε καὶ πατρίοισι νόμοις ἰθύνεθ᾽ ἑορτάς,
μεμνῆσθαι Βάκχοιο, καὶ εὐρυχόρους κατ᾽ ἀγυιὰς
ἱστάναι ὡραίων Βρομίῳ χάριν ἄμμιγα πάντας,
καὶ κνισᾶν βωμοῖσι κάρη στεφάνοις πυκάσαντας.
περὶ ὑγιείας θύειν καὶ εὔχεσθαι Διὶ ὑπάτῳ, Ἡρακλεῖ, Ἀπόλλωνι προστατηρίῳ: περὶ τύχας ἀγαθᾶς Ἀπόλλωνι ἀγυιεῖ, Λατοῖ, Ἀρτέμιδι, καὶ κατ᾽ ἀγυιὰς κρατῆρας ἱστάμεν καὶ χοροὺς καὶ στεφαναφορεῖν καττὰ πάτρια θεοῖς Ὀλυμπίοις πάντεσσι καὶ πάσαις, †ἰδίας† δεξιὰς καὶ ἀριστερὰς ἀνίσχοντας, καὶ μνασιδωρεῖν.
“
unknown
[52] Please take and read the actual oracles.
“ Oracles You I address, Pandion’s townsmen and sons of Erechtheus,
who appoint your feasts by the ancient rites of your fathers.
See you forget not Bacchus, and joining all in the dances
Down your broad-spaced streets, in thanks for the gifts of the season,
Crown each head with a wreath, while incense reeks on the altars.
For health sacrifice and pray to Zeus Most High, to Heracles, and to Apollo the Protector; for good fortune to Apollo, god of the streets, to Leto, and to Artemis; and along the streets set wine-bowls and dances, and wear garlands after the manner of your fathers in honor of all gods and all goddesses of Olympus, raising right hands and left in supplication, and remember your gifts.
“
unknown
[53] “Ἐκ Δωδώνης Μαντείαι
τῷ δήμῳ τῷ Ἀθηναίων ὁ τοῦ Διὸς σημαίνει. ὅτι τὰς ὥρας παρηνέγκατε τῆς θυσίας καὶ τῆς θεωρίας, αἱρετοὺς πέμπειν κελεύει θεωροὺς ἕνεκα τούτου διὰ ταχέων, καὶ τῷ Διὶ τῷ Ναΐῳ τρεῖς βοῦς καὶ πρὸς ἑκάστῳ βοῒ δύο οἶς, τῇ Διώνῃ βοῦν καλλιερεῖν, καὶ τράπεζαν χαλκῆν καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἀνάθημα ὃ ἀνέθηκεν ὁ δῆμος ὁ Ἀθηναίων.
ὁ τοῦ Διὸς σημαίνει ἐν Δωδώνῃ, Διονύσῳ δημοτελῆ ἱερὰ τελεῖν καὶ κρατῆρα κεράσαι καὶ χοροὺς ἱστάναι, Ἀπόλλωνι ἀποτροπαίῳ βοῦν θῦσαι, καὶ στεφανηφορεῖν ἐλευθέρους καὶ δούλους, καὶ ἐλινύειν μίαν ἡμέραν. Διὶ κτησίῳ βοῦν λευκόν.” unknown
[53] “Oracles from Dodona
To the people of the Athenians the prophet of Zeus announces. Whereas ye have let pass the seasons of the sacrifice and of the sacred embassy, he bids you send nine chosen envoys, and that right soon. To Zeus of the Ship sacrifice three oxen and with each ox three sheep; to Dione one ox and a brazen table for the offering which the people of the Athenians have offered.
The prophet of Zeus in Dodona announces. To Dionysus pay public sacrifices and mix a bowl of wine and set up dances; to Apollo the Averter sacrifice an ox and wear garlands, both free men and slaves, and observe one day of rest; to Zeus, the giver of wealth, a white bull.” unknown
[54] εἰσίν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ αὗται καὶ ἄλλαι πολλαὶ μαντεῖαι τῇ πόλει κἀγαθαί. τί οὖν ἐκ τούτων ὑμᾶς ἐνθυμεῖσθαι δεῖ; ὅτι τὰς μὲν ἄλλας θυσίας τοῖς ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστης μαντείας προφαινομένοις θεοῖς προστάττουσι θύειν, ἱστάναι δὲ χοροὺς καὶ στεφανηφορεῖν κατὰ τὰ πάτρια πρὸς ἁπάσαις ταῖς ἀφικνουμέναις μαντείαις προσαναιροῦσιν ὑμῖν.
[54] Besides these oracles, men of Athens, there are many others addressed to our city, and excellent oracles they are. Now what conclusion ought you to draw from them? That while they prescribe the sacrifices to the gods indicated in each oracle, to every oracle that is published they add the injunction to set up dances and to wear garlands after the manner of our ancestors.
[55] οἱ τοίνυν χοροὶ πάντες οἱ γιγνόμενοι καὶ οἱ χορηγοὶ δῆλον ὅτι τὰς μὲν ἡμέρας ἐκείνας ἃς συνερχόμεθ᾽ ἐπὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα, κατὰ τὰς μαντείας ταύτας ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐστεφανώμεθα, ὁμοίως ὅ τε μέλλων νικᾶν καὶ ὁ πάντων ὕστατος γενήσεσθαι, τῇ δὲ τῶν ἐπινικίων ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ τότ᾽ ἤδη στεφανοῦται ὁ ν
ικῶν. τὸν οὖν εἴς τινα τούτων τῶν χορευτῶν ἢ τῶν χορηγῶν ὑβρίζοντ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἔχθρᾳ, καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ ἀγῶνι καὶ ἐν τῷ τοῦ θεοῦ ἱερῷ, τοῦτον ἄλλο τι πλὴν ἀσεβεῖν φήσομεν;
[55] Therefore in the case of all the choruses that are constituted, together with their chorus-masters, during the days on which we meet in competition, these oracles make it clear that we wear our crowns as your representatives, the winner as well as the one destined to be last of all; it is not until the day of the prize-giving that the victor receives his own special crown. If, then, a man commits a malicious assault on any member or master of these choruses, especially during the actual contest in the sacred precinct of the god, can we deny that he is guilty of impiety?
[56] καὶ μὴν ἴστε γε τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι βουλόμενοι μηδέν᾽ ἀγωνίζεσθαι ξένον οὐκ ἐδώκαθ᾽ ἁπλῶς τῶν χορηγῶν οὐδενὶ προσκαλέσαντι τοὺς χορευτὰς σκοπεῖν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐὰν μὲν καλέσῃ, πεντήκοντα δραχμάς, ἐὰν δὲ καθέζεσθαι καθέζεσθαι κελεύσῃ, χιλίας ἀποτίνειν ἐτάξατε. τίνος εἵνεκα; ὅπως μὴ τὸν ἐστεφανωμένον καὶ λῃτουργοῦντα τῷ θεῷ ταύτην τὴν ἡμέραν καλῇ μηδ᾽ ἐπηρεάζῃ μηδ᾽ ὑβρίζῃ μηδεὶς ἐξεπίτηδες.