by Demosthenes
[8] but the man who had wickedly brought me to that pass I accounted an enemy with whom I could make no terms. When I discovered that he had defrauded the whole commonwealth in the collection of the property-tax and in the manufacture of processional utensils, and that he held and refused to restore a great deal of money belonging to the Goddess, the Heroes, and the State, I proceeded against him with the aid of Euctemon, thinking it a favorable opportunity for doing the State a service, and at the same time getting satisfaction for the wrongs I had suffered. My purpose would naturally be that I should accomplish my desire, and that he should get his deserts.
[9] τοῦ δὲ πράγματος οὐκέτ᾽ ὄντος ἀμφισβητησίμου, ἀλλὰ πρῶτον μὲν τῆς βουλῆς κατεγνωκυίας, εἶτα τοῦ δήμου μίαν ἡμέραν ὅλην ἐπὶ τούτοις αὐτοῖς ἀναλώσαντος, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις δικαστηρίοιν δυοῖν εἰς ἕνα καὶ χιλίους ἐψηφισμένων, ἐνούσης δ᾽ οὐδεμιᾶς ἔτ᾽ ἀποστροφῆς τοῦ μὴ τὰ χρήματ᾽ ἔχειν ὑμᾶς, Τιμοκράτης οὑτοσὶ τοσοῦθ᾽ ὑπερεῖδεν ἅπαντα τὰ πράγματα, ὥστε τίθησι τουτονὶ τὸν νόμον, δι᾽ οὗ τῶν ἱερῶν μὲν χρημάτων τοὺς θεούς, τῶν ὁσίων δὲ τὴν πόλιν ἀποστερεῖ, ἄκυρα δὲ τὰ γνωσθένθ᾽ ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς καὶ τοῦ δήμου καὶ τοῦ δικαστηρίου καθίστησιν, ἄδειαν δὲ τὰ κοινὰ διαρπάζειν τῷ βουλομένῳ πεποίηκεν.
[9] The facts were indisputable; the Council condemned him; the Assembly spent a whole day over the case; two juries, each a thousand-and-one strong, brought in their verdict; and then, when there was no subterfuge left by which you could be kept out of your money, this man Timocrates, with the most insolent contempt of the whole proceeding, proposes this law, — a law by which he robs the gods of their consecrated treasure and the city of her just dues, invalidates the judgements pronounced by the Council, the Assembly, and the Courts of Justice, and has given free licence to everybody to plunder the treasury.
[10] ὑπὲρ δὴ τούτων ἁπάντων λύσιν εὑρίσκομεν ταύτην οὖσαν μόνην, εἰ γραψάμενοι τὸν νόμον καὶ εἰσαγαγόντες εἰς ὑμᾶς λῦσαι δυναίμεθα. ἐξ ἀρχῆς οὖν ἐν βραχέσιν τὰ πραχθέντα δίειμι πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ἵνα μᾶλλον μάθητε καὶ παρακολουθήσητε τοῖς περὶ τὸν νόμον αὐτὸν ἀδικήμασιν.
[10] From all these wrongs we saw only one way of escape, that is, if we could abrogate the law by indicting it and bringing it before this court. I will therefore briefly recount the facts from the outset, in order that you may more readily grasp, and follow step by step, the manifold iniquities involved in the law itself.
[11] ψήφισμ᾽ εἶπεν ἐν ὑμῖν Ἀριστοφῶν ἑλέσθαι ζητητάς, εἰ δέ τις οἶδέν τιν᾽ ἢ τῶν ἱερῶν ἢ τῶν ὁσίων χρημάτων ἔχοντά τι τῆς πόλεως, μηνύειν πρὸς τούτους. μετὰ ταῦτ᾽ ἐμήνυσεν Εὐκτήμων ἔχειν Ἀρχέβιον καὶ Λυσιθείδην τριηραρχήσαντας χρήματα Ναυκρατιτικά, τίμημα τάλαντ᾽ ἐννέα καὶ τριάκοντα μνᾶς. προσῆλθε τῇ βουλῇ, προβούλευμ᾽ ἐγράφη. μετὰ ταῦτα γενομένης ἐκκλησίας προὐχειροτόνησεν ὁ δῆμος.
[11] A decree was moved by Aristophon in the Assembly, appointing a commission of inquiry, and directing anyone, who knew of any sacred or public money in private hands, to give information to the commission. Thereupon Euctemon laid an information that Archebius and Lysitheides, who had served as naval captains, held property captured in a ship of Naucratis to the value of nine talents and thirty minas. He approached the Council, and a provisional resolution was drafted. Subsequently the Assembly met, and the people voted in favour of further inquiry.
[12] ἀναστὰς Εὐκτήμων ἔλεγ᾽ ἄλλα τε πολλὰ καὶ διεξῆλθεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὡς ἔλαβ᾽ ἡ τριήρης τὸ πλοῖον ἡ Μελάνωπον ἄγουσα καὶ Γλαυκέτην καὶ Ἀνδροτίωνα πρεσβευτὰς ὡς Μαύσωλον, ὡς ἔθεσαν τὴν ἱκετηρίαν ὧν ἦν τὰ χρήμαθ᾽ ἅνθρωποι, ὡς ἀπεχειροτονήσαθ᾽ ὑμεῖς μὴ φίλι᾽ εἶναι τότε, ἀνέμνησεν ὑμᾶς, τοὺς νόμους ἀνέγνω καθ᾽ οὓς τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον πραχθέντων τῆς πόλεως γίγνεται τὰ χρήματα.
[12] Then Euctemon stood up, and in the course of his speech told you the whole story: how the ship in question was taken by the galley that was conveying Melanopus, Glaucetes, and Androtion on their embassy to Mausolus, how the owners presented their petition, and how you voted that the goods were enemy property at the time of capture. He reminded you of the statutes by which in such circumstances the property belongs to the State.
[13] ἐδόκει δίκαια λέγειν ὑμῖν ἅπασιν. ἀναπηδήσας Ἀνδροτίων καὶ Γλαυκέτης καὶ Μελάνωπος （καὶ ταυτὶ σκοπεῖτ᾽ ἂν ἀληθῆ λέγω） ἐβόων, ἠγανάκτουν, ἐλοιδοροῦντο, ἀπέλυον τοὺς τριηράρχους, ἔχειν ὡμολόγουν, παρ᾽ ἑαυτοῖς ζητεῖν ἠξίουν τὰ χρήματα. ταῦτ᾽ ἀκουσάντων ὑμῶν, ἐπειδή ποτ᾽ ἐπαύσανθ᾽ οὗτοι βοῶντες, ἔδωκε γνώμην Εὐκτήμων ὡς δυνατὸν δικαιοτάτην, ὑμᾶς μὲν εἰσπράττειν τοὺς τριηράρχους, ἐκείνοις δ᾽ εἶναι περὶ αὐτῶν εἰς τοὺς ἔχοντας ἀναφοράν: ἐὰν δ᾽ ἀμφισβητῆταί τι, ποιεῖν διαδικασίαν, τὸν δ᾽ ἡττηθέντα, τοῦτον ὀφείλειν τῇ πόλει.
[13] You all thought that what he said was just. Androtion, Glaucetes, and Melanopus sprang to their feet, — and here you may judge whether I am telling the truth, — made noisy, indignant, abusive speeches, exonerated the captains, admitted that the money was in their hands, and asked that the inquiry should proceed at their own houses. You listened to them; and, when their clamor had subsided, Euctemon offered a proposal, the fairest that could possibly be made, that you should demand payment from the captains, that they should apply in turn to the men in possession, and that any dispute as to liability should be adjudicated, the loser of such action to be indebted to the State.
[14] γράφονται τὸ ψήφισμα: εἰς ὑμᾶς εἰσῆλθεν: ἵνα συντέμω, κατὰ τοὺς νόμους ἔδοξεν εἰρῆσθαι καὶ ἀπέφυγεν. ἐνταῦθα τί προσῆκεν; τὰ μὲν χρήματ᾽ ἔχειν τὴν πόλιν, τὸν δ᾽ ἀποστεροῦντα κολάζειν: νόμου δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὁτιοῦν οὐδενὸς δήπου προσέδει. μέχρι μὲν δὴ τούτων οὐδὲν ἠδίκησθ᾽ ὑπὸ Τιμοκράτους τουτουί. μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ πάντ᾽ ἀνεδέξατ᾽ ἐφ᾽ αὑτὸν τὰ προειρημένα, καὶ πάντ᾽ ἠδικημένοι φανήσεσθ᾽ ὑπὸ τούτου: ταῖς γὰρ ἐκείνων τέχναις καὶ πανουργίαις μισθώσας αὑτὸν καὶ παρασχὼν ὑπηρέτην ἐφ᾽ αὑτὸν ἤγαγεν τἀδικήματα, ὡς ἐγὼ σαφῶς ὑμῖν ἐπιδείξω.
[14] They challenge the decree; it is brought before this Court; and to cut the story short, it was held to be legal, and escaped condemnation. Now what should have been the sequel? The State should have got the money, and the embezzler should have been puni
shed; but assuredly there was no need of any new statute whatsoever. So far no wrong had been done to you by Timocrates, the defendant in this case; but afterwards he took over responsibility for everything that I have recounted, and it will be shown that the whole of your injuries are due to him. He made himself the hired agent of the artifices and impostures of these men, and, by that offer of his services, as I will prove to your satisfaction, he took upon himself the burden of their iniquities.
[15] ἀνάγκη δὲ πρῶτον ὑπομνῆσαι τοὺς χρόνους ὑμᾶς καὶ τὸν καιρὸν ἐν ᾧ τίθησι τὸν νόμον: καὶ γὰρ ὑβριστικῶς προσεκκεχλευακὼς ὑμᾶς φανήσεται. ἦν μὲν γὰρ σκιροφοριὼν μὴν ἐν ᾧ τὰς γραφὰς ἥττηντ᾽ ἐκεῖνοι τὰς κατὰ τοῦ Εὐκτήμονος: μισθωσάμενοι δὲ τοῦτον καὶ οὐδὲ παρεσκευασμένοι τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ὑμῖν κατὰ τὴν ἀγορὰν λογοποιοὺς καθίεσαν ὡς ἁπλᾶ μὲν ἕτοιμοι τὰ χρήματ᾽ ἐκτίνειν, διπλᾶ δ᾽ οὐ δυνήσονται.
[15] However, to begin with, I must remind you of dates, and of the conjuncture at which he proposed his new law; and indeed it will be apparent that he was impertinently laughing in your faces. It was the month of Scirophorion when those men lost the action they brought against Euctemon. Then they hired this man, and, without making the least preparation to satisfy your claim, they put up some newsmongers to tell people in the market-place that they were ready to pay the bare amount of the debt, but that they really could not afford to pay it twice over.
[16] ἦν δὲ ταῦτ᾽ ἐνέδρα μετὰ χλευασίας καὶ κατασκευασμὸς ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαθεῖν τόνδε τὸν νόμον τεθέντα. μαρτυρεῖ δ᾽ ὅτι ταῦθ᾽ οὕτως ἔχει τοὔργον αὐτό: τῶν μὲν γὰρ χρημάτων ἐκείνοις τοῖς χρόνοις δραχμὴν οὐ κατέθηκαν ὑμῖν, νόμῳ δ᾽ ἑνὶ πλείστους ὑπάρχοντας ἀκύρους ἐποίησαν, καὶ τούτῳ τῶν πώποτ᾽ ἐν ὑμῖν τεθέντων αἰσχίστῳ καὶ δεινοτάτῳ.
[16] This was a mere manoeuvre, with banter thrown in — a device to divert attention from the enactment of this law. That it was so, we have the testimony of plain fact: all the time they never paid over a shilling of the money, while they disannulled most of the established laws by a single statute, and that the most disgraceful and scandalous ever enacted in your assembly.
[17] βούλομαι δὴ μικρὰ διεξελθὼν περὶ τῶν κειμένων νόμων, καθ᾽ οὕς εἰσιν αἱ τοιαίδε γραφαί, περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ νόμου λέγειν ὃν γέγραμμαι: γενήσεσθε γὰρ εὐμαθέστεροι πρὸς τὰ λοιπὰ ταῦτα προακούσαντες. ἔστιν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἐν τοῖς οὖσι νόμοις ἡμῖν κυρίοις διωρισμέν᾽ ἀκριβῶς καὶ σαφῶς πάνθ᾽ ὅσα δεῖ ποιεῖν περὶ τῶν μελλόντων τεθήσεσθαι νόμων.
[17] Before speaking of the law that I have indicted, I wish to give you a brief account of the existing statutes under which indictments of this kind are laid; for after hearing this account you will find the information useful for the rest of my speech. In our laws at present in force, men of Athens, every condition that must be observed when new statutes are to be enacted is laid down clearly and with precision.
[18] καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἁπάντων χρόνος ἐστὶ γεγραμμένος, ἐν ᾧ προσήκει νομοθετεῖν: εἶτ᾽ οὐδὲ τόθ᾽ ὡς ἂν ἑκάστῳ δοκῇ δέδωκε τοῦτο πράττειν, ἀλλὰ προστάττει πρῶτον μὲν ἐκθεῖναι πρόσθεν τῶν ἐπωνύμων γράψαντα σκοπεῖν τῷ βουλομένῳ, μετὰ ταῦτ᾽ ἐπὶ πᾶσι τὸν αὐτὸν νόμον τιθέναι κελεύει, πρὸς τούτοις λύειν τοὺς ἐναντίους, ἄλλα περὶ ὧν οὐδὲν ἴσως ὑμᾶς κατεπείγει νῦν ἀκοῦσαι. ἂν δέ τις τούτων ἓν παραβῇ, τῷ βουλομένῳ δίδωσι γράφεσθαι.
[18] First of all, there is a prescribed time for legislation; but even at the proper time a man is not permitted to propose his law just as he pleases. He is directed, in the first place, to put it in writing and post it in front of the Heroes for everyone to see. Then it is ordained that the law must be of universal application, and also that laws of contrary purport must be repealed; and there are other directions with which I do not think I need trouble you now. If a man disobeys any of these directions, anyone who chooses is empowered to indict him.
[19] εἰ μὲν οὖν μὴ πᾶσιν ἦν ἔνοχος τούτοις Τιμοκράτης, καὶ παρὰ πάντα ταῦτ᾽ εἰσενηνόχει τὸν νόμον, ἓν ἂν αὐτοῦ τις ἐποιεῖτο κατηγόρημα, ὅ τι δήποτε τοῦτ᾽ ἦν: νῦν δ᾽ ἀνάγκη καθ᾽ ἕκαστον, χωρὶς περὶ ἑκάστου διελόμενον, λέγειν. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν, ὅπερ ἠδίκησε πρῶτον, τοῦτ᾽ ἐρῶ, ὡς παρὰ πάντας τοὺς νόμους ἐνομοθέτει, εἶτα τῶν ἄλλων ἑξῆς ὅ τι ἂν βουλομένοις ὑμῖν ἀκούειν ᾖ. καί μοι λαβὲ τουτουσὶ τοὺς νόμους καὶ ἀνάγνωθι: φανήσεται γὰρ τούτων οὐδὲν πεποιηκώς. προσέχετ᾽, ἄνδρες δικασταί, τὸν νοῦν ἀναγιγνωσκομένοις τοῖς νόμοις.
[19] Now if Timocrates had not been liable to prosecution on every count, if he had not contravened every one of these directions when he introduced his law, a single charge, whatever it might be, would have been preferred against him; but, as the matter stands, I am compelled to take the points one by one and address you on each in its turn. I will therefore take his first offence first, that is, that he tried to legislate in defiance of all the statutes. Afterwards I will deal in turn with any other topic on which you are willing to hear me. — Please take the statutes, — here they are, — and read them. — You will find that he has not satisfied any one requirement. I ask your attention, gentlemen of the jury, to the statutes as they are read.
[20] “Ἐπιχειροτονία Νόμων
ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς πρώτης πρυτανείας τῇ ἑνδεκάτῃ ἐν τῷ δήμῳ, ἐπειδὰν εὔξηται ὁ κῆρυξ, ἐπιχειροτονίαν ποιεῖν τῶν νόμων, πρῶτον μὲν περὶ τῶν βουλευτικῶν, δεύτερον δὲ τῶν κοινῶν, εἶτα οἳ κεῖνται τοῖς ἐννέα ἄρχουσιν, εἶτα τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν. ἡ δὲ χειροτονία ἔστω ἡ προτέρα, ὅτῳ δοκοῦσιν ἀρκεῖν οἱ νόμοι οἱ βουλευτικοί, ἡ δ᾽ ὑστέρα, ὅτῳ μὴ δοκοῦσιν: εἶτα τῶν κοινῶν κατὰ ταὐτά. τὴν δ᾽ ἐπιχειροτονίαν εἶναι τῶν νόμων κατὰ τοὺς νόμους τοὺς κειμένους.”
[20] “Ratification of Laws
In the first presidency and on the eleventh day thereof, in the Assembly, the Herald having read prayers, a vote shall be taken on the laws, to wit, first upon laws respecting the Council, and secondly upon general statutes, and then upon statutes enacted for the nine Archons, and then upon laws affecting other authorities. Those who are content with the laws respecting the Council shall hold up their hands first, and then those who are not content; and in like manner in respect of general statutes. All voting upon laws shall be in accordance with laws already in force.”
[21] “ἐὰν δέ τινες τῶν νόμων τῶν κειμένων ἀποχειροτο�
�ηθῶσι, τοὺς πρυτάνεις, ἐφ᾽ ὧν ἂν ἡ ἐπιχειροτονία γένηται, ποιεῖν περὶ τῶν ἀποχειροτονηθέντων τὴν τελευταίαν τῶν τριῶν ἐκκλησιῶν: τοὺς δὲ προέδρους, οἳ ἂν τυγχάνωσι προεδρεύοντες ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ, χρηματίζειν ἐπάναγκες πρῶτον μετὰ τὰ ἱερὰ περὶ τῶν νομοθετῶν, καθ᾽ ὅ τι καθεδοῦνται, καὶ περὶ τοῦ ἀργυρίου, ὁπόθεν τοῖς νομοθέταις ἔσται: τοὺς δὲ νομοθέτας εἶναι ἐκ τῶν ὀμωμοκότων τὸν ἡλιαστικὸν ὅρκον.”
[21] “If any law already in force be rejected on show of hands, the presidents in whose term of office the voting takes place shall appoint the last of the three meetings of the Assembly for the consideration of laws so rejected. The commissioners who preside by lot at the Assembly are required, immediately after religious observances, to put the question respecting the sessions of the Legislative Committee, and respecting the fund from which their fees are to be paid. The Legislative Committee shall consist of persons who have taken the judicial oath.”
[22] “ἐὰν δ᾽ οἱ πρυτάνεις μὴ ποιήσωσι κατὰ τὰ γεγραμμένα τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἢ οἱ πρόεδροι μὴ χρηματίσωσι, ὀφείλειν τῶν μὲν πρυτάνεων ἕκαστον χιλίας δραχμὰς ἱερὰς τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ, τῶν δὲ προέδρων ἕκαστος ὀφειλέτω τετταράκοντα δραχμὰς ἱερὰς τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ. καὶ ἔνδειξις αὐτῶν ἔστω πρὸς τοὺς θεσμοθέτας, καθάπερ ἐάν τις ἄρχῃ ὀφείλων τῷ δημοσίῳ: οἱ δὲ θεσμοθέται τοὺς ἐνδειχθέντας εἰσαγόντων εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον κατὰ τὸν νόμον, ἢ μὴ ἀνιόντων εἰς Ἄρειον πάγον, ὡς καταλύοντες τὴν ἐπανόρθωσιν τῶν νόμων.”