by Demosthenes
[34] You have heard the law. Our city possesses many excellent laws, but in my judgement there is not one that has been framed in a more praiseworthy manner than this. Observe in what an equitable and thoroughly democratic spirit it is enacted. It forbids the introduction of anything repugnant to existing laws, except after abrogation of the law previously enacted. What is the purpose? First, to enable a jury to give a just and conscientious verdict;
[35] εἰ γὰρ εἴησαν δύ᾽ ἐναντίοι νόμοι, καί τινες ἀντίδικοι παρ᾽ ὑμῖν ἀγωνίζοιντο ἢ περὶ δημοσίων ἢ περὶ ἰδίων πραγμάτων, ἀξιοίη δ᾽ ἑκάτερος νικᾶν μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν δεικνύων νόμον, οὔτ᾽ ἀμφοτέροις ἔνι δήπου ψηφίσασθαι: πῶς γάρ; οὔτε θατέρῳ ψηφιζομένους εὐορκεῖν: παρὰ γὰρ τὸν ἐναντίον, ὄντα δ᾽ ὁμοίως κύριον, ἡ γνῶσις συμβαίνει.
[35] for, if there were two inconsistent laws, and if two litigants were contending in this court, whether in a public or a private dispute, and if each of them, by citing a different law, claimed your verdict, you could not of course give judgement in favour of both of them, — that is absurd, — nor could you give your verdict for either without breaking your oath, because such a decision contravenes the opposite law, which is equally valid.
[36] τοῦτό τ᾽ οὖν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν φυλαττόμενος ταῦτα προεῖπε καὶ ἔτι πρὸς τούτῳ βουλόμενος φύλακας ὑμᾶς τῶν νόμων καταστῆσαι: ᾔδει γὰρ ἐκεῖνο, ὅτι τὰς ἄλλας ἃς γέγραφ᾽ αὐτῶν φυλακὰς ἔστι πολλαχῇ διακρούσασθαι. τοὺς συνηγόρους, οὓς χειροτονεῖτε, δύναιτ᾽ ἂν πεῖσαί τις σιωπᾶν. ἐκτιθέναι κελεύει τοῦ προειδέναι πάντας: τάχ᾽ ἄν, εἰ τύχοι, τοὺς μὲν ἀντειπόντας ἂν εἰ μὴ προαίσθοιντο, λάθοι, οἱ δ᾽ οὐδὲν προσέχοντες ἀναγνοῖεν ἄν.
[36] As a safeguard against such a dilemma the lawgiver made this provision in your interest. He also wished to make you the established guardians of the law, well knowing that the other safeguards provided by him may be evaded in many ways. The advocates appointed by you, for instance, may be persuaded to hold their peace. He enjoined the exhibition of a proposed law that we may all have knowledge of it beforehand; but it may happen that it is unobserved by those who would oppose it if they knew in time, and that the rest read it without attention.
[37] ἀλλὰ γράψασθαι νὴ Δί᾽ ἕκαστον ἔστιν, ὃ κἀγὼ νυνὶ πεποίηκα: κἀνταῦθα, ἂν ἀπαλλάξῃ τις τὸν ἐπιστάντα, ἡ πόλις παρακέκρουσται. τίς οὖν μόνη φυλακὴ καὶ δικαία καὶ βέβαιος τῶν νόμων; ὑμεῖς οἱ πολλοί: οὔτε γὰρ τὸ γνῶναι καὶ δοκιμάσαι τὸ βέλτιστον ἐξελέσθαι δύναιτ᾽ ἂν ὑμῶν οὐδὲ εἷς, οὔτ᾽ ἀπαλλάξας καὶ διαφθείρας πεῖσαι τὸν χείρω θέσθαι νόμον ἀντὶ τοῦ κρείττονος.
[37] But, it may be objected, it is open to anyone to indict the law, as I have done on this occasion. Well, even in that event the State is outwitted if a man gets the prosecutor to stand aside. What, then, is the only honest and trustworthy safeguard of the law? You, the common people. It is beyond the power of mortal man to take away from you the right to determine and to approve the best policy. No man, by getting you to stand aside, or by bribing you, can ever induce you to substitute a bad law for a good one.
[38] διὰ ταῦτα πάντ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστην ἀπαντᾷ τὴν ὁδὸν τῶν ἀδικημάτων, κωλύων καὶ οὐκ ἐῶν βαδίζειν τοὺς ἐπιβουλεύοντας ὑμῖν. ταῦτα πάντα Τιμοκράτης, οὕτω καλῶς καὶ δικαίως κείμενα, ἠφάνισεν, ἐξήλειψεν, ὅσον ἦν ἐπὶ τούτῳ, καὶ νόμον εἰσήνεγκεν ἅπασιν ἐναντίον, ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν, τοῖς οὖσιν, οὐ παραναγνούς, οὐ λύσας, οὐ δοὺς αἵρεσιν, οὐκ ἄλλο ποιήσας οὐδὲν τῶν προσηκόντων.
[38] Therefore the lawgiver anticipates every avenue of iniquity, thwarting the plans and forbidding the advance of men whose intentions are hostile to you. All these precautions, so admirably and so righteously enacted, Timocrates has subverted and obliterated, so far as in him lay; he has introduced a law repugnant to all or nearly all the existing statutes, without reading any for comparison, without repealing any, without leaving you the right of choice, without taking any other of the steps that he was required to take.
[39] ὡς μὲν οὖν ἔνοχος τῇ γραφῇ καθέστηκεν, ἐναντίον εἰσενηνοχὼς τοῖς οὖσι νόμοις, οἶμαι πάντας ὑμᾶς ᾐσθῆσθαι: ἵνα δ᾽ εἰδῆτε παρ᾽ οἵους νόμους οἷον οὗτος εἰσήνεγκεν, ἀναγνώσεται πρῶτον ὑμῖν τὸν τούτου νόμον, εἶτα τοὺς ἄλλους, οἷς οὗτος ἐναντίος ἐστίν. ἀναγίγνωσκε.”Νόμος
ἐπὶ τῆς Πανδιονίδος πρώτης, δωδεκάτῃ τῆς πρυτανείας, Τιμοκράτης εἶπεν, καὶ εἴ τινι τῶν ὀφειλόντων τῷ δημοσίῳ προστετίμηται κατὰ νόμον ἢ κατὰ ψήφισμα δεσμοῦ ἢ τὸ λοιπὸν προστιμηθῇ, εἶναι αὐτῷ ἢ ἄλλῳ ὑπὲρ ἐκείνου ἐγγυητὰς καταστῆσαι τοῦ ὀφλήματος, οὓς ἂν ὁ δῆμος χειροτονήσῃ, ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν τὸ ἀργύριον ὃ ὦφλεν. τοὺς δὲ προέδρους ἐπιχειροτονεῖν ἐπάναγκες, ὅταν τις καθιστάναι βούληται.”
[39] I suppose that you are all satisfied that he is amenable to the indictment, as having introduced a law that contravenes existing statutes; but, to show you the character of the laws he has contravened and of the law he has introduced, the clerk will read to you, first his new law, and then the other laws to which it is repugnant.”Law of Timocrates
During the first presidency, namely, that of the Pandionid Tribe, and on the twelfth day of that presidency, it was moved by Timocrates that, if the additional penalty of imprisonment has been or shall hereafter be inflicted in pursuance of any law or decree upon any person in debt to the treasury, it shall be competent for him or for any other person on his behalf to nominate as sureties for the debt such persons as shall be approved by vote of the Assembly, on an undertaking to pay in full the amount in which he was indebted. The Commissioners are required to put the question whensoever any debtor wishes to nominate sureties.”
[40] “τῷ δὲ καταστήσαντι τοὺς ἐγγυητάς, ἐὰν ἀποδιδῷ τῇ πόλει τὸ ἀργύριον ἐφ᾽ ᾧ κατέστησε τοὺς ἐγγυητάς, ἀφεῖσθαι τοῦ δεσμοῦ. ἐὰν δὲ μὴ καταβάλῃ τὸ ἀργύριον ἢ αὐτὸς ἢ οἱ ἐγγυηταὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐνάτης πρυτανείας, τὸν μὲν ἐξεγγυηθέντα δεδέσθαι, τῶν δὲ ἐγγυητῶν δημοσίαν εἶναι τὴν οὐσίαν. περὶ δὲ τῶν ὠνουμένων τὰ τέλη καὶ τῶν ἐγγυωμένων καὶ ἐκλεγόντων, καὶ τῶν τὰ μισθώσιμα μισθουμένων καὶ ἐγγυωμένων, τὰς πράξεις εἶναι τῇ πόλει κατὰ τοὺς νόμους τοὺς κειμένους. ἐὰν δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐνάτης ἢ δεκάτης πρυτανείας ὄφλῃ, τοῦ ὑστέρου ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐνάτης πρυτανείας ἐκτίν
ειν.”
[40] “The debtor who has given sureties shall be released from the penalty of imprisonment on payment to the State of the money, in respect of which he gave such sureties; but if at the time of the ninth presidency neither he nor his sureties shall have paid in the money, the man who gave sureties shall be imprisoned and the property of the sureties shall be confiscated. But in the case of tax-farmers, their sureties, and their collectors, and of the lessees of leasable revenues and their sureties, the State may exact payment according to the established laws. If any man incur debt during the ninth presidency he shall pay in full during the ninth or the tenth presidency of the next ensuing year.”
[41] ἀκηκόατε μὲν τοῦ νόμου, μνημονεύετε δ᾽ ἐξ αὐτοῦ μοι πρῶτον μὲν τὸ ‘καὶ εἴ τινι τῶν ὀφειλόντων δεσμοῦ προστετίμηται ἢ τὸ λοιπὸν προστιμηθῇ,’ ἔπειθ᾽ ὅτι πλὴν περὶ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν μισθουμένων, καὶ ὅσοι ταῦτ᾽ ἐγγυῶνται, χρῆσθαι κελεύει τῷ νόμῳ. ὅλος μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἅπασιν ἐναντίος τοῖς οὖσι, μάλιστα δὲ ταῦτα: γνώσεσθε δὲ τοὺς νόμους ἀκούοντες αὐτούς. λέγε.
[41] You have heard the law, and I beg you to bear in mind this phrase, “if the additional penalty of imprisonment has been or shall hereafter be inflicted,” and also that he excepts from the operation of his law tax-farmers and lessees and their sureties. The law as a whole, but those provisions more especially, is contrary to all existing statutes. That you will recognize when you have listened to the actual laws. — Read.
[42] “Νόμος
Διοκλῆς εἶπεν: τοὺς νόμους τοὺς πρὸ Εὐκλείδου τεθέντας ἐν δημοκρατίᾳ καὶ ὅσοι ἐπ᾽ Εὐκλείδου ἐτέθησαν καὶ εἰσὶν ἀναγεγραμμένοι, κυρίους εἶναι. τοὺς δὲ μετ᾽ Εὐκλείδην τεθέντας καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τιθεμένους κυρίους εἶναι ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἕκαστος ἐτέθη, πλὴν εἴ τῳ προσγέγραπται χρόνος ὅντινα δεῖ ἄρχειν. ἐπιγράψαι δὲ τοῖς μὲν νῦν κειμένοις τὸν γραμματέα τῆς βουλῆς τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν: τὸ δὲ λοιπόν, ὃς ἂν τυγχάνῃ γραμματεύων, προσγραφέτω παραχρῆμα τὸν νόμον κύριον εἶναι ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἐτέθη.”
[42] “Law
Moved by Diocles: that laws enacted under democratic government before the archonship of Eucleides and all laws that were enacted during the archonship of Eucleides and are on record shall be in force. Laws enacted after the archonship of Eucleides or laws that shall hereafter be enacted shall be in force as from the day of their several enactment, unless a clause be appended defining the date of their first coming into force. The Clerk of the Council shall affix his mark to all laws now established within thirty days; and hereafter whosoever is acting as clerk shall forthwith make a note that the law is in force as from the date of enactment.”
[43] καλῶς ἐχόντων τῶν νόμων, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τῶν ὑπαρχόντων, ὅδ᾽ ὁ νῦν ἀναγνωσθεὶς νόμος ὡσπερεὶ διώρισεν καὶ βεβαιοτέρους ἐποίησεν αὐτούς. κελεύει γὰρ ἕκαστον ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἡμέρας ἐτέθη κύριον εἶναι, πλὴν εἴ τῳ χρόνος προσγέγραπται, τούτῳ δὲ τὸν γεγραμμένον ἄρχειν. διὰ τί; ὅτι πολλοῖς τῶν νόμων προσεγέγραπτο ‘τὸν δὲ νόμον εἶναι κύριον τόνδ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ μετὰ τὸν νῦν ἄρχοντα.’ ὕστερον δὲ γράφων ὁ τιθεὶς ἐπὶ τούτοις τόνδε τὸν νόμον τὸν ἀνεγνωσμένον, οὐκ ἐνόμιζε δίκαιον εἶναι τοὺς αὐτοὺς τῶν νόμων ἀναγεγραμμένους ὕστερον ἢ ἐτέθησαν κυρίους εἶναι ἀνενεγκεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμέραν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἐτέθησαν, καὶ πρότερον ποιῆσαι κυρίους ἢ ὁ θεὶς ἕκαστον ἠξίωσεν.
[43] The existing laws are excellent, gentlemen of the jury; but the law just read has defined them, if I may so put it, and given them new authority. It ordains that every statute shall be operative as from the date of enactment, unless any date is appended, and, in that case, that the specified date shall mark the beginning of its operation. The reason is that a clause had been appended to many statutes, to the effect that “this law shall be in force from the time of the next ensuing archon.” But the man who, to confirm such statutes, proposed the statute that has just been read, did not, in drafting his law at a later date, think it right to carry back to their dates of enactment those laws whose operation had been deferred to a date later than their enactment, and so make them operative earlier than their several authors intended.
[44] τούτῳ μέντοι τῷ νόμῳ σκέψασθ᾽ ὡς ἐναντίος ἐστὶν ὃν οὗτος τέθηκεν. ὁ μέν γε κελεύει τὸν γεγραμμένον χρόνον ἢ τὴν ἡμέραν ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἂν τεθῇ κυρίαν εἶναι: ὁ δ᾽ ἔγραψεν ‘καὶ εἴ τινι προστετίμηται,’ περὶ τῶν παρεληλυθότων λέγων. καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦθ᾽ ὥρισεν, ἄρχοντα προσγράψας ἀφ᾽ οὗ, ἀλλὰ πεποίηκεν οὐ μόνον πρὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἐν ᾗ τέθηκε κύριον τὸν νόμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ γενέσθαι τιν᾽ ἡμῶν: ἀόριστον γὰρ ἅπαντα τὸν παρεληλυθότα προσπεριείληφε χρόνον. καίτοι χρῆν σ᾽, ὦ Τιμόκρατες, ἢ τοῦτον μὴ γράφειν ἢ ἐκεῖνον λύειν, οὐχ, ἵν᾽ ὃ βούλει σὺ γένηται, πάντα τὰ πράγματα συνταράξαι. λέγ᾽ ἄλλον νόμον.
[44] You must therefore observe how contrary to that statute is the law that Timocrates has proposed. The statute ordains that either the date specified or the date of enactment shall hold good; Timocrates writes, “if the penalty has been inflicted,” referring to past transactions. He did not even define the initial date by naming an archonship; nay, he has made his law operative not merely before the date of enactment, but before any of us were born, for he has included all past time without any limitation. — Your duty, Timocrates, was either not to compose your law, or to repeal the other one; you had no right to throw the whole business into confusion for the furtherance of your own purposes. Read another law.
[45] “Νόμος
μηδὲ περὶ τῶν ἀτίμων, ὅπως χρὴ ἐπιτίμους αὐτοὺς εἶναι, μηδὲ περὶ τῶν ὀφειλόντων τοῖς θεοῖς ἢ τῷ δημοσίῳ τῷ Ἀθηναίων περὶ ἀφέσεως τοῦ ὀφλήματος ἢ τάξεως, ἐὰν μὴ ψηφισαμένων Ἀθηναίων τὴν ἄδειαν πρῶτον μὴ ἔλαττον ἑξακισχιλίων, οἷς ἂν δόξῃ κρύβδην ψηφιζομένοις. τότε δ᾽ ἐξεῖναι χρηματίζειν καθ᾽ ὅ τι ἂν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ δοκῇ.”
[45] “Law
. . . . nor in respect of disfranchised citizens, for restoration of their franchise, nor in respect of persons indebted to the Gods or to the treasury of the Athenians, for remission or composition of their debt, unless permission be granted by not less than six thousand citizens giving an affirmative vote by ballot. In that event it shall be lawful to put the question in such manner as the Council and the Assembly approve.”
[46] ἄλλος οὗτος νόμος, οὐκ ἐῶν περὶ τῶν ἀτίμων οὐδὲ τῶν ὀ�
�ειλόντων λέγειν οὐδὲ χρηματίζειν περὶ ἀφέσεως τῶν ὀφλημάτων οὐδὲ τάξεως, ἂν μὴ τῆς ἀδείας δοθείσης, καὶ ταύτης μὴ ἔλαττον ἢ ἑξακισχιλίων ψηφισαμένων. οὗτος δ᾽ ἔγραψεν ἄντικρυς, καὶ εἴ τινι τῶν ὀφειλόντων δεσμοῦ προστετίμηται, εἶναι τὴν ἄφεσιν πορισαμένῳ τοὺς ἐγγυησομένους, οὐ προτεθέντος οὐδενὸς περὶ τούτων, οὐδὲ δοθείσης ἀδείας λέγειν.
[46] Here is another law which forbids any proposal in respect of disfranchised or indebted persons, for remission or composition, to be made or put to the vote, except after permission granted, and that only if at least six thousand citizens have voted aye. But Timocrates expressly proposed that, if the additional penalty of imprisonment has been inflicted on any debtor, he shall have remission on production of sureties, without any preliminary resolution having been carried, or any permission granted for such a resolution.
[47] καὶ ὁ μὲν νόμος, οὐδ᾽ ἐπειδὰν τὴν ἄδειαν εὕρηταί τις, ἔδωκεν ὡς ἂν βούληται πράττειν, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἂν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ δοκῇ: τῷ δ᾽ οὐκ ἀπέχρησε τοῦτ᾽ ἀδικεῖν μόνον, εἰ μὴ δοθείσης τῆς ἀδείας λέγει καὶ νόμον εἰσφέρει περὶ τούτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσέτ᾽ οὐκ εἰς τὴν βουλήν, οὐκ εἰς τὸν δῆμον εἰπὼν περὶ τούτων οὐδέν, ἐν παραβύστῳ, τῆς βουλῆς μὲν ἀφειμένης, τῶν δ᾽ ἄλλων διὰ τὴν ἑορτὴν ἱερομηνίαν ἀγόντων, λάθρα τὸν νόμον εἰσήνεγκεν.