by Demosthenes
[102] οὐ τοίνυν μόνον τὰ δικαστήρι᾽ ἄκυρα ποιεῖ τῶν προστιμημάτων, τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι τὰ κοινὰ δίδωσιν ἄδειαν, τὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως στρατείας λυμαίνεται, τὴν διοίκησιν καταλύει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κακούργοις καὶ τοῖς πατραλοίαις καὶ τοῖς ἀστρατεύτοις βοηθοῦντα τέθηκε τὸν νόμον: τὰς γὰρ ὑπαρχούσας ἐκ τῶν νῦν κυρίων νόμων τιμωρίας καταλύει.
[102] Not only, then, does he deprive the court of authority in respect of supplementary payments, offer immunity to defrauders of the State, cripple our national service, and undermine our financial system, but also, by abrogating the penalties imposed by the existing statutes, he has enacted his law for the benefit of swindlers, parricides, and shirkers.
[103] λεγόντων γὰρ τῶν νόμων οὓς ἔθηκε Σόλων, οὐδὲν ὅμοιος ὢν τούτῳ νομοθέτης, ἄν τις ἁλῷ κλοπῆς καὶ μὴ τιμηθῇ θανάτου, προστιμᾶν αὐτῷ δεσμόν, κἄν τις ἁλοὺς τῆς κακώσεως τῶν γονέων εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐμβάλλῃ, δεδέσθαι, κἂν ἀστρατείας τις ὄφλῃ καί τι τῶν αὐτῶν τοῖς ἐπιτίμοις ποιῇ, καὶ τοῦτον δεδέσθαι, Τιμοκράτης ἅπασι τούτοις ἄδειαν ποιεῖ, τῇ καταστάσει τῶν ἐγγυητῶν τὸν δεσμὸν ἀφαιρῶν.
[103] The statutes enacted by Solon, a very different legislator from the defendant, provided that if a man is convicted of theft, and not punished with death, he shall suffer imprisonment; that if a man found guilty of ill-treating his parents intrudes upon the market-place, he shall go to jail; and that if a man, having been convicted of shirking military service, behaves as though he were not disfranchised, he also shall be imprisoned. Timocrates gives impunity to all these offenders, for he abolishes imprisonment if they put in bail.
[104] ὥστ᾽ ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ （καὶ γὰρ εἰ φορτικώτερον εἶναι τὸ ῥηθησόμενον δόξει, λέξω καὶ οὐκ ἀποτρέψομαι） κατὰ τοῦτ᾽ αὔτ᾽ ἄξιον αὐτὸν εἶναι θανάτῳ ζημιῶσαι, ἵν᾽ ἐν Ἅιδου τοῖς ἀσεβέσιν θῇ τοῦτον τὸν νόμον, ἡμᾶς δὲ τοὺς ζῶντας τοῖσδε τοῖς ὁσίοις καὶ δικαίοις ἐᾷ τὸ λοιπὸν χρῆσθαι. ἀνάγνωθι δὲ καὶ τούτους τοὺς νόμους.
[104] Therefore, in my judgement ）and though you may think what I am going to say rather coarse, I will say it without hesitation（, he deserves, on that very account, to be punished with death, so that he may pass this law in Hell for the benefit of the wicked, and leave us who are still alive in the continued enjoyment of our holy and righteous laws. — Read also the laws I have mentioned.
[105] “Νόμοι Κλοπῆς, Κακώσεως Γονέων, Ἀστρατείας
ὅ τι ἄν τις ἀπολέσῃ, ἐὰν μὲν αὐτὸ λάβῃ, τὴν διπλασίαν καταδικάζειν, ἐὰν δὲ μή, τὴν διπλασίαν πρὸς τοῖς ἐπαιτίοις. δεδέσθαι δ᾽ ἐν τῇ ποδοκάκκῃ τὸν πόδα πένθ᾽ ἡμέρας καὶ νύκτας ἴσας, ἐὰν προστιμήσῃ ἡ ἡλιαία. προστιμᾶσθαι δὲ τὸν βουλόμενον, ὅταν περὶ τοῦ τιμήματος ᾖ. — ἐὰν δέ τις ἀπαχθῇ, τῶν γονέων κακώσεως ἑαλωκὼς ἢ ἀστρατείας ἢ προειρημένον αὐτῷ τῶν νόμων εἴργεσθαι, εἰσιὼν ὅποι μὴ χρή, δησάντων αὐτὸν οἱ ἕνδεκα καὶ εἰσαγόντων εἰς τὴν ἡλιαίαν, κατηγορείτω δὲ ὁ βουλόμενος οἷς ἔξεστιν. ἐὰν δ᾽ ἁλῷ, τιμάτω ἡ ἡλιαία ὅ τι χρὴ παθεῖν αὐτὸν ἢ ἀποτεῖσαι. ἐὰν δ᾽ ἀργυρίου τιμηθῇ, δεδέσθω τέως ἂν ἐκτείσῃ.”
[105] “Laws Concerning Theft, Maltreatment of Parents, and Desertion
If a man has recovered the property lost, the penalty shall be twice the value of such property; if he has not recovered it, ten times the value in addition to the lawful amercement. The thief shall be kept in the stocks for five days and five nights, if an additional penalty is awarded by the court; and such additional penalty may be proposed by anyone, when the question of sentence is raised. — If any man be put under arrest after being found guilty of ill-treating his parents or of shirking service, or for entering any forbidden place after notice of outlawry, the Eleven shall put him into prison and bring him before the Court of Heliaea, and any person being a lawful prosecutor may prosecute him. If he be found guilty, the Court shall determine what penalty, corporal or pecuniary, he shall suffer; and if the penalty be pecuniary, he shall be kept in prison until he has paid the fine.”
[106] ὅμοιός γ᾽, οὐ γάρ; ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, Σόλων νομοθέτης καὶ Τιμοκράτης. ὁ μέν γε καὶ τοὺς ὄντας βελτίους ποιεῖ καὶ τοὺς μέλλοντας ἔσεσθαι: ὁ δὲ καὶ τοῖς γεγενημένοις πονηροῖς, ὅπως μὴ δώσουσι δίκην, ὁδὸν δείκνυσιν, καὶ τοῖς οὖσιν ὅπως ἄδεια γενήσεται κακουργεῖν εὑρίσκει, καὶ τοῖς μέλλουσιν ἔσεσθαι, τοὺς ἐξ ἁπάντων τῶν χρόνων πονηρούς, ὅπως ἔσονται σῷοι καὶ μηδὲν πείσονται, παρασκευάζων.
[106] Much alike these two legislators, Solon and Timocrates, — are they not, men of Athens? Solon aims at the reformation of the living and of the unborn; Timocrates points the scoundrels of the past to a road by which they may escape justice, and invents a scheme of impunity for malefactors present and malefactors to come, providing deliverance and reprieve for past, present, and future sinners alike.
[107] καίτοι τίν᾽ ἂν ἀξίαν δοίης δίκην, ἢ τί σὺ παθὼν ἂν τὰ προσήκοντ᾽ εἴης πεπονθώς, ὅς, τὰ μὲν ἄλλ᾽ ἐῶ, ἀλλὰ τοὺς τῷ γήρᾳ βοηθοὺς νόμους λυμαίνει, οἳ καὶ ζῶντας ἀναγκάζουσι τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς γονέας τρέφειν, καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀποθάνωσιν, ὅπως τῶν νομιζομένων τύχωσι παρασκευάζουσιν; ἢ πῶς οὐ κάκιστος ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων δικαίως ἂν νομίζοιο, ὅστις, ὦ κατάρατε, περὶ πλείονος φαίνει τοὺς κλέπτας καὶ τοὺς κακούργους καὶ τοὺς ἀστρατεύτους τῆς πατρίδος ποιούμενος, καὶ διὰ τούτους καθ᾽ ἡμῶν νόμον τίθης;
[107] — What adequate satisfaction can you render, or by what punishment can you be punished as you deserve, you who, to say nothing of the rest, subvert the laws that protect old age, that compel the maintenance of parents in their lifetime, and ensure that they shall be honored with due observance when they die? How can you escape being adjudged the basest of mankind, you reprobate, who openly account thieves and scoundrels and shirkers of more value than your fatherland, and for their sake bring in a law to our detriment?
[108] βούλομαι τοίνυν ὑμῖν, ἃ ὑπεσχόμην ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ λόγου, ἀπολογίσασθαι πεποιηκότ᾽ ἐμαυτόν. ἔφην γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐξελέγξειν κατὰ πάντ᾽ ἔνοχον ὄντα τῇ γραφῇ, πρῶτον μὲν παρὰ τοὺς νόμους νομοθετοῦντα, δεύτερον δ᾽ ὑπεναντία τοῖς οὖσι νόμοις γεγραφότα, τρίτον δὲ τοιαῦτα δι᾽ ὧν βλάπτει τ�
��ν πόλιν. οὐκοῦν ἠκούσατε τῶν νόμων, ἃ κελεύουσι ποιεῖν τὸν τιθέντα νόμον καινόν: καὶ πάλιν ὑμᾶς ἐδίδαξ᾽ ὅτι τούτων οὐδ᾽ ὁτιοῦν ἐποίησεν οὗτος.
[108] Now I propose to reckon up how I have fulfilled the promises I made at the outset of my address. I undertook to prove that he is amenable to the indictment in every respect, first, because he legislated illegally; secondly, because his proposals were contrary to existing statutes; and thirdly, because they were injurious to the commonwealth. Well, you have now heard the statutes, and what they enjoin upon the author of a new law; and again I have satisfied you that the defendant has not observed any one of those injunctions.
[109] καὶ μὴν κἀκείνων ἠκούετε τῶν νόμων οἷς ἐναντίος ὢν ἐφαίνεθ᾽ ὁ τούτου: καὶ τούτους ὅτι πρὶν λῦσαι τόνδε τέθηκεν ἐπίστασθε. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι γ᾽ οὐκ ἐπιτήδειος, ἀκηκόατε: ἄρτι γὰρ λέγων ἐπαυσάμην. οὐκοῦν κατὰ πάντ᾽ ἀδικεῖ φανερῶς, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔσθ᾽ ὅ τι φροντίσας οὐδ᾽ εὐλαβηθεὶς φαίνεται, ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ, κἂν εἰ πρὸς τούτοις ἄλλο τι μὴ ποιεῖν ἐγέγραπτ᾽ ἐν τοῖς οὖσι νόμοις, κἂν τοῦτο ποιῆσαι.
[109] Further, you have also heard the statutes with which the defendant’s law is manifestly at variance; and you are aware that he has introduced it without repeal of those statutes. And you have certainly heard that the law is detrimental, for I have only just left off telling you so. Therefore he is unquestionably guilty on every count, and in nothing has he shown consideration or scruple; but, as it seems to me, if anything else had been forbidden by the existing statutes, he would have done that as well.
[110] πανταχόθεν μὲν τοίνυν δῆλός ἐσθ᾽ ὅτι ταῦτ᾽ ἔγραψ᾽ ἐπιβουλεύσας μετὰ τοῦ βουλεύσασθαι ταῦτ᾽ ἀδικεῖν καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ διαμαρτών, μάλιστα δ᾽ ἐκ τοῦ πάντα τὸν νόμον μέχρι τῆς ὑστάτης συλλαβῆς τοιοῦτον εἶναι: οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ᾽ ἄκων οὐδὲν ἔθηκεν ὀρθῶς ἔχον, οὐδ᾽ ὡς ὑμῖν ἔμελλε λυσιτελήσειν. πῶς οὖν οὐκ εἰκὸς μισεῖν καὶ τιμωρεῖσθαι τοῦτον, ὅστις τοῦ μὲν δήμου ἠδικημένου ἠμέλησεν, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν ἠδικηκότων καὶ ὕστερον ἀδικησόντων τοὺς νόμους ἔθηκεν;
[110] From every point of view it is clear that he framed his proposals with a sinister purpose, and that he offends of malice prepense and not by error of judgement, especially as the character of his law is preserved down to the very last syllable. He proposed nothing that was right, nothing likely to be serviceable to you, even unintentionally. Surely you are bound to abhor and to punish a man who had no thought for wrongs done to the people, but enacted laws for the benefit of those who have injured you before and will injure you again.
[111] θαυμάζω δ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τῆς ἀναιδείας αὐτοῦ, τὸ ἡνίκα μὲν ἦρχεν αὐτὸς μετ᾽ Ἀνδροτίωνος, τὸν ἔλεον τοῦτον ἐπὶ τῷ πλήθει τῷ ὑμετέρῳ μὴ ποιήσασθαι, τῷ ἀπειρηκότι τὰ ἑαυτοῦ χρήματ᾽ εἰσφέροντι, ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ Ἀνδροτίων᾽ ἔδει ἃ πάλαι ὑφῄρητο τῆς πόλεως χρήματα καταθεῖναι, τὰ μὲν ἱερά, τὰ δ᾽ ὅσια, τότε θεῖναι τὸν νόμον ἐπ᾽ ἀποστερήσει τῶν μὲν ὁσίων τῆς διπλασίας, τῶν ἱερῶν δὲ τῆς δεκαπλασίας. καὶ οὕτω πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τὸ ὑμέτερον προσενήνεκται ὁ αὐτίκα δὴ μάλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τοῦ δήμου φήσων τὸν νόμον τοῦτον θεῖναι.
[111] Gentlemen of the jury, I am amazed at the man’s effrontery. To think that, when he and Androtion were in office, he never had any compassion for the great body of your fellow-citizens, who were exhausted with paying income-tax, and that then when Androtion was called upon to refund money, both sacred and civil, which he had long before stolen from the State, he must needs propose a law to deprive you of the double repayment of civil, and the tenfold repayment of sacred, liabilities! Thus the whole mass of you citizens has been attacked by a man who was immediately afterwards to pretend that he had framed his law as a friend of the people.
[112] δικαίως δ᾽ ἂν ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ παθεῖν ὁτιοῦν, ὅστις οἴεται δεῖν, εἰ μέν τις ἀγορανόμος ἢ ἀστυνόμος ἢ δικαστὴς κατὰ δήμους γενόμενος κλοπῆς ἐν ταῖς εὐθύναις ἑάλωκεν, ἄνθρωπος πένης καὶ ἰδιώτης καὶ πολλῶν ἄπειρος καὶ κληρωτὴν ἀρχὴν ἄρξας, τούτῳ μὲν τὴν δεκαπλασίαν εἶναι, καὶ νόμον οὐδένα τοῖς τοιούτοις ἐπικουροῦντα τίθησιν: εἰ δέ τινες πρέσβεις αἱρεθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου, πλούσιοι ὄντες, ὑφείλοντο χρήματα πολλά, τὰ μὲν ἱερά, τὰ δ᾽ ὅσια, καὶ εἶχον χρόνον πολύν, τούτοις ὅπως μηδὲν πείσονται μήθ᾽ ὧν οἱ νόμοι μήθ᾽ ὧν τὰ ψηφίσματα προστάττει, μάλ᾽ ἀκριβῶς εὗρεν.
[112] In my view, no punishment could be too severe for a man who, when some market-clerk, or street-inspector, or judge of a local court, — some poor, unskilled man, without experience, and appointed to his office by lot, — has been found guilty of peculation at the audits, demands from him a tenfold restitution, and has no new law to propose for the relief of such delinquents, and then, when ambassadors, elected by vote of the people, men of substance, have embezzled and long retained large sums of money, the property in part of the temples, in part of the treasury, is at great pains to invent for them a way of escape from penalties ordained both by decree and by statute.
[113] καίτοι γ᾽ ὁ Σόλων, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, ᾧ οὐδ᾽ ἂν αὐτὸς Τιμοκράτης φήσειεν ὅμοιος νομοθέτης εἶναι, οὐχ ὅπως ἀσφαλῶς κακουργήσουσι φαίνεται παρασκευάζων τοῖς τοιούτοις, ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως ἢ μὴ ἀδικήσουσιν ἢ δώσουσι δίκην ἀξίαν, καὶ νόμον εἰσήνεγκεν, εἰ μέν τις μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν ὑπὲρ πεντήκοντα δραχμὰς κλέπτοι, ἀπαγωγὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἕνδεκ᾽ εἶναι, εἰ δέ τις νύκτωρ ὁτιοῦν κλέπτοι, τοῦτον ἐξεῖναι καὶ ἀποκτεῖναι καὶ τρῶσαι διώκοντα καὶ ἀπαγαγεῖν τοῖς ἕνδεκα, εἰ βούλοιτο. τῷ δ᾽ ἁλόντι ὧν αἱ ἀπαγωγαί εἰσιν, οὐκ ἐγγυητὰς καταστήσαντι ἔκτισιν εἶναι τῶν κλεμμάτων, ἀλλὰ θάνατον τὴν ζημίαν.
[113] And yet Solon, gentlemen of the jury, — and even Timocrates cannot pretend to be a legislator of the same calibre as Solon, — so far from providing such defaulters with the means of swindling in security, actually introduced a law to ensure that they should either refrain from crime or be adequately punished. For a theft in day-time of more than fifty drachmas a man might be arrested summarily and put into custody of the Eleven. If he stole anything, however small, by night, the person aggrieved might lawfully pursue and kill or wound him, or else put him into the hands of the Eleven, at his own option. A man found guilty of an offence for which arrest is lawful was not allowed to put in bail and refund the stolen money;
no, the penalty was death.
[114] καὶ εἴ τίς γ᾽ ἐκ Λυκείου ἢ ἐξ Ἀκαδημείας ἢ ἐκ Κυνοσάργους ἱμάτιον ἢ ληκύθιον ἢ ἄλλο τι φαυλότατον, ἢ εἰ τῶν σκευῶν τι τῶν ἐκ τῶν γυμνασίων ὑφέλοιτο ἢ ἐκ τῶν λιμένων, ὑπὲρ δέκα δραχμάς, καὶ τούτοις θάνατον ἐνομοθέτησεν εἶναι τὴν ζημίαν. εἰ δέ τις ἰδίαν δίκην κλοπῆς ἁλοίη, ὑπάρχειν μὲν αὐτῷ διπλάσιον ἀποτεῖσαι τὸ τιμηθέν, προστιμῆσαι δ᾽ ἐξεῖναι τῷ δικαστηρίῳ πρὸς τῷ ἀργυρίῳ δεσμὸν τῷ κλέπτῃ, πένθ᾽ ἡμέρας καὶ νύκτας ἴσας, ὅπως ὁρῷεν ἅπαντες αὐτὸν δεδεμένον. καὶ τούτων ὀλίγῳ πρότερον ἠκούσατε τῶν νόμων.
[114] Or suppose that he stole a cloak, or an oil-flask, or any such trifle, from the Lyceum, or the Academy, or Cynosarges, or any utensil from the gymnasia or the harbors, above the value of ten drachmas, for such thefts also Solon enacted the capital penalty. If a man was found guilty on a private prosecution for theft, while the normal penalty was double reparation, the court was empowered to add to the fine the extra penalty of imprisonment for five days and as many nights, so that everybody might see the thief in jail. You heard those laws read not long ago.