by Demosthenes
[44] But apart from all this, suppose, by heaven, men of the jury, that the case were reversed, — that it was not this man’s dead brother who owed me the money, but that I owed his brother a talent, or eighty minae, or more or less; do you fancy that this fellow, Lacritus, would employ the same language that he now so lavishly uses? Or would say that he is not the heir and has nothing to do with his brother’s affairs? Or that he would not exact payment from me mercilessly, as he has from the others who owed anything to the deceased, whether in Phaselis or anywhere else?
[45] καὶ εἴ γέ τις ἡμῶν φεύγων δίκην ὑπὸ τούτου παραγραφὴν ἐτόλμησε παραγράφεσθαι, μὴ εἰσαγώγιμον εἶναι τὴν δίκην, εὖ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι ἠγανάκτει ἂν αὐτὸς καὶ ἐσχετλίαζε πρὸς ὑμᾶς, δεινὰ φάσκων πάσχειν καὶ παρανομεῖσθαι, εἰ μή τις αὐτῷ τὴν δίκην ψηφιεῖται εἰσαγώγιμον εἶναι, ἐμπορικὴν οὖσαν. ἔπειτα, ὦ Λάκριτε, σοὶ μὲν τοῦτο δίκαιον δοκεῖ εἶναι, ἐμοὶ δὲ διὰ τί οὐκ ἔσται; οὐχ ἅπασιν ἡμῖν οἱ αὐτοὶ νόμοι γεγραμμένοι εἰσὶν καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ δίκαιον περὶ τῶν ἐμπορικῶν δικῶν;
[45] And, if any one of us, being defendant in a suit brought by him, had dared to enter a special plea declaring that the action was not one that could be brought into court, I know well that he would have waxed indignant, and would have protested to you, declaring that he was suffering treatment that was outrageous and contrary to law, if anyone voted that his action, being a mercantile one, was not one that could be brought. Then, Lacritus, if you consider this just for yourself, why should it not be just for me? Do not the same laws stand written for us all? And have we not all the same rights in regard to mercantile suits?
[46] ἀλλ᾽ οὕτως βδελυρός τίς ἐστι καὶ ὑπερβάλλων ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους τῷ πονηρὸς εἶναι, ὥστ᾽ ἐπιχειρεῖ πείθειν ὑμᾶς ψηφίσασθαι μὴ εἰσαγώγιμον εἶναι τὴν ἐμπορικὴν δίκην ταύτην, δικαζόντων ὑμῶν νυνὶ τὰς ἐμπορικὰς δίκας. ἀλλὰ τί κελεύεις, ὦ Λάκριτε; μὴ ἱκανὸν εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἀποστερεῖσθαι ἃ ἐδανείσαμεν χρήματα ὑμῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον παραδοθῆναι ὑφ᾽ ὑμῶν προσοφλόντας τὰ ἐπιτίμια, ἐὰν μὴ ἐκτίνωμεν.
[46] But he is a man so vile, so surpassing all human kind in baseness, that he seeks to induce you to vote that this mercantile action cannot be brought when you are now sitting to judge mercantile suits.
What is it you would have, Lacritus? Is it not enough that we should be robbed of the money we lent you but should we also be given over to prison by you, if we do not pay the costs adjudged against us?
[47] καὶ πῶς οὐκ ἂν δεινὸν εἴη καὶ σχέτλιον καὶ αἰσχρὸν ὑμῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, εἰ οἱ δανείσαντες ἐν τῷ ἐμπορίῳ τῷ ὑμετέρῳ χρήματα ναυτικὰ καὶ ἀποστερούμενοι ὑπὸ τῶν δανεισαμένων καὶ ἀποστερούντων ἀπάγοιντο εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον; ταῦτ᾽ ἐστίν, ὦ Λάκριτε, ἃ τουτουσὶ πείθεις. ἀλλὰ ποῦ χρὴ λαβεῖν δίκην, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, περὶ τῶν ἐμπορικῶν συμβολαίων; παρὰ ποίᾳ ἀρχῇ ἢ ἐν τίνι χρόνῳ; παρὰ τοῖς ἕνδεκα; ἀλλὰ τοιχωρύχους καὶ κλέπτας καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους κακούργους τοὺς ἐπὶ θανάτῳ οὗτοι εἰσάγουσιν.
[47] Would it not be outrageous, and cruel, and shameful, for you, men of the jury, if those who have lent money in your port for an adventure overseas, and have been defrauded of it, should be led off to prison by those who borrowed and are seeking to evade payment? Is it this, Lacritus, that you would have these gentlemen sanction? But, men of the jury, where are we to obtain justice in the matter of commercial contracts? Before what magistrates, or at what time? Before the Eleven? But they bring into court burglars and thieves and other evil-doers who are charged with capital crimes. Before the Archon?
[48] ἀλλὰ παρὰ τῷ ἄρχοντι; οὐκοῦν ἐπικλήρων καὶ ὀρφανῶν καὶ τῶν τοκέων τῷ ἄρχοντι προστέτακται ἐπιμελεῖσθαι. ἀλλὰ νὴ Δία παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐσμὲν γυμνασίαρχοι, οὐδὲ ἀσεβείας οὐδένα γραφόμεθα. ἀλλ᾽ ὁ πολέμαρχος εἰσάξει. ἀποστασίου γε καὶ ἀπροστασίου. οὐκοῦν ὑπόλοιπόν ἐστιν οἱ στρατηγοί. ἀλλὰ τοὺς τριηράρχους καθιστᾶσιν, ἐμπορικὴν δὲ δίκην οὐδεμίαν εἰσάγουσιν.
[48] But it is for heiresses, and orphans, and parents that the Archon is appointed to care. Then before the King-archon? But we are not gymnesiarchs, nor are we indicting anyone for impiety. Or will the Polemarch bring us into court? Yes, for disregard of a patron, or for having no patron. Well then, the Generals are left. But they appoint the trierarchs; they bring no mercantile suits into court.
[49] ἐγὼ δ᾽ εἰμὶ ἔμπορος, καὶ σὺ ἀδελφὸς καὶ κληρονόμος ἑνὸς τῶν ἐμπόρων, τοῦ λαβόντος παρ᾽ ἡμῶν τὰ ἐμπορικὰ χρήματα. ποῖ οὖν δεῖ ταύτην εἰσελθεῖν τὴν δίκην; δίδαξον, ὦ Λάκριτε, μόνον δίκαιόν τι λέγων καὶ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτω δεινὸς ἄνθρωπος οὐδεὶς ὅστις ἂν περὶ τοιούτων πραγμάτων ἔχοι τι δίκαιον εἰπεῖν.
[49] I, however, am a merchant, and you are the brother and heir of a merchant, who got from me money for a mercantile venture. Before whom, then, should this suit be entered? Tell me, Lacritus; only say what is just and according to law. But there lives no man clever enough to be able to say anything that is just in connection with a case like yours.
[50] οὐ τοίνυν ταῦτα μόνον, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, δεινὰ ἐγὼ πάσχω ὑπὸ Λακρίτου τουτουί, ἀλλὰ καὶ χωρὶς τοῦ ἀποστερεῖσθαι τὰ χρήματα καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἐσχάτους ἂν κινδύνους ἀφικόμην τὸ τούτου μέρος, εἰ μή μοι ἡ συγγραφὴ ἐβοήθει ἡ πρὸς τούτους, καὶ ἐμαρτύρει ὅτι εἰς τὸν Πόντον ἔδωκα τὰ χρήματα καὶ πάλιν Ἀθήναζε. ἴστε γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τὸν νόμον ὡς χαλεπός ἐστιν, ἐάν τις Ἀθηναίων ἄλλοσέ ποι σιτηγήσῃ ἢ Ἀθήναζε, ἢ χρήματα δανείσῃ εἰς ἄλλο τι ἐμπόριον ἢ τὸ Ἀθηναίων, οἷαι ζημίαι περὶ τούτων εἰσίν, ὡς μεγάλαι καὶ δειναί.
[50] It is not in these matters only, men of the jury, that I have suffered outrageous wrongs at the hands of this man Lacritus; for, besides being defrauded of my money, I should have been brought into the gravest danger, so far as his power went, if the agreement made with these men had not come to my aid by bearing witness that I lent the money for a voyage to Pontus and back to Athens. For you know, men of the jury, how severe the law is, if any Athenian transports corn to any other port than the port of Athens, or lends money for use in any market save that of Athens; you know what penalties there are in such cases, and how severe and to be dreaded they are.
[51] μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸν ἀνάγνωθι αὐ�
�οῖς τὸν νόμον, ἵν᾽ ἀκριβέστερον μάθωσιν.”Νόμος
ἀργύριον δὲ μὴ ἐξεῖναι ἐκδοῦναι Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν μετοίκων τῶν Ἀθήνησι μετοικούντων μηδενί, μηδὲ ὧν οὗτοι κύριοί εἰσιν, εἰς ναῦν ἥτις ἂν μὴ μέλλῃ ἄξειν σῖτον Ἀθήναζε, καὶ τἄλλα τὰ γεγραμμένα περὶ ἑκάστου αὐτῶν. ἐὰν δέ τις ἐκδῷ παρὰ ταῦτα, εἶναι τὴν φάσιν καὶ τὴν ἀπογραφὴν τοῦ ἀργυρίου πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιμελητάς, καθάπερ τῆς νεὼς καὶ τοῦ σίτου εἴρηται, κατὰ ταὐτά. καὶ δίκη αὐτῷ μὴ ἔστω περὶ τοῦ ἀργυρίου, ὃ ἂν ἐκδῷ ἄλλοσέ ποι ἢ Ἀθήναζε, μηδὲ ἀρχὴ εἰσαγέτω περὶ τούτου μηδεμία.”
[51] However, read them the law itself, that they may have more exact information.”Law
It shall be unlawful for any Athenian or any alien residing at Athens or for any person over whom they have control, to lend money on any vessel which is not going to bring to Athens grain or the other articles specifically mentioned. And if any man lends out money contrary to this decree, information and an account of the money shall be laid before the harbor-masters in the same manner as is provided in regard to the ship and the grain. And he shall have no right to bring action for the money which he has lent for a voyage to any other place than to Athens, and no magistrate shall bring any such suit to trial.”
[52] ὁ μὲν νόμος, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, οὕτω χαλεπός ἐστιν: οὗτοι δὲ οἱ μιαρώτατοι ἀνθρώπων ἁπάντων, γεγραμμένον διαρρήδην ἐν τῇ συγγραφῇ Ἀθήναζε πάλιν ἥκειν τὰ χρήματα, εἰς Χίον ἐπέτρεψαν καταχθῆναι ἃ ἐδανείσαντο Ἀθήνηθεν παρ᾽ ἡμῶν. δανειζομένου γὰρ ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ τοῦ ναυκλήρου τοῦ Φασηλίτου ἕτερα χρήματα παρά τινος Χίου ἀνθρώπου, οὐ φάσκοντος δὲ τοῦ Χίου δανείσειν, ἐὰν μὴ ὑποθήκην λάβῃ ἅπαντα ὅσα ἦν περὶ τὸν ναύκληρον, καὶ ἐπιτρέπωσι ταῦτα οἱ πρότερον δεδανεικότες, ἐπέτρεψαν ταῦτα ὑποθήκην γενέσθαι τῷ Χίῳ τὰ ἡμέτερα καὶ κύριον ἐκεῖνον γενέσθαι ἁπάντων,
[52] The law, men of the jury, is thus severe. But these men, the most abominable of humankind, although it stands expressly written in the agreement that the money should come back to Athens, allowed what they borrowed from us at Athens to be conveyed to Chios. For when the Phaselite shipowner wanted to borrow other money in Pontus from a certain Chian, and the Chian declared he would not lend it unless he should receive as security all the goods which the shipowner had on board or in his keeping, and unless those who had made the former loan should consent to this, these men nevertheless permitted these goods of ours to become security for the Chian, and put them all into his control.
[53] καὶ οὕτως ἀπέπλεον ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου μετὰ τοῦ Φασηλίτου ναυκλήρου καὶ μετὰ τοῦ Χίου τοῦ δεδανεικότος, καὶ ὁρμίζονται ἐν φωρῶν λιμένι, εἰς δὲ τὸ ὑμέτερον ἐμπόριον οὐχ ὡρμίσαντο. καὶ νυνί, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τὰ Ἀθήνηθεν δανεισθέντα χρήματα εἰς τὸν Πόντον καὶ πάλιν ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου Ἀθήναζε εἰς Χίον κατηγμένα ἐστὶν ὑπὸ τούτων.
[53] On these terms they sailed back from Pontus with the Phaselite shipowner and the Chian who had made the loan, and put into Thieves’ Harbor, without anchoring in your port. And now, men of the jury, money which was lent for a voyage from Athens to Pontus and back again from Pontus to Athens has been brought to Chios by these men.
[54] ὅπερ οὖν ἐν ἀρχῇ ὑπεθέμην τοῦ λόγου, ὅτι καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀδικεῖσθε οὐδὲν ἧττον τῶν δόντων ἡμῶν τὰ χρήματα. σκοπεῖτε δέ, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, πῶς οὐκ ἀδικεῖσθε, ἐπειδάν τις τῶν νόμων τῶν ὑμετέρων κρείττων ἐγχειρῇ εἶναι, καὶ τὰς συγγραφὰς τὰς ναυτικὰς ἀκύρους ποιῇ καὶ καταλύῃ, καὶ τὰ χρήματα τὰ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν εἰς Χίον ᾖ διαπεσταλκώς, πῶς οὐκ ἀδικεῖ ὁ τοιοῦτος ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὑμᾶς;
[54] It is, therefore, just as I assumed at the beginning of my speech — you are wronged no less than we who lent the money. Consider, men of the jury, how the wrong touches you also. When a man seeks to set himself above your laws, and makes of no effect nautical agreements, but does away with them, and has sent away to Chios money lent here on our exchange, is it not clear that such a man wrongs you as well as us
[55] ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν ἐστιν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος （τούτοις γὰρ ἔδωκα τὰ χρήματα）: τούτοις δ᾽ ἔσται πρὸς τὸν ναύκληρον ἐκεῖνον τὸν Φασηλίτην, τὸν πολίτην τὸν αὑτῶν, ᾧ φασὶν δανεῖσαι τὰ χρήματα ἄνευ ἡμῶν παρὰ τὴν συγγραφήν: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν τίνα ἐστὶν τὰ πεπραγμένα τούτοις πρὸς τὸν ἑαυτῶν πολίτην, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι ἴσασιν.
[55] My words, men of the jury, are addressed to these people only, for it was to them that I lent the money. It will remain for them to deal with that Phaselite shipowner, their own countryman, to whom they say they lent the money unknown to us and contrary to the agreement. For we do not know what transactions were entered into by them with their countryman; but they know themselves.
[56] ταῦτα ἡγούμεθα δίκαια εἶναι, καὶ ὑμῶν δεόμεθα, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, βοηθεῖν ἡμῖν τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις, καὶ κολάζειν τοὺς κακοτεχνοῦντας καὶ σοφιζομένους, ὥσπερ οὗτοι σοφίζονται. καὶ ἐὰν ταῦτα ποιῆτε, ὑμῖν τε αὐτοῖς τὰ συμφέροντα ἔσεσθε ἐψηφισμένοι, καὶ περιαιρήσεσθε τῶν πονηρῶν ἀνθρώπων τὰς πανουργίας ἁπάσας, ἃς ἔνιοι πανουργοῦσι περὶ τὰ συμβόλαια τὰ ναυτικά.
[56] This we hold to be a just course; and we beg you, men of the jury, to come to the aid of us who are being wronged, and to punish those who devise evil and resort to sophistries, as these men do. If you do this, you will be found to have decided in accordance with your own interests, and will rid yourselves of all the rascalities of unprincipled men, which certain ones of them are employing in regard to maritime contracts.
Παραγραφὴ ὑπὲρ Φορμίωνος — FOR PHORMIO
[1] τὴν μὲν ἀπειρίαν τοῦ λέγειν, καὶ ὡς ἀδυνάτως ἔχει Φορμίων, αὐτοὶ πάντες ὁρᾶτ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι: ἀνάγκη δ᾽ ἐστὶν τοῖς ἐπιτηδείοις ἡμῖν, ἃ σύνισμεν πολλάκις τούτου διεξιόντος ἀκηκοότες, λέγειν καὶ διδάσκειν ὑμᾶς, ἵν᾽ εἰδότες καὶ μεμαθηκότες ὀρθῶς τὰ δίκαια παρ᾽ ἡμῶν, ἃν ᾖ δίκαια καὶ εὔορκα, ταῦτα ψηφίσησθε.
[1] Phormio’s inexperience in speaking, and his utter helplessness, you all see for yourselves, men of Athens. It is necessary for us, his friends, to state and set forth for you the facts, which we know full well from ha
ving heard him often relate them; in order that, when you have duly learned from us and have come to know the rights of the case, you may give a verdict that is both just and in harmony with your oaths.
[2] τὴν μὲν οὖν παραγραφὴν ἐποιησάμεθα τῆς δίκης, οὐχ ἵν᾽ ἐκκρούοντες χρόνους ἐμποιῶμεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα τῶν πραγμάτων, ἐὰν ἐπιδείξῃ μηδ᾽ ὁτιοῦν ἀδικοῦνθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν οὑτοσί, ἀπαλλαγή τις αὐτῷ γένηται παρ᾽ ὑμῖν κυρία. ὅσα γὰρ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐστὶν ἀνθρώποις ἰσχυρὰ καὶ βέβαια ἄνευ τοῦ παρ᾽ ὑμῖν ἀγωνίσασθαι, ταῦτα πάντα πεποιηκὼς Φορμίων οὑτοσί, καὶ πολλὰ μὲν εὖ πεποιηκὼς Ἀπολλόδωρον τουτονί,
[2] We have put in a special plea in bar of action, not that we may evade the issue and waste time, but that, if the defendant shows that he has committed no wrong whatsoever, he may win in your court an acquittal which will be final. For all that in the minds of other people brings about a firm and lasting settlement without engaging in a trial before you —