by Demosthenes
[82] εἶτα κακῶς ἡμᾶς ἔλεγες καὶ τὸν ἡμέτερον πατέρ᾽ ἐξήταζες ὅστις ἦν; ἐφ᾽ οἷς τίς οὐκ ἄν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, χαλεπῶς ἤνεγκεν; ἐγὼ γάρ, εἰ πάντων τῶν ἄλλων ὑμῶν ἔλαττον προσήκει μοι φρονεῖν, τούτου γε μεῖζον οἶμαι, καὶ τούτῳ γ᾽ εἰ μηδενὸς τῶν ἄλλων ἔλαττον, ἐμοῦ γ᾽ ἔλαττον: ὄντων γὰρ ἡμῶν τοιούτων ὁποίους τινὰς ἂν καὶ σὺ κατασκευάσῃς τῷ λόγῳ, σὺ δοῦλος ἦσθα.
[82] And, then, did you speak evil of me, and inquire what manner of man my father was? Men of Athens, who would not have been indignant at this? For my part, though it beseem me to have less of pride than any of you, yet I judge that I may at least have more than Phormio, while as for him, though there be no one else than whom he should have less, yet he should have less than I; for, assuming that we are the sort of people your words made us out to be, you, Phormio, were none the less our slave.
[83] τάχα τοίνυν ἂν ἴσως καὶ τοῦτό τις αὐτῶν εἴποι, ὡς ἀδελφὸς ὢν ἐμὸς Πασικλῆς οὐδὲν ἐγκαλεῖ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτῳ πραγμάτων. ἐγὼ δ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ περὶ Πασικλέους, παραιτησάμενος καὶ δεηθεὶς ὑμῶν συγγνώμην ἔχειν, εἰ προεληλυθὼς εἰς τοῦθ᾽ ὥσθ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμαυτοῦ δούλων ὑβρισθεὶς οὐ δύναμαι κατασχεῖν, ἃ τέως οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων λεγόντων ἀκούειν ἐδόκουν, ἐρῶ καὶ οὐ σιωπήσομαι.
[83] There is perhaps something else which one of them may say: that Pasicles, although he is my brother, makes no charge against Phormio for these same actions. Well, I will speak about Pasicles, too, men of Athens, though I beg and implore you to pardon me, if I am so carried away by indignation at the outrages I have received from my own slaves as to be unable to restrain myself; I will not keep silent, but will declare what until now I pretended not to hear when others said it; —
[84] ἐγὼ γὰρ ὁμομήτριον μὲν ἀδελφὸν ἐμαυτοῦ Πασικλέα νομίζω, ὁμοπάτριον δ᾽ οὐκ οἶδα, δέδοικα μέντοι μὴ τῶν Φορμίωνος ἁμαρτημάτων εἰς ἡμᾶς ἀρχὴ Πασικλῆς ᾖ. ὅταν γὰρ τῷ δούλῳ συνδικῇ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἀτιμῶν, καὶ παραπεπτωκὼς θαυμάζῃ τούτους ὑφ᾽ ὧν αὐτῷ θαυμάζεσθαι προσῆκεν, τίν᾽ ἔχει δικαίαν ταῦθ᾽ ὑποψίαν; ἄνελ᾽ οὖν ἐκ μέσου μοι Πασικλέα, καὶ σὸς μὲν υἱὸς ἀντὶ δεσπότου καλείσθω, ἐμὸς δ᾽ ἀντίδικος （βούλεται γὰρ） ἀντ᾽ ἀδελφοῦ.
[84] I consider Pasicles to be my brother on my mother’s side, but whether on my father’s side also, I do not know; but I am afraid that the wrongs which Phormio has done us began with Pasicles. For when he joins in pleading the cause of the slave and dishonors his brother, when he fawns upon those, and curries the favor of those, who ought to seek his favor, to what suspicion does this naturally give rise? Away, then, with Pasicles, and let him be called your son instead of your master, and my adversary （since he so chooses） instead of my brother.
[85] ἐγὼ δὲ τούτῳ μὲν χαίρειν λέγω, οὓς δ᾽ ὁ πατήρ μοι παρέδωκε βοηθοὺς καὶ φίλους, εἰς τούτους ἥκω, εἰς ὑμᾶς, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί. καὶ δέομαι καὶ ἀντιβολῶ καὶ ἱκετεύω, μὴ ὑπερίδητέ με καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας δι᾽ ἔνδειαν τοῖς ἐμαυτοῦ δούλοις καὶ τοῖς τούτου κόλαξιν ἐπίχαρτον γενόμενον. οὑμὸς ὑμῖν πατὴρ χιλίας ἔδωκεν ἀσπίδας, καὶ πολλὰ χρήσιμον αὑτὸν παρέσχε, καὶ πέντε τριήρεις ἐθελοντὴς ἐπιδοὺς καὶ παρ᾽ αὑτοῦ πληρώσας ἐτριηράρχησε τριηραρχίας. καὶ ταῦτα, οὐκ ὀφείλειν ὑμᾶς νομίζων χάριν ἡμῖν, ὑπομιμνῄσκω （ἡμεῖς γὰρ ὀφείλομεν ὑμῖν）, ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ λάθω τι παθὼν τούτων ἀνάξιον: οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑμῖν ἂν γένοιτο καλόν.
[85] I bid adieu to this fellow and appeal to those to whom my father left me as my helpers and friends — to you, men of the jury. And I beg and entreat and implore you, do not suffer my daughters and myself through our poverty to become a source of malicious joy to my own slaves and to his flatterers. My father gave you a thousand shields and made himself serviceable to you in many ways, and five times served as trierarch, voluntarily equipping the ships and manning them at his own expense. I remind you of this, not because I consider that you are under obligation to me — for it is I that am under obligation to you, — but in order that I may not suffer unworthy treatment without your knowing it. For that would not be a credit to you any more than to me.
[86] πολλὰ δ᾽ ἔχων εἰπεῖν περὶ ὧν ὕβρισμαι, οὐχ ἱκανὸν τὸ ὕδωρ ὁρῶ μοι. ὡς οὖν μάλιστ᾽ ἂν ἅπαντας ὑμᾶς ἡγοῦμαι γνῶναι τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ὧν ἠδικήμεθ᾽ ἡμεῖς, φράσω: εἰ σκέψαιτο πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἕκαστος ὑμῶν τίν᾽ οἴκοι κατέλιπεν οἰκέτην, εἶθ᾽ ὑπὸ τούτου πεπονθόθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν θείη ταὔθ᾽ ἅπερ ἡμεῖς ὑπὸ τούτου. μὴ γὰρ εἰ Σύρος ἢ Μάνης ἢ τίς ἕκαστος ἐκείνων, οὗτος δὲ Φορμίων: ἀλλὰ τὸ πρᾶγμα ταὐτό: δοῦλοι μὲν ἐκεῖνοι, δοῦλος δ᾽ οὗτος ἦν, δεσπόται δ᾽ ὑμεῖς, δεσπότης δ᾽ ἦν ἐγώ.
[86] I have much to say regarding the indignities which I have suffered, but I see that I have not enough water left in the clock. I will tell you, therefore, how I think you will all best come to know the enormity of the wrongs that have been done me. You must each of you consider what slave he left at home, and then imagine that you have suffered from him the same treatment that I have suffered from Phormio. Do not take into consideration that they are severally Syrus or Manes or what not, while this fellow is Phormio. The thing is the same — they are slaves, and he was a slave; you are masters, and I was master.
[87] ἣν τοίνυν ὑμῶν ἂν ἕκαστος δίκην ἀξιώσειε λαβεῖν, ταύτην νομίζετε κἀμοὶ προσήκειν νῦν: καὶ τὸν ἀφῃρημένον τῷ μαρτυρῆσαι τὰ ψευδῆ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν νόμων καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅρκων οὓς ὀμωμοκότες δικάζετε, τιμωρήσασθε καὶ παράδειγμα ποιήσατε τοῖς ἄλλοις, μνημονεύοντες πάνθ᾽ ὅσ᾽ ἀκηκόαθ᾽ ἡμῶν, καὶ φυλάττοντες, ἐὰν παράγειν ἐπιχειρῶσιν ὑμᾶς, πρὸς ἕκαστον ἀπαντῶντες: ἐὰν μὴ φῶσιν ἅπαντα μεμαρτυρηκέναι, ‘τί οὖν ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ γέγραπται; τί οὖν οὐ τότ᾽ ἀπηλείφου;
[87] Believe, then, that it is fitting now for me to exact the penalty which each one of you would claim; and in the interest of the laws and of the oaths which you have taken as jurors punish the man who has robbed me of a verdict by giving false testimony, and make him an example to others, remembering all that you have heard from me and bearing it in mind, if they attempt to mislead you, and meeting them at every point. If they deny that they have borne witness to all the facts, ask them these questions, “What stands written in the deposition? Why did you n
ot strike it out at the time? What is the counter-plea in the custody of the archons?”
[88] τίς ἡ παρὰ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ἀντιγραφή;’ ἐὰν μεμαρτυρηκέναι τὸν μὲν ἐπιτροπευθῆναι κατὰ διαθήκας, τὸν δ᾽ ἐπιτροπεῦσαι, τὸν δ᾽ ἔχειν, ‘ποίας; ἐν αἷς τί γέγραπται;’ ταῦτ᾽ ἐρωτᾶτε: ἃ γὰρ οὗτοι μεμαρτυρήκασιν, οὐδεὶς ἐκείνων προσμεμαρτύρηκεν. ἐὰν δ᾽ ὀδύρωνται, τὸν πεπονθότ᾽ ἐλεινότερον τῶν δωσόντων δίκην ἡγεῖσθε. ταῦτα γὰρ ἂν ποιῆτε, ἐμοί τε βοηθήσετε, καὶ τούτους τῆς ἄγαν κολακείας ἐπισχήσετε, καὶ αὐτοὶ τὰ εὔορκ᾽ ἔσεσθ᾽ ἐψηφισμένοι.
[88] If they declare that they have testified, one person that he lived as ward under a will, another that he served as guardian, and another that he has the will in his possession, demand of them, “What will? What were the provisions contained in it?” For to the deposition to which these men bore witness no one of the others has given corroborative testimony. But if they try whining tactics, you should consider that the one wronged is more deserving of pity than those about to be punished. If you act in this way, you will succor me, and you will restrain these men from their excessive adulation; and to your own satisfaction you will have rendered a righteous verdict.
κατὰ Στεφάνου Ψευδομαρτυριῶν Β — APOLLODORUS AGAINST STEPHANUS 2
[1] ὅτι μὲν οὐκ ἀπορήσειν ἔμελλε Στέφανος οὑτοσὶ ὅ τι ἀπολογήσεται περὶ τῆς μαρτυρίας, παράγων τῷ λόγῳ ὡς οὐ πάντα μεμαρτύρηκε τὰ ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ γεγραμμένα, καὶ ἐξαπατῶν ὑμᾶς, καὶ αὐτὸς σχεδόν τι ὑπενόουν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί. πανοῦργός τε γάρ ἐστιν, καὶ οἱ γράφοντες καὶ οἱ συμβουλεύοντες ὑπὲρ Φορμίωνος πολλοί: ἅμα τ᾽ εἰκός ἐστι τοὺς ἐγχειροῦντας τὰ ψευδῆ μαρτυρεῖν καὶ τὴν ἀπολογίαν εὐθέως ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν μελετᾶν.
[1] Even of myself, men of the jury, I could pretty well suspect that this fellow Stephanus would not be at a loss for something to say in defence of his testimony; and that he would seek to mislead and deceive you in his speech by alleging that he has not borne witness to everything written in the deposition. For he is a knave, and there are many to write speeches and give advice on Phormio’s behalf. Furthermore it is but natural that those who undertake to give false testimony should at the start prepare some means of defending it.
[2] ὅτι δ᾽ ἐν τοσούτῳ λόγῳ οὐδαμοῦ μάρτυρας παρέσχετο ὑμῖν, ὡς ἢ διατιθεμένῳ τῷ πατρὶ τῷ ἐμῷ παρεγένετό που αὐτὸς ταύτην τὴν διαθήκην, ὥστ᾽ εἰδέναι ταῦτα ὅτι ἀντίγραφά ἐστιν ὧν ὁ πατήρ μου διέθετο, ἢ ἀνοιχθὲν εἶδε τὸ γραμματεῖον ὅ φασι διαθέμενον ἐκεῖνον καταλιπεῖν, ταῦτα συμμέμνησθέ μοι.
[2] But I bid you to bear this in mind, that in his address, long as it was, he nowhere brought forward witnesses to prove to you either that he was himself present when my father made this will, so as to know that this is a copy of the will which my father made, or that he saw the document opened which they declare my father drew up and left as his will.
[3] ἀλλὰ μὴν ὁπότε μεμαρτύρηκεν ἀντίγραφα εἶναι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῶν Πασίωνος τὰ ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ γεγραμμένα, τὰς δὲ διαθήκας μὴ ἔχει ἐπιδεῖξαι μήθ᾽ ὡς ὁ πατὴρ διέθετο ἡμῶν μήθ᾽ ὡς αὐτὸς εἶδεν παραγενόμενος αὐτὰς διατιθεμένου τοῦ πατρός, πῶς οὐ περιφανῶς οὗτος ἐξελέγχεται τὰ ψευδῆ μεμαρτυρηκώς;
[3] When, however, my opponent has testified that what was written in the document was a copy of the will of Pasio, but is unable to prove either that my father made a will or that he was himself present and saw it when my father drew it up, is he not manifestly proved to have given false testimony?
[4] εἰ τοίνυν πρόκλησίν φησιν εἶναι καὶ μὴ μαρτυρίαν, οὐκ ἀληθῆ λέγει. ἅπαντα γὰρ ὅσα παρέχονται εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον προκαλούμενοι ἀλλήλους οἱ ἀντίδικοι, διὰ μαρτυρίας παρέχονται. οὐ γὰρ ἂν εἰδείηθ᾽ ὑμεῖς εἴτ᾽ ἐστὶν ἀληθῆ εἴτε ψευδῆ ἅ φασιν ἑκάτεροι, εἰ μή τις καὶ τοὺς μάρτυρας παρέχοιτο. ὅταν δὲ παράσχηται, τούτοις πιστεύοντες ὑποδίκοις οὖσιν ψηφίζεσθε ἐκ τῶν λεγομένων καὶ μαρτυρουμένων ἃ ἂν ὑμῖν δοκῇ δίκαια εἶναι.
[4] If, now, he maintains that it was a challenge and not a deposition, he is not telling the truth. For all pieces of evidence which the parties to a suit bring before the court when they tender challenges to one another, they bring in by means of depositions. Otherwise you would not know whether what they severally say is true or false, if they did not bring forward the witnesses also. But when they do bring in witnesses, you rely upon these as being responsible, and so from the statements and the testimony offered you cast your votes for what seems to you to be a just verdict.
[5] βούλομαι τοίνυν καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἐξελέγξαι, ὅτι οὐ πρόκλησίς ἐστιν, καὶ ὡς ἔδει μαρτυρεῖν αὐτούς, εἴπερ ἐγίγνετο ἡ πρόκλησις, ὡς οὐκ ἐγίγνετο. ‘μαρτυροῦσι παρεῖναι πρὸς τῷ διαιτητῇ Τεισίᾳ, ὅτε προὐκαλεῖτο Φορμίων Ἀπολλόδωρον ἀνοίγειν τὸ γραμματεῖον, ὃ παρεῖχεν Ἀμφίας ὁ Κηφισοφῶντος κηδεστής, Ἀπολλόδωρον δ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλειν ἀνοίγειν.’ οὕτω μὲν ἂν μαρτυροῦντες ἐδόκουν ἀληθῆ μαρτυρεῖν: ἀντίγραφα δὲ τῶν διαθηκῶν τῶν Πασίωνος μαρτυρεῖν εἶναι τὰ ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ ὃ παρείχετο Φορμίων, μήτε παραγενομένους ἐκείνῳ διατιθεμένῳ μήτ᾽ εἰδότας εἰ διέθετο, πῶς οὐ περιφανῶς ἀναισχυντία δοκεῖ ὑμῖν εἶναι;
[5] I wish therefore to prove to you that the deposition is not a challenge, and to show you how they ought to have deposed if the challenge was given, which it was not,— “The deponents testify that they were present before the arbitrator Teisias, when Phormio challenged Apollodorus to open the document which Amphias, the brother-in-law of Cephisophon, produced, and that Apollodorus refused to open it.” If they had given their evidence in this way, they would have appeared to be speaking the truth. But to depose that what was written in the document which Phormio produced was a copy of the will of Pasio, without having been present when Pasio made the will, or knowing that he had made one, does this not seem to you to be a manifest piece of insolence?
[6] ἀλλὰ μὴν εἰ φησὶ Φορμίωνος λέγοντος πιστεύειν ταῦτ᾽ ἀληθῆ εἶναι, τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀνδρός ἐστιν πιστεύειν τε λέγοντι τούτῳ ταῦτα καὶ κελεύοντι μαρτυρεῖν. οἱ δέ γε νόμοι οὐ ταῦτα λέγουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἃ ἂν εἰδῇ τις καὶ οἷς ἂν παραγένηται πραττομένοις, ταῦτα μαρτυρεῖν κελεύουσιν ἐν γραμματείῳ
γεγραμμένα, ἵνα μήτ᾽ ἀφελεῖν ἐξῇ μηδὲν μήτε προσθεῖναι τοῖς γεγραμμένοις.
[6] And surely, if he says that he believed this to be true because Phormio said it was, it would be like the same man to believe him when he said this, and to testify to it at his bidding. The laws, however, do not say this, but ordain that a man may testify to what he knows, or to matters at the doing of which he was present, and that his testimony must be committed to writing in order that it may not be possible to subtract anything from what is written, or to add anything to it.
[7] ἀκοὴν δ᾽ οὐκ ἐῶσι ζῶντος μαρτυρεῖν, ἀλλὰ τεθνεῶτος, τῶν δὲ ἀδυνάτων καὶ ὑπερορίων ἐκμαρτυρίαν γεγραμμένην ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ: καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐπισκήψεως τήν τε μαρτυρίαν καὶ ἐκμαρτυρίαν ἀγωνίζεσθαι ἅμα, ἵν᾽ ἐὰν μὲν ἀναδέχηται ὁ ἐκμαρτυρήσας, ἐκεῖνος ὑπόδικος ᾖ τῶν ψευδομαρτυρίων, ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀναδέχηται, οἱ μαρτυρήσαντες τὴν ἐκμαρτυρίαν.