by Demosthenes
[72] Although this woman, then, was acknowledged beyond all question to be an alien, and although Stephanus had had the audacity to charge with adultery a man taken with her, these two, Stephanus and Neaera, came to such a pitch of insolence and shamelessness that they were not content with asserting her to be of Athenian birth; but observing that Theogenes, of Cothocidae, had been drawn by lot as king, a man of good birth, but poor and without experience in affairs, this Stephanus, who had assisted him at his scrutiny and had helped him meet his expenses when he entered upon his office, wormed his way into his favor, and by buying the position from him got himself appointed his assessor. He then gave him in marriage this woman, the daughter of Neaera, and betrothed her to him as being his own daughter; so utterly did he scorn you and your laws.
[73] καὶ αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ ὑμῖν ἔθυε τὰ ἄρρητα ἱερὰ ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως, καὶ εἶδεν ἃ οὐ προσῆκεν αὐτὴν ὁρᾶν ξένην οὖσαν, καὶ τοιαύτη οὖσα εἰσῆλθεν οἷ οὐδεὶς ἄλλος Ἀθηναίων τοσούτων ὄντων εἰσέρχεται ἀλλ᾽ ἢ ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως γυνή, ἐξώρκωσέν τε τὰς γεραρὰς τὰς ὑπηρετούσας τοῖς ἱεροῖς, ἐξεδόθη δὲ τῷ Διονύσῳ γυνή, ἔπραξε δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως τὰ πάτρια τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, πολλὰ καὶ ἅγια καὶ ἀπόρρητα. ἃ δὲ μηδ᾽ ἀκοῦσαι πᾶσιν οἷόν τ᾽ ἐστίν, πῶς ποιῆσαί γε τῇ ἐπιτυχούσῃ εὐσεβῶς ἔχει, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοιαύτῃ γυναικὶ καὶ τοιαῦτα ἔργα διαπεπραγμένῃ;
[73] And this woman offered on the city’s behalf the sacrifices which none may name, and saw what it was not fitting for her to see, being an alien; and despite her character she entered where no other of the whole host of the Athenians enters save the wife of the king only; and she administered the oath to the venerable priestesses who preside over the sacrifices, and was given as bride to Dionysus; and she conducted on the city’s behalf the rites which our fathers handed down for the service of the gods, rites many and solemn and not to be named. If it be not permitted that anyone even hear of them, how can it be consonant with piety for a chance-comer to perform them, especially a woman of her character and one who has done what she has done?
[74] βούλομαι δ᾽ ὑμῖν ἀκριβέστερον περὶ αὐτῶν ἄνωθεν διηγήσασθαι καθ᾽ ἕκαστον, ἵνα μᾶλλον ἐπιμέλειαν ποιήσησθε τῆς τιμωρίας, καὶ εἰδῆτε ὅτι οὐ μόνον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν νόμων τὴν ψῆφον οἴσετε, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐλαβείας, τιμωρίαν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἠσεβημένων ποιούμενοι καὶ κολάζοντες τοὺς ἠδικηκότας. τὸ γὰρ ἀρχαῖον, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, δυναστεία ἐν τῇ πόλει ἦν καὶ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν ἀεὶ ὑπερεχόντων διὰ τὸ αὐτόχθονας εἶναι, τὰς δὲ θυσίας ἁπάσας ὁ βασιλεὺς ἔθυε, καὶ τὰς σεμνοτάτας καὶ ἀρρήτους ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἐποίει, εἰκότως, βασίλιννα οὖσα.
[74] I wish, however, to go back farther and explain these matters to you in greater detail, that you may be more careful in regard to the punishment, and may be assured that you are to cast your votes, not only in the interest of your selves and the laws, but also in the interest of reverence towards the gods, by exacting the penalty for acts of impiety, and by punishing those who have done the wrong.
In ancient times, men of Athens, there was sovereignty in our state, and the kingship belonged to those who were from time to time preeminent by reason of their being children of the soil, and the king offered all the sacrifices, and those which were holiest and which none might name his wife performed, as was natural, she being queen.
[75] ἐπειδὴ δὲ Θησεὺς συνῴκισεν αὐτοὺς καὶ δημοκρατίαν ἐποίησεν καὶ ἡ πόλις πολυάνθρωπος ἐγένετο, τὸν μὲν βασιλέα οὐδὲν ἧττον ὁ δῆμος ᾑρεῖτο ἐκ προκρίτων κατ᾽ ἀνδραγαθίαν χειροτονῶν, τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ νόμον ἔθεντο ἀστὴν εἶναι καὶ μὴ ἐπιμεμειγμένην ἑτέρῳ ἀνδρὶ ἀλλὰ παρθένον γαμεῖν, ἵνα κατὰ τὰ πάτρια θύηται τὰ ἄρρητα ἱερὰ ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως, καὶ τὰ νομιζόμενα γίγνηται τοῖς θεοῖς εὐσεβῶς καὶ μηδὲν καταλύηται μηδὲ καινοτομῆται.
[75] But when Theseus settled the people in one city and established the democracy, and the city became populous, the people none the less continued to elect the king as before, choosing him from among those most distinguished by valor; and they established a law that his wife should be of Athenian birth, and that he should marry a virgin who had never known another man, to the end that after the custom of our fathers the sacred rites that none may name may be celebrated on the city’s behalf, and that the approved sacrifices may be made to the gods as piety demands, without omission or innovation.
[76] καὶ τοῦτον τὸν νόμον γράψαντες ἐν στήλῃ λιθίνῃ ἔστησαν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τοῦ Διονύσου παρὰ τὸν βωμὸν ἐν Λίμναις （καὶ αὕτη ἡ στήλη ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἕστηκεν, ἀμυδροῖς γράμμασιν Ἀττικοῖς δηλοῦσα τὰ γεγραμμένα）, μαρτυρίαν ποιούμενος ὁ δῆμος ὑπὲρ τῆς αὑτοῦ εὐσεβείας πρὸς τὸν θεὸν καὶ παρακαταθήκην καταλείπων τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις, ὅτι τήν γε θεῷ γυναῖκα δοθησομένην καὶ ποιήσουσαν τὰ ἱερὰ τοιαύτην ἀξιοῦμεν εἶναι. καὶ διὰ ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἀρχαιοτάτῳ ἱερῷ τοῦ Διονύσου καὶ ἁγιωτάτῳ ἐν Λίμναις ἔστησαν, ἵνα μὴ πολλοὶ εἰδῶσιν τὰ γεγραμμένα: ἅπαξ γὰρ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἑκάστου ἀνοίγεται, τῇ δωδεκάτῃ τοῦ ἀνθεστηριῶνος μηνός.
[76] This law they wrote on a pillar of stone, and set it up in the sanctuary of Dionysus by the altar in Limnae（and this pillar even now stands, showing the inscription in Attic characters, nearly effaced）. Thus the people testified to their own piety toward the god, and left it as a deposit for future generations, showing what type of woman we demand that she shall be who is to be given in marriage to the god, and is to perform the sacrifices. For this reason they set it up in the most ancient and most sacred sanctuary of Dionysus in Limnae, in order that few only might have knowledge of the inscription; for once only in each year is the sanctuary opened, on the twelfth day of the month Anthesterion.
[77] ὑπὲρ τοίνυν ἁγίων καὶ σεμνῶν ἱερῶν, ὧν οἱ πρόγονοι ὑμῶν οὕτως καλῶς καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῶς ἐπε- μελήθησαν, ἄξιον καὶ ὑμᾶς σπουδάσαι, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ τοὺς ἀσελγῶς μὲν καταφρονοῦντας τῶν νόμων τῶν ὑμετέρων, ἀναιδῶς δ᾽ ἠσεβηκότας εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς ἄξιον τιμωρήσασθαι δυοῖν ἕνεκα, ἵνα οὗτοί τε τῶν ἠδικημένων δίκην δῶσιν, οἵ τ᾽ ἄλλοι πρόνοιαν ποιῶνται καὶ φοβῶνται μηδὲν εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἁμαρτάνειν.
[77] These sacred and holy rites for the celebration of which your ancestors provided so well and so magnificently, it is your duty, men of Athens,
to maintain with devotion, and likewise to punish those who insolently defy your laws and have been guilty of shameless impiety toward the gods; and this for two reasons: first, that they may pay the penalty for their crimes; and, secondly, that others may take warning, and may fear to commit any sin against the gods and against the state.
[78] βούλομαι δ᾽ ὑμῖν καὶ τὸν ἱεροκήρυκα καλέσαι, ὃς ὑπηρετεῖ τῇ τοῦ βασιλέως γυναικί, ὅταν ἐξορκοῖ τὰς γεραρὰς τὰς ἐν κανοῖς πρὸς τῷ βωμῷ, πρὶν ἅπτεσθαι τῶν ἱερῶν, ἵνα καὶ τοῦ ὅρκου καὶ τῶν λεγομένων ἀκούσητε, ὅσα οἷόν τ᾽ ἐστὶν ἀκούειν, καὶ εἰδῆτε ὡς σεμνὰ καὶ ἅγια καὶ ἀρχαῖα τὰ νόμιμά ἐστιν.”Ὅρκος Γεραρῶν
ἁγιστεύω καὶ εἰμὶ καθαρὰ καὶ ἁγνὴ ἀπό τε τῶν ἄλλων τῶν οὐ καθαρευόντων καὶ ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς συνουσίας, καὶ τὰ θεοίνια καὶ τὰ ἰοβάκχεια γεραρῶ τῷ Διονύσῳ κατὰ τὰ πάτρια καὶ ἐν τοῖς καθήκουσι χρόνοις.”
[78] I wish now to call before you the sacred herald who waits upon the wife of the king, when she administers the oath to the venerable priestesses as they carry their baskets in front of the altar before they touch the victims, in order that you may hear the oath and the words that are pronounced, at least as far as it is permitted you to hear them; and that you may understand how august and holy and ancient the rites are.”Oath of the Venerable Priestesses
I live a holy life and am pure and unstained by all else that pollutes and by commerce with man, and I will celebrate the feast of the wine god and the Iobacchic feast in honor of Dionysus in accordance with custom and at the appointed times.”
[79] τοῦ μὲν ὅρκου τοίνυν καὶ τῶν νομιζομένων πατρίων, ὅσα οἷόν τ᾽ ἐστὶν εἰπεῖν, ἀκηκόατε, καὶ ὡς ἣν Στέφανος ἠγγύησεν τῷ Θεογένει γυναῖκα βασιλεύοντι ὡς αὑτοῦ οὖσαν θυγατέρα, αὕτη ἐποίει τὰ ἱερὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐξώρκου τὰς γεραράς, καὶ ὅτι οὐδ᾽ αὐταῖς ταῖς ὁρώσαις τὰ ἱερὰ ταῦτα οἷόν τ᾽ ἐστὶν λέγειν πρὸς ἄλλον οὐδένα. φέρε δὴ καὶ μαρτυρίαν παράσχωμαι ὑμῖν δι᾽ ἀπορρήτου μὲν γεγενημένην, ὅμως δὲ αὐτοῖς τοῖς πεπραγμένοις ἐπιδείξω φανερὰν οὖσαν αὐτὴν καὶ ἀληθῆ.
[79] You have heard the oath and the accepted rites handed down by our fathers, as far as it is permitted to speak of them, and how this woman, whom Stephanus betrothed to Theogenes when the latter was king, as his own daughter, performed these rites, and administered the oath to the venerable priestesses; and you know that even the women who behold these rites are not permitted to speak of them to anyone else. Let me now bring before you a piece of evidence which was, to be sure, given in secret, but which I shall show by the facts themselves to be clear and true.
[80] ὡς γὰρ ἐγένετο τὰ ἱερὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἀνέβησαν εἰς Ἄρειον πάγον οἱ ἐννέα ἄρχοντες ταῖς καθηκούσαις ἡμέραις, εὐθὺς ἡ βουλὴ ἡ ἐν Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ, ὥσπερ καὶ τἄλλα πολλοῦ ἀξία ἐστὶν τῇ πόλει περὶ εὐσέβειαν, ἐζήτει τὴν γυναῖκα ταύτην τοῦ Θεογένους ἥτις ἦν, καὶ ἐξήλεγχεν, καὶ περὶ τῶν ἱερῶν πρόνοιαν ἐποιεῖτο, καὶ ἐζημίου τὸν Θεογένην ὅσα κυρία ἐστίν, ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ δὲ καὶ διὰ κοσμιότητος: οὐ γὰρ αὐτοκράτορές εἰσιν, ὡς ἂν βούλωνται, Ἀθηναίων τινὰ κολάσαι.
[80] When these rites had been solemnized and the nine archons had gone up on the Areopagus on the appointed days, the council of the Areopagus, which in other matters also is of high worth to the city in what pertains to piety, forthwith undertook an inquiry as to who this wife of Theogenes was and established the truth; and being deeply concerned for the sanctity of the rites, the council was for imposing upon Theogenes the highest fine in its power, but in secret and with due regard for appearances; for they have not the power to punish any of the Athenians as they see fit.
[81] γενομένων δὲ λόγων, καὶ χαλεπῶς φερούσης τῆς ἐν Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ βουλῆς καὶ ζημιούσης τὸν Θεογένην ὅτι τοιαύτην ἔλαβεν γυναῖκα καὶ ταύτην εἴασε ποιῆσαι τὰ ἱερὰ τὰ ἄρρητα ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως, ἐδεῖτο ὁ Θεογένης ἱκετεύων καὶ ἀντιβολῶν, λέγων ὅτι οὐκ ᾔδει Νεαίρας αὐτὴν οὖσαν θυγατέρα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξαπατηθείη ὑπὸ Στεφάνου, ὡς αὐτοῦ θυγατέρα οὖσαν αὐτὴν λαμβάνων γνησίαν κατὰ τὸν νόμον, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν πραγμάτων καὶ τὴν ἀκακίαν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τοῦτον πάρεδρον ποιήσαιτο, ἵνα διοικήσῃ τὴν ἀρχήν, ὡς εὔνουν ὄντα, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο κηδεύσειεν αὐτῷ.
[81] Conferences were held, and, seeing that the council of the Areopagus was deeply incensed and was disposed to fine Theogenes for having married a wife of such character and having permitted her to administer on the city’s behalf the rites that none may name, Theogenes besought them with prayers and entreaties, declaring that he did not know that she was the daughter of Neaera, but that he had been deceived by Stephanus, and had married her according to law as being the latter’s legitimate daughter; and that it was because of his own inexperience in affairs and the guilelessness of his character that he had made Stephanus his assessor to attend to the business of his office; for he considered him a friend, and on that account had become his son-in-law.
[82] ‘ὅτι δὲ’ ἔφη ‘οὐ ψεύδομαι, μεγάλῳ τεκμηρίῳ καὶ περιφανεῖ ἐπιδείξω ὑμῖν: τὴν γὰρ ἄνθρωπον ἀποπέμψω ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας, ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἔστιν Στεφάνου θυγάτηρ ἀλλὰ Νεαίρας. κἂν μὲν ταῦτα ποιήσω, ἤδη πιστοὶ ὑμῖν ὄντων οἱ λόγοι οἱ παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ λεγόμενοι, ὅτι ἐξηπατήθην: ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ποιήσω, τότ᾽ ἤδη με κολάζετε ὡς πονηρὸν ὄντα καὶ εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς ἠσεβηκότα.’
[82] “And,” he said, “I will show you by a convincing and manifest proof that I am telling the truth. I will send the woman away from my house, since she is the daughter, not of Stephanus, but of Neaera. If I do this, then let my statement that I was deceived be accepted as true; but, if I fail to do it, then punish me as a vile fellow who is guilty of impiety toward the gods.”
[83] ὑποσχομένου δὲ ταῦτα τοῦ Θεογένους καὶ δεομένου, ἅμα μὲν καὶ ἐλεήσασα αὐτὸν ἡ ἐν Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ βουλὴ διὰ τὴν ἀκακίαν τοῦ τρόπου, ἅμα δὲ καὶ ἐξηπατῆσθαι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ἡγουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ Στεφάνου, ἐπέσχεν. ὡς δὲ κατέβη ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου ὁ Θεογένης, εὐθὺς τήν τε ἄνθρωπον τὴν ταυτησὶ Νεαίρας θυγατέρα ἐκβάλλει ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας, τόν τε Στέφανον τὸν ἐξαπατήσαντα αὐτὸν τουτονὶ ἀπελαύνει ἀπὸ τοῦ συνεδρίου. καὶ οὕτως ἐπαύσαντο οἱ Ἀρεοπαγῖται κρίνοντες τὸν Θεογένην καὶ ὀργιζόμεν�
�ι αὐτῷ, καὶ συγγνώμην εἶχον ἐξα- πατηθέντι.
[83] When Theogenes had made this promise and this plea, the council of the Areopagus, through compassion also for the guilelessness of his character and in the belief that he had really been deceived by Stephanus, refrained from action. And Theogenes immediately on coming down from the Areopagus cast out of his house the woman, the daughter of this Neaera, and expelled this man Stephanus, who had deceived him, from the board of magistrates. Thus it was that the members of the Areopagus desisted from their action against Theogenes and from their anger against him; for they forgave him, because he had been deceived.