by Demosthenes
[5] δοκεῖ δέ μοι καὶ τὸ τοὺς καρπούς, οἷς ζῶσιν ἅνθρωποι, παρ᾽ ἡμῖν πρώτοις φανῆναι, χωρὶς τοῦ μέγιστον εὐεργέτημ᾽ εἰς πάντας γενέσθαι, ὁμολογούμενον σημεῖον ὑπάρχειν τοῦ μητέρα τὴν χώραν εἶναι τῶν ἡμετέρων προγόνων. πάντα γὰρ τὰ τίκτονθ᾽ ἅμα καὶ τροφὴν τοῖς γιγνομένοις ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως φέρει: ὅπερ ἥδ᾽ ἡ χώρα πεποίηκεν.
[5] In my view also the fact that the fruits of the earth by which men live were first manifest among us, even apart from their being a superlative boon to all men, constitutes an acknowledged proof that this land is the mother of our ancestors. For all things that bring forth young produce at the same time nutriment out of the organism itself for those that are born. This very thing has been done by this land.
[6] τὰ μὲν οὖν εἰς γένος ἀνήκοντα τοιαῦτα δι᾽ αἰῶνος ὑπάρχει τοῖς τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν προγόνοις. τὰ δ᾽ εἰς ἀνδρείαν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἀρετὴν πάντα μὲν κατοκνῶ λέγειν, φυλαττόμενος μὴ μῆκος ἄκαιρον ἐπιγένηται τῷ λόγῳ: ἃ δὲ καὶ τοῖς εἰδόσιν χρήσιμ᾽ ἀναμνησθῆναι καὶ τοῖς ἀπείροις κάλλιστ᾽ ἀκοῦσαι, καὶ ζῆλον ἔχει πολὺν καὶ μῆκος λόγου ἄλυπον, ταῦτ᾽ ἐπὶ κεφαλαίων εἰπεῖν πειράσομαι.
[6] Such is the pride of birth that belongs to the ancestors of these men throughout the ages. As for Courage and the other elements of virtue, I shrink from rehearsing the whole story, being on my guard for fear an untimely length shall attach to my speech , but such facts as it is worth while even for those who are familiar with them to recall to mind and most profitable for the inexperienced to hear, events of great power to inspire and calling for no tedious length of speech, these I shall endeavor to rehearse in summary fashion.
[7] οἱ γὰρ τῆς κατὰ τὸν παρόντα χρόνον γενεᾶς πρόγονοι, καὶ πατέρες καὶ τούτων ἐπάνω τὰς προσηγορίας ἔχοντες, αἷς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν γένει γνωρίζονται, ἠδίκησαν μὲν οὐδένα πώποτ᾽ οὔθ᾽ Ἕλλην᾽ οὔτε βάρβαρον, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπῆρχεν αὐτοῖς πρὸς ἅπασι τοῖς ἄλλοις καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς καὶ δικαιοτάτοις εἶναι, ἀμυνόμενοι δὲ πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ διεπράξαντο.
[7] For the ancestors of this present generation, both their fathers and those who bore the names of these men in time past, by which they are recognized by those of our race, never at any time wronged any man, whether Greek or barbarian, but it was their pride, in addition to all their other good qualities, to be true gentlemen and supremely just, and in defending themselves they accomplished a long list of noble deeds.
[8] καὶ γὰρ τὸν Ἀμαζόνων στρατὸν ἐλθόντ᾽ ἐκράτησαν οὕτως ὥστ᾽ ἔξω Φάσιδος ἐκβαλεῖν, καὶ τὸν Εὐμόλπου καὶ τῶν πολλῶν ἄλλων στόλον οὐ μόνον ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων χώρας ἐξήλασαν, οὓς οἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν οἰκοῦντες πρὸς ἑσπέραν πάντες οὔθ᾽ ὑπέμειναν οὔτ᾽ ἐδυνήθησαν κωλῦσαι. καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν Ἡρακλέους παίδων, ὃς τοὺς ἄλλους ἔσῳζεν, σωτῆρες ὠνομάσθησαν, ἡνίκ᾽ ἦλθον εἰς τήνδε τὴν γῆν ἱκέται, φεύγοντες Εὐρυσθέα. καὶ πρὸς πᾶσι τούτοις καὶ πολλοῖς ἄλλοις καὶ καλοῖς ἔργοις τὰ τῶν κατοιχομένων νόμιμ᾽ οὐ περιεῖδον ὑβριζόμενα, ὅτε τοὺς ἕπτ᾽ ἐπὶ Θήβας θάπτειν ἐκώλυεν Κρέων.
[8] They so prevailed over the invading host of the Amazons as to expel them beyond the Phasis, and the host of Eumolpus and of many another foeman they drove not only out of their own land but also from the lands of all the other Greeks — invaders whom all those dwelling on our front to the westward neither withstood nor possessed the power to halt. Moreover, they were styled the saviors of the sons of Heracles, who himself was the savior of the rest of mankind, when they arrived in this land as suppliants, fleeing before Eurystheus. In addition to all these and many other noble deeds they refused to suffer the lawful rites of the departed to be treated with despite when Creon forbade the burial of “the seven against Thebes.”
[9] τῶν μὲν οὖν εἰς μύθους ἀνενηνεγμένων ἔργων πολλὰ παραλιπὼν τούτων ἐπεμνήσθην, ὧν οὕτως ἕκαστον εὐσχήμονας καὶ πολλοὺς ἔχει λόγους ὥστε καὶ τοὺς ἐν μέτροις καὶ τοὺς τῶν ᾀδομένων ποιητὰς καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν συγγραφέων ὑποθέσεις τἀκείνων ἔργα τῆς αὑτῶν μουσικῆς πεποιῆσθαι: ἃ δὲ τῇ μὲν ἀξίᾳ τῶν ἔργων οὐδέν ἐστι τούτων ἐλάττω, τῷ δ᾽ ὑπογυώτερ᾽ εἶναι τοῖς χρόνοις οὔπω μεμυθολόγηται, οὐδ᾽ εἰς τὴν ἡρωϊκὴν ἐπανῆκται τάξιν, ταῦτ᾽ ἤδη λέξω.
[9] Now, omitting mention of many exploits that are classed as myths, I have recalled to mind the above-mentioned, each of which affords so many charming themes that our writers of poetry, whether recited or sung, and many historians, have made the deeds of those men the subjects of their respective arts; at the present time I shall mention the following deeds, which, though in point of merit they are no whit inferior to the former, still, through being closer in point of time, have not yet found their way into poetry or even been exalted to epic rank.
[10] ἐκεῖνοι τὸν ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς Ἀσίας στόλον ἐλθόντα μόνοι δὶς ἠμύναντο καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν, καὶ διὰ τῶν ἰδίων κινδύνων κοινῆς σωτηρίας πᾶσι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν αἴτιοι κατέστησαν. καὶ προείρηται μὲν ὃ μέλλω λέγειν ὑπ᾽ ἄλλων πρότερον, δεῖ δὲ μηδὲ νῦν τοῦ δικαίου καὶ καλῶς ἔχοντος ἐπαίνου τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐκείνους στερηθῆναι: τοσούτῳ γὰρ ἀμείνους τῶν ἐπὶ Τροίαν στρατευσαμένων νομίζοιντ᾽ ἂν εἰκότως,ὅσον οἱ μὲν ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὄντες ἀριστεῖς δέκ᾽ ἔτη τῆς Ἀσίας ἓν χωρίον πολιορκοῦντες μόλις εἷλον,
[10] Those men single-handed twice repulsed by land and sea the expedition assembled out of the whole of Asia, and at their individual risks established themselves as the authors of the joint salvation of all the Greeks. And though what I shall say next has been said before by many another, still even at this date those dead must not be deprived of their just and excellent praise. For I say that with good reason those men might be judged so far superior to those who campaigned against Troy, that the latter, the foremost princes out of the whole of Greece, with difficulty captured a single stronghold of Asia after besieging it for ten years,
[11] οὗτοι δὲ τὸν ἐκ πάσης τῆς ἠπείρου στόλον ἐλθόντα μόνοι, τἄλλα πάντα κατεστραμμένον, οὐ μόνον ἠμύναντο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τιμωρίαν ὑπὲρ ὧν τοὺς ἄλλους ἠδίκουν ἐπέθηκαν. ἔτι τοίνυν τὰς ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς Ἕλλησιν πλεονεξίας κωλύοντες π�
�ντας ὅσους συνέβη γενέσθαι κινδύνους ὑπέμειναν, ὅπου τὸ δίκαιον εἴη τεταγμένον, ἐνταῦθα προσνέμοντες ἑαυτούς, ἕως εἰς τὴν νῦν ζῶσαν ἡλικίαν ὁ χρόνος προήγαγεν ἡμᾶς.
[11] whereas those men single-handed not only repulsed a host assembled from an entire continent, which had already subdued all other lands, but also inflicted punishment for the wrong done the rest of the Greeks. Furthermore, checking all acts of selfish aggrandisement among the Greeks themselves, assigning themselves to each station where justice was arrayed, they went on bearing the brunt of all dangers that chanced to arise until the lapse of time brings us to the generation now living.
[12] μηδεὶς δ᾽ ἡγείσθω μ᾽ ἀποροῦντα τί χρὴ περὶ τούτων εἰπεῖν ἑκάστου, ταῦτα τὰ πραχθέντ᾽ ἀπηριθμηκέναι. εἰ γὰρ ἁπάντων ἀμηχανώτατος ἦν ὅ τι χρὴ λέγειν πορίσασθαι, ἡ ‘κείνων ἀρετὴ δείκνυσιν αὐτὴ ἃ καὶ πρόχειρα καὶ ῥᾴδι᾽ ἐπελθεῖν ἐστιν. ἀλλὰ προαιροῦμαι τῆς εὐγενείας καὶ τῶν παρὰ τοῖς προγόνοις μεγίστων μνησθεὶς ὡς τάχιστα συνάψαι τὸν λόγον πρὸς τὰ τοῖσδε πεπραγμένα, ἵνα, ὥσπερ τὰς φύσεις ἦσαν συγγενεῖς, οὕτω τοὺς ἐπαίνους ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν κοινοὺς ποιήσωμαι, ὑπολαμβάνων ταῦτ᾽ ἂν εἶναι κεχαρισμένα κἀκείνοις καὶ μάλιστ᾽ ἀμφοτέροις, εἰ τῆς ἀλλήλων ἀρετῆς μὴ μόνον τῇ φύσει μετάσχοιεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἐπαίνοις.
[12] Let no one think I have enumerated this list of achievements because I am at a loss what to say about each of them; for if I were the most helpless of all men in discovering what it becomes me to say, the sheer virtue of those dead reveals what sentiments lie to hand and are easy to rehearse. It is my intention, however, after calling to mind their noble birth and the magnificent things done by their ancestors, with all speed to link my speech with the deeds of these dead, to the end that, just as they were akin in the flesh, so I may make the words of praise spoken over them to apply to both alike. I assume that this would be gratifying not only to the ancestors but, best of all, to both them and these dead, if they should come to share one another’s merit not only by virtue of birth but also by reason of our words of praise.
[13] ἀνάγκη δ᾽ ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ διαλαβεῖν, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ τὰ τοῖσδε πεπραγμένα τοῖς ἀνδράσιν δηλοῦν καὶ τοὺς ἔξω τοῦ γένους πρὸς τὸν τάφον ἠκολουθηκότας πρὸς εὔνοιαν παρα- καλέσαι. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὲν εἰς χρημάτων δαπάνην ἤ τιν᾽ ἄλλην θεωρίαν ἱππικῶν ἢ γυμνικῶν ἄθλων ἐτάχθην κοσμῆσαι τὸν τάφον, ὅσῳπερ ἂν προθυμότερον καὶ ἀφειδέστερον ταῦτα παρεσκευάσμην, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἂν προσήκοντ᾽ ἔδοξα πεποιηκέναι: λόγῳ δ᾽ ἐπαινέσαι τούτους τοὺς ἄνδρας αἱρεθείς, ἂν μὴ τοὺς ἀκούοντας συμβουλομένους λάβω, φοβοῦμαι μὴ τῇ προθυμίᾳ τοὐναντίον οὗ δεῖ ποιήσω.
[13] In the meantime it is necessary to interrupt my discourse for a moment, before declaring the deeds of these men, to solicit the goodwill of those born outside this race who have accompanied us to the tomb. For if I had been appointed to do honor to this burial through expenditure of money or by providing some different kind of a spectacle consisting of equestrian or gymnastic contests, the greater my zeal and the more lavish my expenditure in preparing such spectacles, the better I should have been thought to have done my duty. Having been chosen, however, to extol these men in a speech, unless I have the sympathy of my hearers, I fear that because of my eagerness I may effect the very opposite of what I ought.
[14] ὁ μὲν γὰρ πλοῦτος καὶ τὸ τάχος καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς καὶ ὅσ᾽ ἄλλα τούτοις ὅμοια, αὐτάρκεις ἔχει τὰς ὀνήσεις τοῖς κεκτημένοις, καὶ κρατοῦσιν ἐν αὐτοῖς, οἷς ἂν παρῇ, κἂν μηδεὶς τῶν ἄλλων βούληται: ἡ δὲ τῶν λόγων πειθὼ τῆς τῶν ἀκουόντων εὐνοίας προσδεῖται, καὶ μετὰ ταύτης μέν, κἂν μετρίως ῥηθῇ, δόξαν ἤνεγκε καὶ χάριν προσποιεῖ, ἄνευ δὲ ταύτης, κἂν ὑπερβάλῃ τῷ λέγειν καλῶς, προσέστη τοῖς ἀκούουσιν.
[14] For wealth and speed of foot and strength of body and all other such things have their rewards self-assured to their possessors, and in those fields they win who have the luck, even if not one of the others wishes their success. On the other hand, the persuasiveness of words depends upon the goodwill of the hearers, and with the help of this, even if the eloquence be moderate, it reaps glory and gains favor, but lacking this help, even if it be surpassingly good, it is thwarted by those who hear.
[15] πολλὰ τοίνυν ἔχων εἰπεῖν ὧν οἵδε πράξαντες δικαίως ἐπαινεθήσονται, ἐπειδὴ πρὸς αὐτοῖς εἰμι τοῖς ἔργοις, ἀπορῶ τί πρῶτον εἴπω: προσιστάμενα γάρ μοι πάντ᾽ εἰς ἕνα καιρὸν δύσκριτον καθίστησιν τὴν αἵρεσιν αὐτῶν. οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ πειράσομαι τὴν αὐτὴν ποιήσασθαι τοῦ λόγου τάξιν ἥπερ ὑπῆρξεν τοῦ βίου τούτοις.
[15] Now to resume my theme: though many deeds of these men are at hand because of which they will be justly eulogized, I am at a loss what to mention first when I come face to face with the facts. For thronging into my mind as they do, all at one and the same time, it becomes difficult to make a choice among them. I shall endeavor, however, to maintain the same order of topics in my speech as marked the course of the lives of these men.
[16] οἵδε γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς παιδεύμασιν ἦσαν ἐπιφανεῖς, τὰ πρέποντα καθ᾽ ἡλικίαν ἀσκοῦντες ἑκάστην, καὶ πᾶσιν ἀρέσκοντες οἷς χρή, γονεῦσιν, φίλοις, οἰκείοις. τοιγαροῦν ὥσπερ ἴχνη γνωρίζουσα νῦν ἡ τῶν οἰκείων αὐτοῖς καὶ φίλων μνήμη πᾶσαν ὥραν ἐπὶ τούτους φέρεται τῷ πόθῳ,
[16] From the beginning these men were outstanding in all the activities that formed their schooling, engaging in the exercises that became each stage of life, causing gratification to all who had claim to it — parents, friends, kinsmen. Therefore, just as if recognizing footprints, the memory of those who were near and dear to them now turns to these men every hour in fond recollection, finding many a reminder of occasions when they knew in their hearts that these were lads of surpassing worth.
[17] πόλλ᾽ ὑπομνήματα λαμβάνουσα, ἐν οἷς συνῄδει τούτοις ἀρίστοις οὖσιν. ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ εἰς ἄνδρας ἀφίκοντο, οὐ μόνον τοῖς πολίταις γνώριμον τὴν αὑτῶν φύσιν ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις κατέστησαν. ἔστιν γάρ, ἔστιν ἁπάσης ἀρετῆς ἀρχὴ μὲν σύνεσις, πέρας δ᾽ ἀνδρεία: καὶ τῇ μὲν δοκιμάζεται τί πρακτέον ἐστί, τῇ δὲ σῴζεται.
[17] Arrived at manhood they rendered their innate nobility known, not only to their fellow-citizens, but to all men. For of all virtue, I say, and I repeat it, the beginning is understanding
and the fulfillment is courage; by the one it is judged what ought to be done and by the other this is carried to success. In both these qualities these men were distinctly superior;
[18] ἐν τούτοις ἀμφοτέροις οἵδε πολὺ διήνεγκαν. καὶ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐφύετο κοινὸς πᾶσιν κίνδυνος τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, οὗτοι πρῶτοι προείδοντο καὶ πολλάκις εἰς σωτηρίαν ἅπαντας παρεκάλεσαν, ὅπερ γνώμης ἀπόδειξίς ἐστιν εὖ φρονούσης: καὶ τῆς παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀγνοίας μεμειγμένης κακίᾳ, ὅτ᾽ ἐνῆν ταῦτα κωλύειν ἀσφαλῶς, τὰ μὲν οὐ προορώσης τὰ δ᾽ εἰρωνευομένης, ὅμως, ἡνίχ᾽ ὑπήκουσαν καὶ τὰ δέοντα ποιεῖν ἠθέλησαν, οὐκ ἐμνησικάκησαν, ἀλλὰ προστάντες καὶ παρασχόντες ἅπαντα προθύμως, καὶ σώματα καὶ χρήματα καὶ συμμάχους, εἰς πεῖραν ἦλθον ἀγῶνος, εἰς ὃν οὐδὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐφείσαντο.